Ethnobotanical investigation on medicinal plants used against human ailments in Erkowit and Sinkat areas, Eastern Sudan
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Abstract. Adam M, Ahmed AA, Yagi A, Yagi S. 2020. Ethnobotanical investigation on medicinal plants used against human ailments in Erkowit and Sinkat areas, Eastern Sudan. Biodiversitas 21: 3255-3262. The present study provides ethnobotanical data for the traditionally used medicinal plants of Erkowit and Sinkat, Eastern Sudan. The survey data were collected from 53 traditional healers through a survey carried out in February-December 2018. Fifty-eight plant species represent 34 flowering families and one Parmeliaceae lichen that are used for therapeutic purposes in the selected area. The families of highest prevalence were Euphorbiaceae (8 species) followed by Leguminosae (7 species). To validate information on the use of plants,: Use Value (UV), Fidelity Level (FL), and Informants’ Consensus Factor (ICF) were applied. The most commonly used species was Adansonia digitata with a UV of 0.89. The majority of the informants agreed on the use of Oxalis anthelmintica to treat anemia and Psidium guajava in the treatment of tuberculosis and cough, with a very high FL (92% and 91% respectively). All informants agreed on the effectiveness of Withania somnifera in treating breast inflammation and cancer, with top ICF of 1. These medicinal plants play an important role in the available healthcare provision in the study area. This preliminary study should be further continued into scientific assessment of their therapeutic use and safety through different biological activity tests and toxicological properties.
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References
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Andrews FW. 1950. The flowering plants of the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, vol. 1. Arbroath: Buncle Co. Ltd, Scotland.
Andrews FW. 1952. The flowering plants of the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, vol. 2. Arbroath: Buncle Co. Ltd, Scotland.
Andrews FW. 1956. The flowering plants of the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, vol. 3. Arbroath: Buncle Co. Ltd, Scotland.
Badani L, Deolankar RP, Kulkarni MM, Nagsampgi BA, Wagh UV. 1987. In vitro antimalarial activity of neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) leaf and seed extracts. Indian J Malariol 24: 111–117.
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Koko WS, Galal M, Khalid HS. 2000. Fasciolicidal efficacy of Albizia anthelmintica and Balanites aegyptiaca compared with albendazole. J Ethnopharmacol 71(1-2): 247-252. doi: 10.1016/s0378-8741(00)00172-0
Manger L. 2001. Pastoralist-state relationships among the Hadendowa Beja of Eastern Sudan. Nomadic Peoples 5(2): 21-48. doi: 10.3167/082279401782310880
Maydell HJV. 1990. Trees and shrubs of the Sahel, their characteristics and uses. Germany: GTZ, Eschborn.
Musa MS, Abdelrasool FE, Elsheikh EA, Ahmed LAMN, Mahmoud AE, Yagi SM. 2011. Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants in the Blue Nile State, south-eastern Sudan. J Med Plant Res 5(17): 4287–4297.
Pahlevani AH, Akhani H. 2011. Seed morphology of Iranian annual species of Euphorbia (Euphorbiaceae). Bot J Linn Soc 167: 212– 234. doi: 10.1111/j.1095-8339.2011.01165.x
Rai M, Jogee PS, Agarkar G, dos Santos CA. 2016. Anticancer activities of Withania somnifera: Current research, formulations, and future perspectives. Pharm Biol 54(2): 189-97. doi: 10.3109/13880209.2015.1027778.
Srithi K, Balslev H, Wangpakapattanawong P, Srisanga P, Trisonthi C. 2009. Medicinal plant knowledge and its erosion among the Mien (Yao) in northern Thailand. J Ethnopharmacol 123(2): 335-342. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2009.02.035.
Trotter RT, Logan MH. 1986. Informants consensus: a new approach for identifying potentially effective medicinal plants. In: Etkin N. L., editor. Plants in Indigenous Medicine and Diet. Bedford Hills, NY, USA: Redgrave.
