Molecular identification of bacteria isolated from culture medium of the gold-lipped pearl oyster Pinctada maxima larvae
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Abstract. Wullur S, Napitupulu H, Wantania LL, Ginting EL, Mamangkey NGF, Smolak R, Ogello E. 2020. Molecular identification of bacteria isolated from culture medium of the gold-lipped pearl oyster Pinctada maxima larvae. Biodiversitas 21: 5291-5297. This study was conducted for the molecular identification of bacteria species isolated from culture medium of the gold-lipped pearl oyster, Pinctada maxima larvae. The pearl oysters were cultured using live-microalgae (Isochrysis sp) and fish waste diet (FWD) as food sources. Bacteria were isolated from the oyster larvae and identified based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence. The isolated bacteria were grown on agar plates and incubated at 37°C for 24 to 48 hours. Representative colonies of the bacteria were selected and cultured for molecular analysis. The 16S rRNA genes of the bacteria were amplified and the sequences were matched with the NCBI GenBank database. Seven different colonies were observed based on morphological characters. Similarity test by conducting the Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST) in the NCBI GenBank database, using the 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that the seven isolates colonies possess high similarity to five bacteria species i.e. Pseudomonas pachastrellae, Vibrio alginolyticus, Bacillus filamentosus, Bacillus cereus and Idiomarina fontislapidosi belonging to four different genera i.e. Bacillus, Staphylococcus, Vibrio, and Alteromonas.
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References
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Baldissera, M. D., Souza, C. F., Descovi, S. N., Verdi, C. M., Zeppenfeld, C. C., de Lima Silva, L., ... & da Silva, A. S. (2019). Effects of dietary grape pomace flour on the purinergic signaling and inflammatory response of grass carp experimentally infected with Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Aquaculture, 503, 217-224.
Eissa, N., Abou El-Gheit, N., & Shaheen, A. A. (2014). Protective effect of Pseudomonas fluorescens as a probiotic in controlling fish pathogens. American Journal of BioScience, 2(5), 175-181.
Garcia?Mendoza, M. E., Cáceres?Martínez, J., Vásquez?Yeomans, R., & Cruz?Flores, R. (2019). Bacteriological water quality of recirculating aquatic systems for maintenance of yellowtail amberjack Seriola lalandi. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, 50(5), 934-953.
Giri, S. S., Sen, S. S., & Sukumaran, V. (2012). Effects of dietary supplementation of potential probiotic Pseudomonas aeruginosa VSG-2 on the innate immunity and disease resistance of tropical freshwater fish, Labeo rohita. Fish & shellfish immunology, 32(6), 1135-1140.
Hamza, F., Kumar, A. R., & Zinjarde, S. (2018). Efficacy of cell free supernatant from Bacillus licheniformis in protecting Artemia salina against Vibrio alginolyticus and Pseudomonas gessardii. Microbial pathogenesis, 116, 335-344.
Hapsari, F. (2016). The effect of fermented and non fermented biofloc inoculated with bacterium Bacillus cereus for catfish (Clarias gariepinus) juveniles. Aquaculture, Aquarium, Conservation & Legislation, 9(2), 334-339.
Harikrishnan, R., Kim, J. S., Balasundaram, C., & Heo, M. S. (2012). Immunomodulatory effects of chitin and chitosan enriched diets in Epinephelus bruneus against Vibrio alginolyticus infection. Aquaculture, 326, 46-52.
Karim, M., Zhao, W., Rowley, D., Nelson, D., & Gomez-Chiarri, M. (2013). Probiotic strains for shellfish aquaculture: protection of eastern oyster, Crassostrea virginica, larvae and juveniles againsl bacterial challenge. Journal of Shellfish Research, 32(2), 401-408.
Kennedy, J., Flemer, B., Jackson, S. A., Morrissey, J. P., O'Gara, F., & Dobson, A. D. (2014). Evidence of a putative deep sea specific microbiome in marine sponges. PloS one, 9(3), e91092.
