Potentials of mangrove ecosystem as storage of carbon for global warming mitigation
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Abstract. Dinilhuda A, Akbar AA, Jumiati, Herawati H. 2020. Potential of mangrove ecosystem as carbon storage for global warming mitigation. Biodiversitas 21: 5353-5362. The mangrove ecosystem in Karimunting Bay of West Kalimantan, Indonesia is one of the conservation areas with an area of 138.2 ha. Vegetation making up of that mangrove ecosystem is dominated by Avicennia marina. The existence of mangroves has a role in carbon storage. The ability to store carbon in mangrove forest ecosystems is four times greater than in other tropical forests around the world. Mangrove stems have the greatest ability in storing carbon by up to 55.52%. The research objective was to analyze the potential for carbon storage in the fringe mangrove ecosystem which was dominated by A. marina. This research method is based on a survey of vegetation density in the field. The survey was carried out in Karimunting Bay in three parts of the bay, north, central, and south. Each part of the bay consists of two locations, namely at the front of the breakwater towards the sea and behind the breakwater towards the land. Each location consisted of a plot of 10 x 10 with five replications. The vegetation parameters measured are the types of growth forms, the mangrove ecosystem species, and the diameter and height of the trees, as well as environmental parameters (pH, temperature, and salinity). Destructive method was used on A. marina stems for estimating analysis of mangrove carbon storage in the laboratory. A. marina stem samples were used to test the carbon content with LOI (Lost on Ignition) analysis. Analysis of changes in mangrove area is based on the 2009 and 2019 landscape images. The results show that the mangrove ecosystem of Karimunting Bay has a total density of 177,480 individuals/ha. The amount of carbon storage reached 99,231 mg/ha in 2019 and predictions of total carbon storage over the last 10 years are as much as 13,717,951 tons. Deposits of carbon in fringe mangrove illustrate the carbon dioxide absorption potential of 36,390,608 tons of CO2. The amount of CO2 absorption in fringe mangrove ecosystem type plays a role in reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions with a conditional target according to the Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) in 2030 of 834 million tons of CO2 to prevent temperature increases.
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References
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Chow, Jeffrey. 2017. Mangrove Management For Climate Change Adaptation And Sustainable Development In Coastal Zones. Sustainable Forestry. Vol 37 (2). Pages 139-156. DOI: 10.1080 / 10549811.2017.1339615
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Hong, Liu Chai; Hemati, Zhila H and Zakaria, Rozainah M. 2017. Carbon Stock Evaluation of Mangrove Forest Selection in Peninsular Malaysia and Its Potential Market Value. Environmental Science And Management. Vol 20 (2). Pages. 77-87.
Isnan, Wahyudi. 2018. Kebijakan Pengurangan Emisi Gas Rumah Kaca Dari Sektor Penggunaan Lahan dan Perubahan Tatat Guna Lahan Kehutanan (LULUCF). Jurnal Teknis Eboni. Vol. 15(1). Hlm. 29-39.
Kerte, K.A; Shuaibu, R.A; Nyomboi, T and Oyawa, W.O. 2014. Structural Performance of Short Mangrove Reinforced Concrete Columns. Engineering Science and Emerging Technologies. Vol 7 (2). Pages 568-577.
Kreeger, D., A. Padeletti. 2010. Method for Loss-On-Ignition (LOI) Weight Analyzes. Partnership for the Delaware Estuary. PDE Method No. 33. 3pp.
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Lanuyu, Mahatma and Yusuf, Syafyudin. 2018. Bed Sediment Distribution in the River Estuary and Coastal Sea of Malili (South Sulawesi, Indonesia). Marine Science (SPERMONDE). Vol 4 (2). Pages 59-62.
Liu, Hongxiao; Ren Hai; Sharks, Dafeng; Wang, Wenqing; Liao, Baowen and Cao, Qingxian. 2014. Carbon Stocks and Potential Carbon Storage in the Forest Forest of China. Environmental Management. Vol 133. Pages 86-93. DOI: 10.1016 / j.jenvman.2013.11.037.
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Niapele, Sabaria. 2013. Estimation of Biomass and Carbon Dipterocarpa Stands in the Primary Forest Ecosystem and LOA (Log Over Area) at PT. Sari Bumi Kusuma (SBK) Central Kalimantan. Scientific agribusiness and fisheries (agronomy of UMMU-Ternate). Vol 6 (1). Pages 29-36.
