Short Communication: Morphometric variations in two populations of Limnophora marginata Stein, 1904 (Diptera, Muscidae) in Ecuador
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Abstract. Ruiz MA, Acosta-López C, Soto-Vivas A. 2021. Short Communication: Morphometric variations in two populations of Limnophora marginata Stein, 1904 (Diptera, Muscidae) in Ecuador. Biodiversitas 22: 2654-2657. Limnophora includes 230 species, eleven of which are present in Ecuador. There are few studies on the bioecology of these species in the country. However, recent studies indicate that Limnophora marginata Stein, 1904 as the most abundant species in the Evergreen High Montane Forest (EHMF) located at 3400 masl in Tocachi parish, in contrast to a low abundance in the Dry Forest (DF) at 2500 masl in Malchingui parish, Pedro Moncayo Canton. This study was described the wing morphogeometric variation of L. marginata associated with these two habitats. Thirty-two wings were photographed: 16 specimens in EHMF and 16 in DF. The coordinates configurations (x,y) were registered and aligned through Generalized Procrustes Analysis. The centroid size between habitats was significantly different (Kruskal-Wallis; p?0.005); EHMF specimens were larger than DF. Reclassification a posteriori was perfect in DF specimens (100%), and almost perfect in EHMF (93.75%). The landmarks that most contributed to the variation between habitats were: Interception between M and wing border, interception dm-cu, and interception between Cu and dm-cu. The wing morphometric variations observed in L. marginata could be associated with phenotypic plasticity.
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References
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Weeks A, McKechnie S, Hoffmann A. 2002. Dissecting adaptive clinal variation: markers, inversions and size/stress associations in Drosophila melanogaster from a central field population. Ecology Letters. DOI: 10.1046/j.1461-0248.2002.00380.x
Xue WQ, Bai SC, Dong WX. 2012. A study of the genus Limnophora Robineau-Desvoidy (Diptera: Muscidae), with descriptions of six new species from China. Insect Science. DOI: 10.1673/031.012.1701
Atkinson D. 1994. Temperature and organism size: a biological law for ectotherms? Advances in ecological research. DOI 10.1016/S0065-2504(08)60212-3
Azócar DL, Bonino MF, Perotti MG, Schulte JA, Abdala CS, Cruz FB.2016. Effect of body mass and melanism on heat balance in Liolaemus lizards of thegoetschi clade. Journal of Experimental Biology. DOI:10.1242/jeb.129007.
Baquero F, Sierra R, Ordoñez L, Espinoza L, Rivera M, Tipán M, Soria P. 2004. La Vegetación de los Andes del Ecuador. Memoria explicativa de los mapas de vegetación potencial y remanente de los Andes del Ecuador a escala 1:250.000 y del modelamiento predictivo con especies indicadoras. EcoCiencia / CESLA / EcoPar /MAG / SIGAGRO / CDC-JATUN SACHA / División Geográfica - IGM.Quito. Ecuador.
Belen A, Alten B, Aytekin A. 2004. Altitudinal variation in morphometric and molecular characteristics of Phlebotomus papatasi populations. Medical and Veterinary Entomology. DOI:10.1111/j.0269-283X.2004.00514.x
Blacio K, Liria J, Soto-Vivas A. 2020. Diversity and synanthropy of flies (Diptera: Calyptratae) from Ecuador, with new records for the country. Journal of Threatened Taxa. DOI: 10.11609/jott.5479.12.8.15784-15793
Bookstein F. 1991. Morphometric Tools for Landmark Data: Geometry and Biology. Cambridge University Press. New York.
Briegel H, Knusel I, Timmermann S. 2001. Aedes aegypti: size, reserves, survival, and flight potential. Vector Ecology 26:21-31.
Carvalho CJ, Couri MS. 2002. Muscidae (Diptera) of the Neotropical Region: Taxonomy. Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba.
Carvalho CJ, Couri MS, Pont AC, Pamplona D, Lopes SM. 2005. A Catalogue of the Muscidae (Diptera) of the Neotropical Region. Zootaxa. DOI: 10.11646/ zootaxa.860.1.1
Demirci B, Lee Y, Lanzaro G, Alten B. 2012. Altitudinal genetic and morphometric variation among population of Culex theileri Theobald (Diptera: Culicidae) from northeastern Turkey. J Vector Ecol. DOI: 10.1111/j.1948-7134.2012.00217.x.
Falconer D. 1981. Introduction to quantitative genetics. Prentice Hall, England.
Fogaça J, Carvalho CJ. 2015. Seven new species of Limnophora Robineau-Desvoidy (Diptera: Muscidae) from Ecuador. Revista Brasileira de entomología. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rbe.2015.05.001.