Khondoker, S., Hossain, M. M. M., Hasan-Uj-Jaman, M., Alam, M. E., Zaman, M. F. U., & Tabassum, N. (2016). Effect of Nigella sativa (Black Cumin Seed) to enhance the immunity of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) against Pseudomonas fluorescens. American Journal of Life Sciences, 4(3), 87-92.
Kitikiew, S., Chen, J. C., Putra, D. F., Lin, Y. C., Yeh, S. T., & Liou, C. H. (2013). Fucoidan effectively provokes the innate immunity of white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei and its resistance against experimental Vibrio alginolyticus infection. Fish & shellfish immunology, 34(1), 280-290.
Korkea?Aho, T. L., Heikkinen, J., Thompson, K. D., Von Wright, A., & Austin, B. (2011). Pseudomonas sp. M174 inhibits the fish pathogen Flavobacterium psychrophilum. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 111(2), 266-277.
Kuebutornye, F. K., Abarike, E. D., & Lu, Y. (2019). A review on the application of Bacillus as probiotics in aquaculture. Fish & shellfish immunology, 87, 820-828.
Kvingedal, R., Evans, B. S., Lind, C. E., Taylor, J. J., Dupont-Nivet, M., & Jerry, D. R. (2010). Population and family growth response to different rearing location, heritability estimates and genotype× environment interaction in the silver-lip pearl oyster (Pinctada maxima). Aquaculture, 304(1-4), 1-6.
Manez, K. S. (2010). Java's forgotten pearls: the history and disappearance of pearl fishing in the Segara Anakan lagoon, South Java, Indonesia. Journal of Historical Geography, 36(4), 367-376.
Michaud, L., Lo Giudice, A., Troussellier, M., Smedile, F., Bruni, V., & Blancheton, J. P. (2009). Phylogenetic characterization of the heterotrophic bacterial communities inhabiting a marine recirculating aquaculture system. Journal of applied microbiology, 107(6), 1935-1946.
Nakai, T. (2010). Application of bacteriophages for control of infectious diseases in aquaculture. In Bacteriophages in the control of food-and waterborne pathogens (pp. 257-272). American Society of Microbiology.
Napitupulu HG, Rumengan IF, Wullur S, Ginting EL, Rimper JR, Toloh BH. 2019. Bacillus sp. as a decomposition agent in the maintenance of Brachionus rotundiformis which uses raw fish as a source of nutrition. Jurnal Ilmiah Platax 7 (1): 158-169. [Indonesian].
Nour, E., & El-Ghiet, E. N. A. (2011). Efficacy of pseudomonas fluorescens as biological control agent against aeromonas hydrophila infection in oreo chromisniloticus. World J Fish Marine Sci, 3(6), 564-569.
Ogello, E. O., Wullur, S., Sakakura, Y., & Hagiwara, A. (2018). Composting fishwastes as low-cost and stable diet for culturing Brachionus rotundiformis Tschugunoff (Rotifera): Influence on water quality and microbiota. Aquaculture, 486, 232-239.
Ogello, E. O., Wullur, S., & Hagiwara, A. (2019, July). Blending fishwastes and chicken manure extract as low-cost and stable diet for mass culture of freshwater zooplankton, optimized for aquaculture. In IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering (Vol. 567, No. 1, p. 012022). IOP Publishing.
Ogello EO, Wullur S, Yoshitaka S, Hagiwara A. 2020. Dietary value of waste-fed rotifer Brachionus rotundiformis on the larval rearing of japanese whiting Sillago japonica. E3S Web of Conferences. DOI: 10.1051/e3sconf/202014701005.
Preetha, R., Vijayan, K. K., Jayapraksh, N. S., Alavandi, S. V., Santiago, T. C., & Singh, I. B. (2015). Optimization of culture conditions for mass production of the probiotics Pseudomonas MCCB 102 and 103 antagonistic to pathogenic Vibrios in aquaculture. Probiotics and antimicrobial proteins, 7(2), 137-145.