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Noor, Yus Rusila; Khazali; and Suryadiputra. 2006. Guide to Introduction of Mangroves in Indonesia. First edition. Second printing. PHKA / WI-IP. Bogor.
Perez, A et al. 2018. Carbon Accumulation And Storage Capacity In Mangrove Sediments Three Decades After Deforestation Within A Eutrophic Bay. Marine Pollution Bulletin. Vol 126. p. 275-280. DOI: 10.1016 / j.marpolbul.2017.11.018
Prasetyo, Dimas Panji Budi; Nuraini, Ria Azizah Tri and Supriyantini. 2017. Estimation of Carbon Stock and Mangrove Vegetation at the Mangrove Area of Ujung Piring Jepara District. Marine and Aquatic Resource Conservation and Co-existence. Vol 2 (1). Pages 38-45.
Ray.R; Majumder.N; Chowdhury, C and Jana. Kindergarten. 2012. Wood Chemistry and Density: An Analog for Response to The Change of Carbon Sequestration in Mangroves. Carbohydrate Polymers. Vol 90 (1). Pages 102-108. DOI: 10.1016 / j.carbpol.2012.05.001.
Ritohardoyo, S; Akbar, A.A; Sartohadi, J; and Djohan, T.S. Public Participation in the Utilization and Rehabilitation of Coastal Natural Resources (Case Study of Coastal Erosion in West Kalimantan). 2017. Degraded And Mining Inad Management. Vol. 4 (2). Pages 739-747. DOI: DOI: 10.15243 / jdmlm.2017.042.739
Rumengan, Antonius P; Mantiri, Desy M.H; Rompas, Rizald; Hutahaean, Andreas; Kepel, Terry L; Paruntu, Carolus P; Kepel, Rene C and Gerung, Grevo S. 2018. Carbon Stock Assessment of Mangrove Ecosystems in Totok Bay, Southeast Minahasa Regency, North Sulawesi, Indonesia. AACL Bioflux. Vol 11 (4). Pages 1280-1288.
Shan, Liang; Renchao, Zhou; Suisui, Dong and Suhua, Shi. 2008. Adaptation To Salinity In Mangrove: Implication On Evalution Of Salt-Tolerance. Chinese Science Bulletin. Vol 53 (11). Pages 1708-1715.
Sitoe, Almeida A; Mandlate, Luis Junior Comissario and Guedes, Benard S. 2014. Biomass and Carbon Stocks of Sofala Bay Mangrove Forests. Forests. Vol 5 (8). Pages 1967-1981. DOI: 10.3390 / f5081967.
Indonesian National Standard Number 7724 of 2011. Measurement and calculation of carbon stocks - Field measurements for estimating forest carbon reserves. National Standardization Agency. Jakarta.
Syabana, Dana Kurnia and Widiastuti, Retno. 2018. Physical Characteristics of Nipa Fruticans Fiber. The Dynamics of Crafts and Batik. Vol 35 (1). Pages 9-14.
Tarasov, Dmitry; Leitch, Mathew and Fatehi, Pedram. 2018. Lognin-Carbohydrate Complexes: Properties, Applications, Analyzes and Methods Of Extraction. Biotechnol Biofuels. Vol 11 (269). Pages 1-28. DOI: 10.1186 / s13068-018-1262-1
Vo, Mr. Quoc; Kuenzer, C and Oppelt, N. 2015. How Remote Sensing Supports Mangrove Ecosystem Service Valuation: A Case Study in Ca Mau Province, Vietnam. Ecosystem Service. Vol 14. Pages 67-75. DOI: 10.1016 / j.ecoser.2015.04.007.
Wang, Min; Cao, Wenzhi; Jiang, Chao; Yan, Yiyun and Guan, Qingsong. 2018. Potential Ecosystem Service Value of Forest Management in Southeastern China Using High-Resolution Satellite Data. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science. Vol 209. Pages 30-40. DOI: 10.1016 / j.ecss.2018.05.023
Zeng, Yining; Himmel, Michael E and Ding, Shi-You. 2017. Visualizing Chemical Functionality in Plant Cell Walls. Biotechnol Biofuels. Vol 10 (263). Pages 1-16. DOI: 10.1186 / s13068-017-0953-3.
