Short Communication: Phytochemical screening and toxicity of ethanol extract of Sauropus androgynus
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Abstract. Awaludin, Kartina, Maulianawati D, Manalu W, Andriyanto, Septiana R, Arfandi A, Lalang Y. 2020. Short Communication: Phytochemical screening and toxicity of ethanol extract of Sauropus androgynus. Biodiversitas 21: 2966-2970. Katuk (Sauropus androgynus L.) (SAL) is a plant used to increase the production of breast milk for nursing mothers and lactating mammalian animals because this plant contains high sterols. Phytosterols are plant sterols known to play a role in the synthesis and secretion of progesterone and estradiol. Progesterone and estradiol are hormones that are involved in controlling the reproduction and mammary gland growth and development in mammalian animals. Estradiol also stimulates vitellogenin synthesis in oviparous animals such as avian and fish. The study was designed to determine the phytochemical contents and the level of toxicity of the SAL ethanol extract. The research was conducted in 4 phases i.e., (i) extraction of SAL samples using ethanol 70%, (ii) the analysis of phytochemical content of SAL extract using GCMS, (iii) toxicity test of SAL extract in giant tiger shrimp larvae, and (iv) data analysis. The results of GCMS analysis showed that the SAL extract was dominated by the fatty acid group (62.92%), phenol (15.3%), and terpenoids (4.03%). These compounds have roles in animal reproduction and production. The mortality data of giant tiger shrimp larvae were analyzed using probit analysis to determine the LC50 of ethanol extract of SAL. The results of toxicity test for 24 hours showed that the LC50 of the ethanol extract of SAL was 552.208 mg/L. The phytochemical analysis showed that SAL extract has dominant concentrations of fatty acid, phenol, and terpenoid that could be used to improve the reproduction and production of fish.
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References
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Prajonggo TS, Djatmiko W, Soemarno T, Lunardi JL. 1996. Pengaruh Sauropus androgynus (L.) Merr terhadap gambaran histologis kelenjar susu mencit betina yang menyusui. Semarang. Prosiding Kongres Nasional XI ISFI. Hlm: 735-739Putri M K D, Pringgenies D, Radjasa O K. 2012. Uji Fitokimia Dan Toksisitas Ekstrak Kasar Gastropoda (Telescopiumtelescopium) Terhadap Larva Artemia salina. Journal of Marine Research. Volume 1, Nomor 2, Hal 58-66.
Putri M K D, Pringgenies D, Radjasa O K. 2012. Uji Fitokimia Dan Toksisitas Ekstrak Kasar Gastropoda (Telescopiumtelescopium) Terhadap Larva Artemia salina. Journal of Marine Research. Volume 1, Nomor 2, Hal 58-66.
Revanthi, P., Jeyaseelansenthinath, T., and Thirumalakolundhusubramaian, P. 2015. Preliminary Phytochemical Screening and GC-MS analysis of ethanolic extract of Mangrove Plant-Bruguiera Cylindria (Rhizo) L. International Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemical Research, 6: 729-740.
Rhodes C, Thomas M, Athis J. Principles of testing for acute toxic effects. In General and Applied Toxicology, Ballantyne B, Marrs T, Turner P, Eds.; Stockton Press: New York, USA, 1993; Volume 1: pp 49-87.
Rupa D,Yohana C, Sulistyaningsih, Dorly and Ratnadewi D. 2017. Identification Of Secretory Structure, Histochemistry and PHytochemical Compounds of Medicinal Plant Hyptis capitata Jac . BIOTROPIA 4 2 7 94 103 Vol. 2 No. , 201 : - DOI: 10.11598/btb.201 .2 . . 7 42499.
Sa'roni, T.,Sajimin, M.,Sja'bani, Zulaela,, 2004. Effectiveness of the Sauropus androgynus (L. Merr) Leaf Extract in Increasing Mother's Breast Milk Production. Media Litbang Kesehatan 15: 20-24.
Saganuwan SA. Toxicity study of drugs and chemicals in animals: An overview. BJVM. 2016 2016 online first. ISSN 1311-1477.
Salamah E, Ayuningrat E, Purwaningsih S. 2008. Penapisan Awal Komponen Bioaktif dari Kijing Taiwan (Anadonta woodiana Lea.) Sebagai Senyawa Antioksidan. Buletin Teknologi Hasil Perikanan 11(2):119-132.