Priyaja, P. (2012). Pyocyanin (5-methyl-1-hydroxyphenazine) produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa as antagonist to vibrios in aquaculture: over expression, downstream process and toxicity (Doctoral dissertation, Ph. D. Thesis, Cochin University of Science and Technology, India).
Richards, G. P., Watson, M. A., Needleman, D. S., Church, K. M., & Häse, C. C. (2015). Mortalities of Eastern and Pacific oyster larvae caused by the pathogens Vibrio coralliilyticus and Vibrio tubiashii. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 81(1), 292-297.
Riddle, M. R., Baxter, B. K., & Avery, B. J. (2013). Molecular identification of microorganisms associated with the brine shrimp Artemia franciscana. Aquatic biosystems, 9(1), 7.
Sandhya, S. V., Preetha, K., & Vijayan, K. K. (2017). Phylogenetic diversity of culturable bacteria in Chaetoceros gracilis mass culture system of a marine finfish hatchery. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of India, 59(2), 12-18.
Saulnier, D., De Decker, S., Haffner, P., Cobret, L., Robert, M., & Garcia, C. (2010). A large-scale epidemiological study to identify bacteria pathogenic to Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas and correlation between virulence and metalloprotease-like activity. Microbial ecology, 59(4), 787-798.
Sonalkar, V. V., Mawlankar, R., Ramana, V. V., Joseph, N., Shouche, Y. S., & Dastager, S. G. (2015). Bacillus filamentosus sp. nov., isolated from sediment sample. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, 107(2), 433-441.
Southgate, P. C., Beer, A. C., & Ngaluafe, P. (2016). Hatchery culture of the winged pearl oyster, Pteria penguin, without living micro-algae. Aquaculture, 451, 121-124.
Tanyaros, S., Sujarit, C., Jansri, N., & Tarangkoon, W. (2016). Baker’s yeast as a substitute for microalgae in the hatchery rearing of larval and juvenile tropical oyster (Crassostrea belcheri, Sowerby 1871). Journal of Applied Aquaculture, 28(1), 35-46.
Teitge, F., Peppler, C., Steinhagen, D., & Jung?Schroers, V. (2020). Effect of disinfection with peracetic acid on the microbial community of a seawater aquaculture recirculation system for Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei). Journal of Fish Diseases.
Vinoj, G., Vaseeharan, B., DavidJayaseelan, B., Rajakumaran, P., & Ravi, C. (2013). Inhibitory effects of Bacillus licheniformis (DAB1) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (DAP1) against Vibrio parahaemolyticus isolated from Fenneropenaeus indicus. Aquaculture international, 21(5), 1121-1135.
Wang, L., Lai, Q., Fu, Y., Chen, H., Wang, W., Wang, J., ... & Shao, Z. (2011). Idiomarina xiamenensis sp. nov., isolated from surface seawater, and proposal to transfer Pseudidiomarina aestuarii to the genus Idiomarina as Idiomarina aestuarii comb. nov. International journal of systematic and evolutionary microbiology, 61(4), 969-973.
Wang, Y., Fu, D., Luo, P., & He, X. (2012). Identification of the immune expressed sequence tags of pearl oyster (Pinctada martensii, Dunker 1850) responding to Vibrio alginolyticus challenge by suppression subtractive hybridization. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part D: Genomics and Proteomics, 7(3), 243-247.
Wang, Y. D., Huang, S. J., Chou, H. N., Liao, W. L., Gong, H. Y., & Chen, J. Y. (2014). Transcriptome analysis of the effect of Vibrio alginolyticus infection on the innate immunity-related complement pathway in Epinephelus coioides. Bmc Genomics, 15(1), 1102.
Wang, Z., Wang, B., Chen, G., Jian, J., Lu, Y., Xu, Y., & Wu, Z. (2016). Transcriptome analysis of the pearl oyster (Pinctada fucata) hemocytes in response to Vibrio alginolyticus infection. Gene, 575(2), 421-428.