Akbar, Aji Ali; Sartohadi, Junun; Djohan, Tjut Sugandawaty and Ritohardoyo, Su. 2017. The Breakwater Role On The Rehabilitation Of Coastal And Mangrove Forests In West Kalimantan, Indonesia. Journal of Ocean And Coastal Management. Vol 138 (1). Pages 50-59. DOI: 10.1016 / j.ocecoaman.2017.01.004.
Alavaisha, Edmond and Mangora, Mwita M. 2016. Carbon Stock in the Small Estuarine Mangrove of Geza and Mtimbwani, Tanga, Tanzania. Forestry Research. Vol. 2016. Pages 1-11. DOI: 10.1155 / 2016/2068283.
Alwidakdo, Adhi; Azham, Zikri; and Kamarubayana, Legowo. 2014. Study of Mangrove Growth in Mangrove Forest Rehabilitation Activities in Tanjung Limau Village, Muara Badak District, Kutai Kartanegara Regency. AGRIFOR. Vol 13 (1). Pages 11-18.
Baderan, Dewi Wahyuni. 2017. Gorontalo Mangrove Forest Carbon Absorption. Yogyakarta: CV. Budi Utama.
Bismark; Subiandono, Enro; and Heriyanto. 2008. Diversity and Potential Types and Carbon Content of Mangrove Forests in the Siberut Subelen River, West Sumatra. Forest Research and Nature Conservation. Vol 5 (3). Pages 297-306.
Chow, Jeffrey. 2017. Mangrove Management For Climate Change Adaptation And Sustainable Development In Coastal Zones. Sustainable Forestry. Vol 37 (2). Pages 139-156. DOI: 10.1080 / 10549811.2017.1339615
Conti, Georgina and Diaz, Sandra. 2013. Plant Functional Diversity And Carbon Storage - An Empirical Test In Semi-Arid Forest Ecosystems. Ecology. Vol 101 (1). Pages 18-28. DOI: 10.1111 / 1365-2745.12012.
Dermawan, A; Lubis, S.B; dan Suraji. 2014. Status Pengelolaan Efektif Kawasan Konservai Perairan Pesisir dan Pulau Pulau Kecil di Indonesia. Jakarta: Kementerian Kelautan dan Perikanan Republik Indonesia.
Eid, Ebrahem M and Shaltout, Kamal H. 2016. Distribution of Organic Carbon Soil in the Mangrove Avicennia marina (Forssk.) Vierh. Along the Egyptian Red Sea Coast. Regional Studies in Marine Science. Vol. 3. Pages 76-82. DOI: 10.1016 /j.rsma.2015.05.006.
El-Mallakh, Thomas V; Gao, Yonglin and El-Mallakh Rif S. 2014. The Effect of Simulated Acid Rain on Growth Of Root Systems Of Scindapsus aereus. Plant Biology. Vol. 5 (5187). Pages 13-15. DOI: 10.4081 / pb.2014.5187.
Elzaki, Osman Taha and Khider, Tariq Osman. 2013. Physical and Mechanical Properties Of Cupressus lusitanica As A Potential Timber Tree For Sudan. Forest Products and Industries. Vol 2 (1). Pages 43-46.
English, S., C. Wilkinson, and V. Baker. 1994. Survey Manual for Tropical Marine Resources. Australia: ASEAN Australia Marine Science Project's Living Coastal Resource.
Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of The United Nations. 1994. Mangrove Forest Management Guidelines. Rome: FAO, Rome.
Forestry Research and Development Agency. 2013. Guidelines for Using the Allometric Model for Estimating Biomass and Forest Carbon Stocks in Indonesia. Bogor: Research and Development Center for Conservation and Rehabilitation, Forestry Research and Development Agency-Ministry of Forestry.
Generous, A; Lubis, S.B; and Suraji. 2014. Status of Effective Management of Coastal and Small Island Conservation Areas in Indonesia. Jakarta: Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries Republic of Indonesia.
Gillerot, Loic; Vlaminck, Ellen; Ryck, Dennis J.R De; Mwasaru, Donald Maringa; Beeeckman, Hans and Koedam. 2018. Inter-and Intraspecific Variation in Mangrove Carbon Fraction and Wood Specific Gravity in Gazi Bay, Kenya. Ecosphere. Vol 9 (6). Pages 1-17. DOI: 10.1002 / ecs2.2306.