UNEP (United Nations Environment Program). 2007. Sudan Post Conflict Environmental Assessment. UNEP. Nairobi.
World Population Prospects. 2017. United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. The 2017 Revision, Key Findings and Advance Tables. Working Paper No. ESA/P/WP/248.
Adam M, Elhassan GOM, Yagi S, Senol FS, Orhan IE, Ahmed A, Efferth T. 2018. In Vitro antioxidant and cytotoxic activities of 18 plants from the Erkowit region, Eastern Sudan. Nat Prod Bioprospecting 8: 97–105. doi: 10.1007/s13659-018-0155-0
Al-Oqaila M, Hassan WHB, Ahmad MS, Al-Rehaily AJ. 2012. Phytochemical and biological studies of Solanum schimperianum Hochst. Saudi Pharm J 20: 371–379. doi: 10.1016/j.jsps.2012.05.010
Andrews FW. 1948. The vegetation of the Sudan. In: Tot till JD, editor. Agriculture in the Sudan. UK: Oxford University Press, London.
Andrews FW. 1950. The flowering plants of the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, vol. 1. Arbroath: Buncle Co. Ltd, Scotland.
Andrews FW. 1952. The flowering plants of the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, vol. 2. Arbroath: Buncle Co. Ltd, Scotland.
Andrews FW. 1956. The flowering plants of the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, vol. 3. Arbroath: Buncle Co. Ltd, Scotland.
Badani L, Deolankar RP, Kulkarni MM, Nagsampgi BA, Wagh UV. 1987. In vitro antimalarial activity of neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) leaf and seed extracts. Indian J Malariol 24: 111–117.
Broun AF, Massey RE. 1929. Flora of the Sudan. Thomas Murby and Co 1. Fleet Lane, London.
Bullela A, Ingrouille M. 1989. The mist oasis of Erkwit. Plants today 20-22.
Bunalema L, Obakiro S, Tabuti JR, Waako P. 2014. Knowledge on plants used traditionally in the treatment of tuberculosis in Uganda. J Ethnopharmacol 151(2): 999–1004, doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2013.12.020.
Dal S, Sigrist S. 2016. The protective effect of antioxidants consumption on diabetes and vascular complications. Diseases 4: 24. doi: 10.3390/diseases4030024.
Dhar R, Zhang K, Talwar GP, Garg S, Kumar N. 1998. Inhibition of the growth and development of asexual and sexual stages of drug-sensitive and resistant strains of the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum by Neem (Azadirachta indica) fractions. J Ethnopharmacol 61: 31–39.
El Bashir IBE, Hassan LEA, Abdul Majid AMS, Yagi S. 2019. Extract of Urgenia grandiflora inhibited breast cancer cell (MCF-7) proliferation and tumorgenesity. J Angiother 3(1).
El Ghazali GEB. 1986. Medicinal plants of the Sudan. Part I. Medicinal plants of Erkowit. Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Institute. National Council for Research, Khartoum.
Elamin HM. 1990. Trees and shrubs of the Sudan. U.K: Ithaca Press, Exeter.
Elhassan G, Yagi S. 2010. Nutritional Composition of Grewia Species (Grewia tenax (Forsk.) Fiori, G. flavescens Juss and G. Villosa Willd) Fruits. J Food Sci Technol 2(3): 159-162.
Fadl Almoulah N, Voynikov Y, Gevrenova R, Schohn H, Tzanova T, Yagi S, Thomas J, Mignard B, Ahmed AAA, El Siddig MA, Spina R, Laurain-Mattar D. 2017. Antibacterial, antiproliferative and antioxidant activity of leaf extracts of selected Solanaceae species. S Afr J Bot 112: 368–374. doi: 10.1016/j.sajb.2017.06.016
Faruque MO, Uddin SB, Barlow JW, Hu X. 2018. Quantitative ethnobotany of medicinal plants used by indigenous communities in the Bandarban district of Bangladesh. Front Pharmacol 9: 40. doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2018.00040
Friedman J, Yaniv Z, Dafni A, Palewitch D. 1986. A preliminary classification of the healing potential of medicinal plants, based on a rational analysis of an ethnopharmacological field survey among Bedouins in the Negev desert, Israel. J Ethnopharmacol 16: 275-287.