Wassnig, M., & Southgate, P. C. (2016). The effects of stocking density and ration on survival and growth of winged pearl oyster (Pteria penguin) larvae fed commercially available micro-algae concentrates. Aquaculture reports, 4, 17-21.
Wu, C. J., Wang, H., Chan, Y. L., & Li, T. L. (2011). Passive immune-protection of small abalone against Vibrio alginolyticus infection by anti-Vibrio IgY-encapsulated feed. Fish & shellfish immunology, 30(4-5), 1042-1048.
Wullur, S., Ginting, E. L., Waraow, V., Rumengan, I. F. M., Ogello, E. O., & Hagiwara, A. (2019, July). Growth response of rotifers on a bacterial-based diet made from fishwastes. In IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering (Vol. 567, No. 1, p. 012030). IOP Publishing.
Wullur, S., Napitupulu, H., Wantania, L. L., Ginting, E. L., Warouw, V., Tilaar, S., ... & Rumengan, I. F. M. (2020). Molecular identification of bacteria isolated from culture medium of rotifer fed on fishery waste diet. Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity, 21(6).
Xu, J., Zeng, X., Jiang, N., Zhou, Y., & Zeng, L. (2015). Pseudomonas alcaligenes infection and mortality in cultured Chinese sturgeon, Acipenser sinensis. Aquaculture, 446, 37-41.
Yukgehnaish, K., Kumar, P., Sivachandran, P., Marimuthu, K., Arshad, A., Paray, B. A., & Arockiaraj, J. (2020). Gut microbiota metagenomics in aquaculture: factors influencing gut microbiome and its physiological role in fish. Reviews in Aquaculture.
Zhao, Y., Yuan, L., Wan, J., Sun, Z., Wang, Y., & Sun, H. (2016). Effects of potential probiotic Bacillus cereus EN25 on growth, immunity and disease resistance of juvenile sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus. Fish & shellfish immunology, 49, 237-242.
Zhu, F., Wang, Z., & Sun, B. Z. (2016). Differential expression of microRNAs in shrimp Marsupenaeus japonicus in response to Vibrio alginolyticus infection. Developmental & Comparative Immunology, 55, 76-79.
Zurel, D., Benayahu, Y., Or, A., Kovacs, A., & Gophna, U. (2011). Composition and dynamics of the gill microbiota of an invasive Indo?Pacific oyster in the eastern Mediterranean Sea. Environmental Microbiology, 13(6), 1467-1476.
Adzigbli, L., Hao, R., Jiao, Y., Deng, Y., Du, X., Wang, Q., & Huang, R. (2020). Immune response of pearl oysters to stress and diseases. Reviews in Aquaculture, 12(2), 513-523.
Baldissera, M. D., Souza, C. F., Descovi, S. N., Verdi, C. M., Zeppenfeld, C. C., de Lima Silva, L., ... & da Silva, A. S. (2019). Effects of dietary grape pomace flour on the purinergic signaling and inflammatory response of grass carp experimentally infected with Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Aquaculture, 503, 217-224.
Eissa, N., Abou El-Gheit, N., & Shaheen, A. A. (2014). Protective effect of Pseudomonas fluorescens as a probiotic in controlling fish pathogens. American Journal of BioScience, 2(5), 175-181.
Garcia?Mendoza, M. E., Cáceres?Martínez, J., Vásquez?Yeomans, R., & Cruz?Flores, R. (2019). Bacteriological water quality of recirculating aquatic systems for maintenance of yellowtail amberjack Seriola lalandi. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, 50(5), 934-953.
Giri, S. S., Sen, S. S., & Sukumaran, V. (2012). Effects of dietary supplementation of potential probiotic Pseudomonas aeruginosa VSG-2 on the innate immunity and disease resistance of tropical freshwater fish, Labeo rohita. Fish & shellfish immunology, 32(6), 1135-1140.