Suprayogi A. 2000. Studies on the Biological Effets of Sauropus androgynus (L.) Merr: Effects on Milk Production and the Possibilities of Induced Pulmonary Disorder in Lactating Sheep. Cuviller Verlag Gottingen.
Vickery, M.L., B. Vickery. 1981.Secondary Plant Metabolism, The MacmillanPress, London, 255-288.
Zuhra CF, Tarigan JB, Sihotang H. 2008. Aktivitas antioksidan senyawa flavonoid dari daun katuk (Sauropus androgunus (L.) Merr.). Jurnal Biologi Sumatera; 3(1): 7-10.
Agustal A, M Harapini and Chairul. 1997. Analisis kandungan kimia ekstrak daun katuk (Sauropus androgynus (L) Merr dengan GCMS. Warta Tumbuhan Obat Indonesia 3 (3):31-33.
Anubha S.K., Brine shrimp Artemia salina-a marine animal for simple and rapid biological assays, J. of Chinese Clinical Medicine, 4(2), 1-4 (2007)
Bender AE and KS Ismail. 1975. Nutritive values and toxicity of a Malaysian food, Sauropus albicans. Plant Foods Man. 1: 139-143.
Blomhoff, R. 2010. Role of Dietary Phytochemicals in Oxidative Stress. Oslo: The Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters, Proceedings from a Symposium.
Cerri, R. L. A., R. G. S. Bruno, R. C. Chebel, K. N. Galva, H. Rutgliano, S. O. Juchem, W. W. Thatcher, D. Luchini, and J. E. P. Santos. 2004. Effect of fat sources differing in fatty acid pro? le on fertilization rate and embryo quality in lactating dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 87(Suppl. 1):297. (Abstr.)
De Roos N.M., Bots M.L., dan Katan M.B. 2001. Replacement of dietary saturated fatty-acid and stearic acid by trans fatty acids lower serum HDL cholesterol and impairs endothelial function in healthy men and women. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 21 (7): 1233-7.
Egra S., Mardhiana, Kurnia A., Kartina, Murtilaksono A., Kuspradini H. 2019b. Uji Potensi Ekstrak Daun Tanaman Ketepeng (Cassia alata L) dalam Menghambat Pertumbuhan Bakteri Ralstonia solanacearum dan Streptococcus sobrinus. Ulin–J Hut Trop 3(1): 25-31
Egra S., Mardhiana., Rofin M., Adiwena M, Nurjannah, Kuspradini H., Mitsunaga T. 2019a. Aktivitas Antimikroba Ekstrak Bakau (Rhizophora mucronata) dalam Menghambat Pertumbuhan Ralstonia Solanacearum Penyebab Penyakit Layu. AGROVIGOR 12 (1): 26 – 31
Fajri M, Marfu’ah N, Artanti LO. 2018. Aktivitas Antifungi Daun Ketepeng Cina (Cassia Alata L.) Fraksi Etanol, N- heksan dan Kloroform Terhadap Jamur Microsporium canis. Pharmasipha 2 (1) : 1 - 8.
Hamuel, D.J. 2012. Phytochemicals: Extraction methods, basic structures and mode of action as potential chemotherapeutic agents. Departement of Microbiology School of Pure and Applied Sciences, Federal University of Technology Yola, Nigeria.
Juchem, S. O. 2007. Lipid digestion and metabolism in dairy cows: Effects on production, reproduction and health. PhD thesis. Univ. of California, Davis
Lagarto PR. Silva Y I. Guerra S. and I glesias BL. 2001. Comparative study of the assay of Artemia salina L. and the estimate of the medium lethal dose (LD50 value) in mice, to determine oral acute toxicity of plant extracts, Phytomedicine, 8(5), 395–400.
Lichtenstein AH, Appel LJ, Brands M, Carnethon M, Daniels S, Franch HA. 2006. Diet and lifestyle recommendation revision: A scientific statement from The American Heart Association Nutrition Committee. Circulation, 114 (1):82-96.
Maheshwari DG, Shaikh NK. An overview on toxicity testing method. Int J Pharm Technol. 2016;8(2):3834–3849.
Malik A. 1997. Tinjauan fitokimia, indikasi penggunaan dan bioaktivitas daun katuk dan buah trengguli. Warta Tumbuhan Obat 3: 39 – 41
Maycs, P.A. 2003. Biosintesis Asam Lemak. In: Munsy RK, Granner DK, Maycs PA, Rodwell VW. Editors Biokimia: Jakarta.