Gibert P, Capy P, Imasheva A, Moreteau B, Morin J, Pétavy G, David J. 2004. Comparative analysis of morphological traits among Drosophila melanogaster and D. simulans: genetic variability, clines and phenotypic plasticity. Genetica. DOI: 10.1023/b:gene.0000017639.62427.8b
González E. 2008. Determinación de los costos operativos del Plan de Manejo del Bosque Protector Jerusalem en la provincia de Pichincha. Ecuador.
Gómez G, Márquez E, Gutiérrez L, Conn J, Correa M. 2014. Geometric morphometric analysis of Colombian Anophelels albimanus (Diptera: Culicidae) reveals significant effect of environmental factors on wing traits and presence of a metapopulation. Acta Trop. DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica. 2014.03.020
Klingenberg C. 2010. Evolution and development of shape: integrating quantitative approaches. Nat Rev Genet. DOI: 10.1038/nrg2829
?????????? ?, ?????????? ?. Krivosheina N, Krivosheina M. 2014. To the biology of muscid flies of the genus Limnophora Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830 (Diptera: Muscidae). Caucasian Entomological Bull 10(2): 297–304.
Loewenberg-Neto P, Carvalho CJ. 2013. Muscidae (Insecta: Diptera) of Latin America and the Caribbean: geographic distribution and check-list by country. Zootaxa. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3650.1.1
Lyra ML, Hatadani LM, de Azeredo-Espin AM, Klaczko LB. 2010. Wing morphometry as a tool for correct identification of primary and secondary New World screwworm fly. Bulletin of entomological research. DOI:10.1017/S0007485309006762.
Ministerio del Ambiente del Ecuador 2012. Sistema de Clasificación de los Ecosistemas del Ecuador Continental. Ministerio del Ambiente del Ecuador. Ecuador.
Ministerio del Ambiente del Ecuador. 2009. El monitoreo biológico: una herramienta para el manejo adaptativo de las áreas protegidas y bosques protectores del DMQ. Informe final. Ecuador.
Michelon AV, Osvaldo MM, Carvalho CJ. 2016. Wing shape is influenced by environmental variability in Polietina (Stein) (Diptera: Muscidae). Revista Brasileira de Entomología. DOI: 10.1016/j.rbe.2016.02.003
Moreira. 2019. Diversidad y composición de Muscidae (Insecta: Diptera) en dos gradientes altitudinales del cantón Pedro Moncayo, Pichincha- Ecuador. Trabajo de grado. Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito. (Ecuador)
Motoki MT, Suesdek L, Bergo ES, Sallum MA. 2012. Wing geometry of Anopheles darlingi Root (Diptera: Culicidae) in five major Brazilian ecoregions. Infection, genetics and evolution. DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2012.04.002
Rohlf F. 2019. tpsRelw, relative warp analysis (v. 1.53). Department of Ecology and Evolution, State University of New York at Stony Brook, New York.
Rohlf F. 2018. tpsDig (v. 2.31). Department of Ecology and Evolution, State University of New York, Stony Brook, New York.
Roig-Juñent S, Claps LE, Morrone JJ. 2014. Biodiversidad de Artrópodos Argentinos volumen 3. Editorial INSUE - UNT, San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina
Sasmita H, WuChun T, LeeJin B, KokBoon N. 2019. Effects of larval diets and temperature regimes on life history traits, energy reserves and temperature tolerance of male Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae): optimizing rearing techniques for the sterile insect programmes. Parasites & vectors. DOI:10.1186/s13071-019-3830-z
Sheets D. 2005a. CoordGen6, Coordinate Generation program for calculating shape coordinates.www.canisius.edu/~sheets/morphsoft.html.
Sheets D. 2005b. CVAGen6, Canonical Variates Analysis program for the analysis of shape, based on partial warp scores. www.canisius.edu/~sheets/morphsoft.html.
Shelomi M. 2012. Where are we now? Bergmann’s rule sensu lato in insects. The American Naturalist. DOI: 10.1086/667595
Skevington J, Dang P. 2002. Exploring the diversity of flies (Diptera). Biodiversity. DOI: 10.1080/14888386.2002.9712613
Skidmore P. 1985. The biology of the Muscidae of the world. Springer Science & Business Media. Boston.
Weeks A, McKechnie S, Hoffmann A. 2002. Dissecting adaptive clinal variation: markers, inversions and size/stress associations in Drosophila melanogaster from a central field population. Ecology Letters. DOI: 10.1046/j.1461-0248.2002.00380.x
Xue WQ, Bai SC, Dong WX. 2012. A study of the genus Limnophora Robineau-Desvoidy (Diptera: Muscidae), with descriptions of six new species from China. Insect Science. DOI: 10.1673/031.012.1701