Hamza, F., Kumar, A. R., & Zinjarde, S. (2018). Efficacy of cell free supernatant from Bacillus licheniformis in protecting Artemia salina against Vibrio alginolyticus and Pseudomonas gessardii. Microbial pathogenesis, 116, 335-344.
Hapsari, F. (2016). The effect of fermented and non fermented biofloc inoculated with bacterium Bacillus cereus for catfish (Clarias gariepinus) juveniles. Aquaculture, Aquarium, Conservation & Legislation, 9(2), 334-339.
Harikrishnan, R., Kim, J. S., Balasundaram, C., & Heo, M. S. (2012). Immunomodulatory effects of chitin and chitosan enriched diets in Epinephelus bruneus against Vibrio alginolyticus infection. Aquaculture, 326, 46-52.
Karim, M., Zhao, W., Rowley, D., Nelson, D., & Gomez-Chiarri, M. (2013). Probiotic strains for shellfish aquaculture: protection of eastern oyster, Crassostrea virginica, larvae and juveniles againsl bacterial challenge. Journal of Shellfish Research, 32(2), 401-408.
Kennedy, J., Flemer, B., Jackson, S. A., Morrissey, J. P., O'Gara, F., & Dobson, A. D. (2014). Evidence of a putative deep sea specific microbiome in marine sponges. PloS one, 9(3), e91092.
Khondoker, S., Hossain, M. M. M., Hasan-Uj-Jaman, M., Alam, M. E., Zaman, M. F. U., & Tabassum, N. (2016). Effect of Nigella sativa (Black Cumin Seed) to enhance the immunity of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) against Pseudomonas fluorescens. American Journal of Life Sciences, 4(3), 87-92.
Kitikiew, S., Chen, J. C., Putra, D. F., Lin, Y. C., Yeh, S. T., & Liou, C. H. (2013). Fucoidan effectively provokes the innate immunity of white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei and its resistance against experimental Vibrio alginolyticus infection. Fish & shellfish immunology, 34(1), 280-290.
Korkea?Aho, T. L., Heikkinen, J., Thompson, K. D., Von Wright, A., & Austin, B. (2011). Pseudomonas sp. M174 inhibits the fish pathogen Flavobacterium psychrophilum. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 111(2), 266-277.
Kuebutornye, F. K., Abarike, E. D., & Lu, Y. (2019). A review on the application of Bacillus as probiotics in aquaculture. Fish & shellfish immunology, 87, 820-828.
Kvingedal, R., Evans, B. S., Lind, C. E., Taylor, J. J., Dupont-Nivet, M., & Jerry, D. R. (2010). Population and family growth response to different rearing location, heritability estimates and genotype× environment interaction in the silver-lip pearl oyster (Pinctada maxima). Aquaculture, 304(1-4), 1-6.
Manez, K. S. (2010). Java's forgotten pearls: the history and disappearance of pearl fishing in the Segara Anakan lagoon, South Java, Indonesia. Journal of Historical Geography, 36(4), 367-376.
Michaud, L., Lo Giudice, A., Troussellier, M., Smedile, F., Bruni, V., & Blancheton, J. P. (2009). Phylogenetic characterization of the heterotrophic bacterial communities inhabiting a marine recirculating aquaculture system. Journal of applied microbiology, 107(6), 1935-1946.
Nakai, T. (2010). Application of bacteriophages for control of infectious diseases in aquaculture. In Bacteriophages in the control of food-and waterborne pathogens (pp. 257-272). American Society of Microbiology.
Napitupulu HG, Rumengan IF, Wullur S, Ginting EL, Rimper JR, Toloh BH. 2019. Bacillus sp. as a decomposition agent in the maintenance of Brachionus rotundiformis which uses raw fish as a source of nutrition. Jurnal Ilmiah Platax 7 (1): 158-169. [Indonesian].