Meyer B.N., Ferrigni N.R., Putnam J.E., Jacobsen L.B., Nichols D.E. and Mc Laughlin J.L., 1982. Brine shrimp: a convenientgeneral bioassay for active plant constituents, Planta Medica., 45, 31–4
Mirzaei M and Mirzaei A. 2013. Comparison of the Artemia salina and Artemia uramiana bioassays for toxicity of 4 Iranian medicinal plants. International Research Journal of Biological Sciences. Vol. 2(3), 49-54
Nurhayati, T, D. Aryanti, dan Nurjanah. 2009. Kajian Awal Potensi Ekstrak Spons Sebagai Antioksidan. Jurnal Kelautan Nasional. 2(2):43-51.
Patriawan R. 2018. Uji Ekstrak Tumbuhan Paku (Pteridophyta) sebagai Antibakteri Ralstonia solanacearum dan Streptococcus sobrinus. [Skripsi] Jurusan Agroteknologi, Fakultas Pertanian Universitas Borneo Tarakan. Tidak dipublikasikan
Pisutthanan, S., Plianbangchang, P., Pisutthanan, N., Ruanruay, S., Muanrit, O., 2004. Brine shrimp lethality activity of Thai medicinal plants in the family Meliaceae. Naresuan Uni J. 12, 13-18.
Prajonggo TS, Djatmiko W, Soemarno T, Lunardi JL. 1996. Pengaruh Sauropus androgynus (L.) Merr terhadap gambaran histologis kelenjar susu mencit betina yang menyusui. Semarang. Prosiding Kongres Nasional XI ISFI. Hlm: 735-739Putri M K D, Pringgenies D, Radjasa O K. 2012. Uji Fitokimia Dan Toksisitas Ekstrak Kasar Gastropoda (Telescopiumtelescopium) Terhadap Larva Artemia salina. Journal of Marine Research. Volume 1, Nomor 2, Hal 58-66.
Putri M K D, Pringgenies D, Radjasa O K. 2012. Uji Fitokimia Dan Toksisitas Ekstrak Kasar Gastropoda (Telescopiumtelescopium) Terhadap Larva Artemia salina. Journal of Marine Research. Volume 1, Nomor 2, Hal 58-66.
Revanthi, P., Jeyaseelansenthinath, T., and Thirumalakolundhusubramaian, P. 2015. Preliminary Phytochemical Screening and GC-MS analysis of ethanolic extract of Mangrove Plant-Bruguiera Cylindria (Rhizo) L. International Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemical Research, 6: 729-740.
Rhodes C, Thomas M, Athis J. Principles of testing for acute toxic effects. In General and Applied Toxicology, Ballantyne B, Marrs T, Turner P, Eds.; Stockton Press: New York, USA, 1993; Volume 1: pp 49-87.
Rupa D,Yohana C, Sulistyaningsih, Dorly and Ratnadewi D. 2017. Identification Of Secretory Structure, Histochemistry and PHytochemical Compounds of Medicinal Plant Hyptis capitata Jac . BIOTROPIA 4 2 7 94 103 Vol. 2 No. , 201 : - DOI: 10.11598/btb.201 .2 . . 7 42499.
Sa'roni, T.,Sajimin, M.,Sja'bani, Zulaela,, 2004. Effectiveness of the Sauropus androgynus (L. Merr) Leaf Extract in Increasing Mother's Breast Milk Production. Media Litbang Kesehatan 15: 20-24.
Saganuwan SA. Toxicity study of drugs and chemicals in animals: An overview. BJVM. 2016 2016 online first. ISSN 1311-1477.
Salamah E, Ayuningrat E, Purwaningsih S. 2008. Penapisan Awal Komponen Bioaktif dari Kijing Taiwan (Anadonta woodiana Lea.) Sebagai Senyawa Antioksidan. Buletin Teknologi Hasil Perikanan 11(2):119-132.
Suprayogi A. 2000. Studies on the Biological Effets of Sauropus androgynus (L.) Merr: Effects on Milk Production and the Possibilities of Induced Pulmonary Disorder in Lactating Sheep. Cuviller Verlag Gottingen.
Vickery, M.L., B. Vickery. 1981.Secondary Plant Metabolism, The MacmillanPress, London, 255-288.
Zuhra CF, Tarigan JB, Sihotang H. 2008. Aktivitas antioksidan senyawa flavonoid dari daun katuk (Sauropus androgunus (L.) Merr.). Jurnal Biologi Sumatera; 3(1): 7-10.
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