Ginting, Zefry Arqino; Marunung, Togar Fernando; and Sisillia, Lolyta. 2017. Vegetation Analysis in Village Forest Areas in Nanga Yen Village, Hulu Gurung District, Kabuapaten, Kapuas Hulu. Sustainable Forests. Vol 5 (3). Pages 713-720.
Hamran; Linda, Riza; and Lovadi, Irwan. 2014. Analysis of Mangrove Vegetation in Sebubus Village, Paloh District, Sambas Regency. Protobiont. Vol 3 (2). Pages 201-208.
Hariphin; Linda, Riza; and Rusmiyanto, Elvi. 2016. Analysis of Vegetation of Mangrove Forests in the Serukam River Estuary Area of Bengkayang Regency. Protobiont. Vol 5 (3). Pages 66-72.
Hasanuzzaman, Mirza; Prasad, Majeti Narasimha Vara and Fujita, Masayuki. 2018. Cadmium Toxicity And Tolerance In Plants: From Physiology To Remediation. United States: Academi Press.
Herianto and Subiandono, Endro. 2016. The Role of Mangrove Biomasses in Saving Carbon in Kubu Raya, West Kalimantan. Policy Analysis. Vol 13 (1). Pages 1-12.
Hidayat, Topic; Kusmana, Cecep and Tiryana, Tatang. 2010. Species Composition and Structure of Secondary Mangrove Forests in East Rawa, Central, Java, Indonesia. Bioflux. Vol 10 (4). Pages 675-686.
Hong, Liu Chai; Hemati, Zhila H and Zakaria, Rozainah M. 2017. Carbon Stock Evaluation of Mangrove Forest Selection in Peninsular Malaysia and Its Potential Market Value. Environmental Science And Management. Vol 20 (2). Pages. 77-87.
Isnan, Wahyudi. 2018. Kebijakan Pengurangan Emisi Gas Rumah Kaca Dari Sektor Penggunaan Lahan dan Perubahan Tatat Guna Lahan Kehutanan (LULUCF). Jurnal Teknis Eboni. Vol. 15(1). Hlm. 29-39.
Kerte, K.A; Shuaibu, R.A; Nyomboi, T and Oyawa, W.O. 2014. Structural Performance of Short Mangrove Reinforced Concrete Columns. Engineering Science and Emerging Technologies. Vol 7 (2). Pages 568-577.
Kreeger, D., A. Padeletti. 2010. Method for Loss-On-Ignition (LOI) Weight Analyzes. Partnership for the Delaware Estuary. PDE Method No. 33. 3pp.
Kusumaningtyas, Mariska Astrid; Hutahaean, Andreas A; Fischer, Helmut W; Perez-Mayo, Manuel; Ransby, Daniel and Jennerjahn, Team C. 2019. Variability in the Organic Carbon Stocks, Sources and Accumulation Rates of the Indonesian Mangrove Ecosystem. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science. Vol. 218. Pages 310-323.
Lanuyu, Mahatma and Yusuf, Syafyudin. 2018. Bed Sediment Distribution in the River Estuary and Coastal Sea of Malili (South Sulawesi, Indonesia). Marine Science (SPERMONDE). Vol 4 (2). Pages 59-62.
Liu, Hongxiao; Ren Hai; Sharks, Dafeng; Wang, Wenqing; Liao, Baowen and Cao, Qingxian. 2014. Carbon Stocks and Potential Carbon Storage in the Forest Forest of China. Environmental Management. Vol 133. Pages 86-93. DOI: 10.1016 / j.jenvman.2013.11.037.
Ministry of Environment and Forestry. 2017. GHG Inventory Report, Monitoring, Reporting and Verification 2017. Directorate General of Climate Change Control. Jakarta.
Niapele, Sabaria. 2013. Estimation of Biomass and Carbon Dipterocarpa Stands in the Primary Forest Ecosystem and LOA (Log Over Area) at PT. Sari Bumi Kusuma (SBK) Central Kalimantan. Scientific agribusiness and fisheries (agronomy of UMMU-Ternate). Vol 6 (1). Pages 29-36.
Noor, Tahira; Batool, Nazima; Mazhar, Roomina; and Ilyas, Noshin. 2015. Effects of Siltation, Temperature and Salinity on Mangrove Plants. European Academic Research. Vol 2 (11). Pages 14172-14179.