Nour, E., & El-Ghiet, E. N. A. (2011). Efficacy of pseudomonas fluorescens as biological control agent against aeromonas hydrophila infection in oreo chromisniloticus. World J Fish Marine Sci, 3(6), 564-569.
Ogello, E. O., Wullur, S., Sakakura, Y., & Hagiwara, A. (2018). Composting fishwastes as low-cost and stable diet for culturing Brachionus rotundiformis Tschugunoff (Rotifera): Influence on water quality and microbiota. Aquaculture, 486, 232-239.
Ogello, E. O., Wullur, S., & Hagiwara, A. (2019, July). Blending fishwastes and chicken manure extract as low-cost and stable diet for mass culture of freshwater zooplankton, optimized for aquaculture. In IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering (Vol. 567, No. 1, p. 012022). IOP Publishing.
Ogello EO, Wullur S, Yoshitaka S, Hagiwara A. 2020. Dietary value of waste-fed rotifer Brachionus rotundiformis on the larval rearing of japanese whiting Sillago japonica. E3S Web of Conferences. DOI: 10.1051/e3sconf/202014701005.
Preetha, R., Vijayan, K. K., Jayapraksh, N. S., Alavandi, S. V., Santiago, T. C., & Singh, I. B. (2015). Optimization of culture conditions for mass production of the probiotics Pseudomonas MCCB 102 and 103 antagonistic to pathogenic Vibrios in aquaculture. Probiotics and antimicrobial proteins, 7(2), 137-145.
Priyaja, P. (2012). Pyocyanin (5-methyl-1-hydroxyphenazine) produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa as antagonist to vibrios in aquaculture: over expression, downstream process and toxicity (Doctoral dissertation, Ph. D. Thesis, Cochin University of Science and Technology, India).
Richards, G. P., Watson, M. A., Needleman, D. S., Church, K. M., & Häse, C. C. (2015). Mortalities of Eastern and Pacific oyster larvae caused by the pathogens Vibrio coralliilyticus and Vibrio tubiashii. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 81(1), 292-297.
Riddle, M. R., Baxter, B. K., & Avery, B. J. (2013). Molecular identification of microorganisms associated with the brine shrimp Artemia franciscana. Aquatic biosystems, 9(1), 7.
Sandhya, S. V., Preetha, K., & Vijayan, K. K. (2017). Phylogenetic diversity of culturable bacteria in Chaetoceros gracilis mass culture system of a marine finfish hatchery. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of India, 59(2), 12-18.
Saulnier, D., De Decker, S., Haffner, P., Cobret, L., Robert, M., & Garcia, C. (2010). A large-scale epidemiological study to identify bacteria pathogenic to Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas and correlation between virulence and metalloprotease-like activity. Microbial ecology, 59(4), 787-798.
Sonalkar, V. V., Mawlankar, R., Ramana, V. V., Joseph, N., Shouche, Y. S., & Dastager, S. G. (2015). Bacillus filamentosus sp. nov., isolated from sediment sample. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, 107(2), 433-441.
Southgate, P. C., Beer, A. C., & Ngaluafe, P. (2016). Hatchery culture of the winged pearl oyster, Pteria penguin, without living micro-algae. Aquaculture, 451, 121-124.
Tanyaros, S., Sujarit, C., Jansri, N., & Tarangkoon, W. (2016). Baker’s yeast as a substitute for microalgae in the hatchery rearing of larval and juvenile tropical oyster (Crassostrea belcheri, Sowerby 1871). Journal of Applied Aquaculture, 28(1), 35-46.
Teitge, F., Peppler, C., Steinhagen, D., & Jung?Schroers, V. (2020). Effect of disinfection with peracetic acid on the microbial community of a seawater aquaculture recirculation system for Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei). Journal of Fish Diseases.
Vinoj, G., Vaseeharan, B., DavidJayaseelan, B., Rajakumaran, P., & Ravi, C. (2013). Inhibitory effects of Bacillus licheniformis (DAB1) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (DAP1) against Vibrio parahaemolyticus isolated from Fenneropenaeus indicus. Aquaculture international, 21(5), 1121-1135.