Gazzaneo LRS, Lucena RFP, Albuquerque UP. 2005. Knowledge and use of medicinal plants by local specialists in a region of Atlantic Forest in the state of Pernambuco (Northeastern Brazil). J Ethnobiol Ethnomed 1: 9. doi: 10.1186/1746-4269-1-9
Hassan HM. 1974. An illustrated guide to the plants of Erkowit. Khartoum University Press, Khartoum.
Hassan M, Niazi AT, Khan S, Gul F. 2018. Antidiabetic and antihyperlipidemic effects of Artemisia absinthium L., Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrad. and Gymnema sylvestre (Retz.) R.Br. ex Sm. on type II diabetes hyperlipidemic patients. Indian J Tradit Know 17(2): 233-239.
Issa TO, Mohamed YS, Yagi S, Ahmed RH, Najeeb TM, Makhawi AM, Khider TO. 2018. Ethnobotanical investigation on medicinal plants in Algoz area (South Kordofan), Sudan. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed 14: 31. doi: 10.1186/s13002-018-0230-y
Khalid H, Abdalla WE, Abdelgadir H. 2012. Gems from traditional north-African medicine: medicinal and aromatic plants from Sudan. Nat Prod Bioprospect 2: 92–103. Doi: 10.1007/s13659-012-0015-2.
Khalid SA, Farouk A, Geary TG, Jensen JB. 1986. Potential antimalarial candidates from African plants: and in vitro approach using Plasmodium falciparum. J Ethnopharmacol 15(2): 201–209.
Koko WS, Galal M, Khalid HS. 2000. Fasciolicidal efficacy of Albizia anthelmintica and Balanites aegyptiaca compared with albendazole. J Ethnopharmacol 71(1-2): 247-252. doi: 10.1016/s0378-8741(00)00172-0
Manger L. 2001. Pastoralist-state relationships among the Hadendowa Beja of Eastern Sudan. Nomadic Peoples 5(2): 21-48. doi: 10.3167/082279401782310880
Maydell HJV. 1990. Trees and shrubs of the Sahel, their characteristics and uses. Germany: GTZ, Eschborn.
Musa MS, Abdelrasool FE, Elsheikh EA, Ahmed LAMN, Mahmoud AE, Yagi SM. 2011. Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants in the Blue Nile State, south-eastern Sudan. J Med Plant Res 5(17): 4287–4297.
Pahlevani AH, Akhani H. 2011. Seed morphology of Iranian annual species of Euphorbia (Euphorbiaceae). Bot J Linn Soc 167: 212– 234. doi: 10.1111/j.1095-8339.2011.01165.x
Rai M, Jogee PS, Agarkar G, dos Santos CA. 2016. Anticancer activities of Withania somnifera: Current research, formulations, and future perspectives. Pharm Biol 54(2): 189-97. doi: 10.3109/13880209.2015.1027778.
Srithi K, Balslev H, Wangpakapattanawong P, Srisanga P, Trisonthi C. 2009. Medicinal plant knowledge and its erosion among the Mien (Yao) in northern Thailand. J Ethnopharmacol 123(2): 335-342. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2009.02.035.
Trotter RT, Logan MH. 1986. Informants consensus: a new approach for identifying potentially effective medicinal plants. In: Etkin N. L., editor. Plants in Indigenous Medicine and Diet. Bedford Hills, NY, USA: Redgrave.
UNEP (United Nations Environment Program). 2007. Sudan Post Conflict Environmental Assessment. UNEP. Nairobi.
World Population Prospects. 2017. United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. The 2017 Revision, Key Findings and Advance Tables. Working Paper No. ESA/P/WP/248.