Noor, Yus Rusila; Khazali; and Suryadiputra. 2006. Guide to Introduction of Mangroves in Indonesia. First edition. Second printing. PHKA / WI-IP. Bogor.
Perez, A et al. 2018. Carbon Accumulation And Storage Capacity In Mangrove Sediments Three Decades After Deforestation Within A Eutrophic Bay. Marine Pollution Bulletin. Vol 126. p. 275-280. DOI: 10.1016 / j.marpolbul.2017.11.018
Prasetyo, Dimas Panji Budi; Nuraini, Ria Azizah Tri and Supriyantini. 2017. Estimation of Carbon Stock and Mangrove Vegetation at the Mangrove Area of Ujung Piring Jepara District. Marine and Aquatic Resource Conservation and Co-existence. Vol 2 (1). Pages 38-45.
Ray.R; Majumder.N; Chowdhury, C and Jana. Kindergarten. 2012. Wood Chemistry and Density: An Analog for Response to The Change of Carbon Sequestration in Mangroves. Carbohydrate Polymers. Vol 90 (1). Pages 102-108. DOI: 10.1016 / j.carbpol.2012.05.001.
Ritohardoyo, S; Akbar, A.A; Sartohadi, J; and Djohan, T.S. Public Participation in the Utilization and Rehabilitation of Coastal Natural Resources (Case Study of Coastal Erosion in West Kalimantan). 2017. Degraded And Mining Inad Management. Vol. 4 (2). Pages 739-747. DOI: DOI: 10.15243 / jdmlm.2017.042.739
Rumengan, Antonius P; Mantiri, Desy M.H; Rompas, Rizald; Hutahaean, Andreas; Kepel, Terry L; Paruntu, Carolus P; Kepel, Rene C and Gerung, Grevo S. 2018. Carbon Stock Assessment of Mangrove Ecosystems in Totok Bay, Southeast Minahasa Regency, North Sulawesi, Indonesia. AACL Bioflux. Vol 11 (4). Pages 1280-1288.
Shan, Liang; Renchao, Zhou; Suisui, Dong and Suhua, Shi. 2008. Adaptation To Salinity In Mangrove: Implication On Evalution Of Salt-Tolerance. Chinese Science Bulletin. Vol 53 (11). Pages 1708-1715.
Sitoe, Almeida A; Mandlate, Luis Junior Comissario and Guedes, Benard S. 2014. Biomass and Carbon Stocks of Sofala Bay Mangrove Forests. Forests. Vol 5 (8). Pages 1967-1981. DOI: 10.3390 / f5081967.
Indonesian National Standard Number 7724 of 2011. Measurement and calculation of carbon stocks - Field measurements for estimating forest carbon reserves. National Standardization Agency. Jakarta.
Syabana, Dana Kurnia and Widiastuti, Retno. 2018. Physical Characteristics of Nipa Fruticans Fiber. The Dynamics of Crafts and Batik. Vol 35 (1). Pages 9-14.
Tarasov, Dmitry; Leitch, Mathew and Fatehi, Pedram. 2018. Lognin-Carbohydrate Complexes: Properties, Applications, Analyzes and Methods Of Extraction. Biotechnol Biofuels. Vol 11 (269). Pages 1-28. DOI: 10.1186 / s13068-018-1262-1
Vo, Mr. Quoc; Kuenzer, C and Oppelt, N. 2015. How Remote Sensing Supports Mangrove Ecosystem Service Valuation: A Case Study in Ca Mau Province, Vietnam. Ecosystem Service. Vol 14. Pages 67-75. DOI: 10.1016 / j.ecoser.2015.04.007.
Wang, Min; Cao, Wenzhi; Jiang, Chao; Yan, Yiyun and Guan, Qingsong. 2018. Potential Ecosystem Service Value of Forest Management in Southeastern China Using High-Resolution Satellite Data. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science. Vol 209. Pages 30-40. DOI: 10.1016 / j.ecss.2018.05.023
Zeng, Yining; Himmel, Michael E and Ding, Shi-You. 2017. Visualizing Chemical Functionality in Plant Cell Walls. Biotechnol Biofuels. Vol 10 (263). Pages 1-16. DOI: 10.1186 / s13068-017-0953-3.