Wang, L., Lai, Q., Fu, Y., Chen, H., Wang, W., Wang, J., ... & Shao, Z. (2011). Idiomarina xiamenensis sp. nov., isolated from surface seawater, and proposal to transfer Pseudidiomarina aestuarii to the genus Idiomarina as Idiomarina aestuarii comb. nov. International journal of systematic and evolutionary microbiology, 61(4), 969-973.
Wang, Y., Fu, D., Luo, P., & He, X. (2012). Identification of the immune expressed sequence tags of pearl oyster (Pinctada martensii, Dunker 1850) responding to Vibrio alginolyticus challenge by suppression subtractive hybridization. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part D: Genomics and Proteomics, 7(3), 243-247.
Wang, Y. D., Huang, S. J., Chou, H. N., Liao, W. L., Gong, H. Y., & Chen, J. Y. (2014). Transcriptome analysis of the effect of Vibrio alginolyticus infection on the innate immunity-related complement pathway in Epinephelus coioides. Bmc Genomics, 15(1), 1102.
Wang, Z., Wang, B., Chen, G., Jian, J., Lu, Y., Xu, Y., & Wu, Z. (2016). Transcriptome analysis of the pearl oyster (Pinctada fucata) hemocytes in response to Vibrio alginolyticus infection. Gene, 575(2), 421-428.
Wassnig, M., & Southgate, P. C. (2016). The effects of stocking density and ration on survival and growth of winged pearl oyster (Pteria penguin) larvae fed commercially available micro-algae concentrates. Aquaculture reports, 4, 17-21.
Wu, C. J., Wang, H., Chan, Y. L., & Li, T. L. (2011). Passive immune-protection of small abalone against Vibrio alginolyticus infection by anti-Vibrio IgY-encapsulated feed. Fish & shellfish immunology, 30(4-5), 1042-1048.
Wullur, S., Ginting, E. L., Waraow, V., Rumengan, I. F. M., Ogello, E. O., & Hagiwara, A. (2019, July). Growth response of rotifers on a bacterial-based diet made from fishwastes. In IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering (Vol. 567, No. 1, p. 012030). IOP Publishing.
Wullur, S., Napitupulu, H., Wantania, L. L., Ginting, E. L., Warouw, V., Tilaar, S., ... & Rumengan, I. F. M. (2020). Molecular identification of bacteria isolated from culture medium of rotifer fed on fishery waste diet. Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity, 21(6).
Xu, J., Zeng, X., Jiang, N., Zhou, Y., & Zeng, L. (2015). Pseudomonas alcaligenes infection and mortality in cultured Chinese sturgeon, Acipenser sinensis. Aquaculture, 446, 37-41.
Yukgehnaish, K., Kumar, P., Sivachandran, P., Marimuthu, K., Arshad, A., Paray, B. A., & Arockiaraj, J. (2020). Gut microbiota metagenomics in aquaculture: factors influencing gut microbiome and its physiological role in fish. Reviews in Aquaculture.
Zhao, Y., Yuan, L., Wan, J., Sun, Z., Wang, Y., & Sun, H. (2016). Effects of potential probiotic Bacillus cereus EN25 on growth, immunity and disease resistance of juvenile sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus. Fish & shellfish immunology, 49, 237-242.
Zhu, F., Wang, Z., & Sun, B. Z. (2016). Differential expression of microRNAs in shrimp Marsupenaeus japonicus in response to Vibrio alginolyticus infection. Developmental & Comparative Immunology, 55, 76-79.
Zurel, D., Benayahu, Y., Or, A., Kovacs, A., & Gophna, U. (2011). Composition and dynamics of the gill microbiota of an invasive Indo?Pacific oyster in the eastern Mediterranean Sea. Environmental Microbiology, 13(6), 1467-1476.
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