Carbon stock estimation of mangrove forest in Sulaman Lake Forest Reserve, Sabah, Malaysia
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Abstract. Besar NA, Suhaili NS, Fei JLJ, Sha’ari FW, Idris MI, Hatta SH, Kodoh J. 2020. Carbon stock estimation of Sulaman Lake Forest Reserve in Sabah, Malaysia. Biodiversitas 21: 5657-5664. Mangrove forest has a significant role in sequestering carbon gases from the atmosphere but there are lesser literature has been made on it. This research was conducted to quantify the aboveground, belowground and soil carbon stock in Sulaman Lake Forest Reserve, Sabah, Malaysia. Nine transect lines with 125 m length were established and a circle with 7 m radius was set in every 25 m. Forest inventory was done to get the diameter breast height of standing trees and soil sampling with four different depths (0-15 cm, 15-30 cm, 30-50 cm and 50-100 cm) were taken for soil analysis and bulk density. Allometric equation was used to calculate aboveground and belowground biomass then its carbon stock was estimated as 50% from its total biomass. The result shows the total carbon stock in the study area was 441.72 Mg C ha-1, and soil has the highest value of carbon stock (351.98 ± 11.73 Mg C ha-1) followed by aboveground carbon (67.30 ± 20.55 Mg C ha-1) and belowground carbon (22.44 ± 0.17 Mg C ha-1). This study found that soil carbon stock made up almost 80% of the total carbon stock in the mangrove forest. This ecosystem also shows a higher value of carbon stock compared to other locations hence emphasized the importance of prioritizing a mangrove forest in any climate mitigation efforts.
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References
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Alongi DM, Murdiyarso D, Fourqurean JW, Kauffman JB, Hutahaean A, Crooks S, Lovelock CE, Howard J, Herr D, Fortes M, Pidgeon E, Wagey T. 2016. Indonesia’s blue carbon: a globally significant and vulnerable sink for seagrass and mangrove carbon. Wetlands Ecology and Management 24(1): 3–13. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11273-015-9446-y
Alongi DM, Dixon P. 2000. Mangrove primary production and above- and below-ground biomass in Sawi Bay, Southern Thailand. Phuket Marine Biological Center Special Publication, 22: 31-38
Besar NA, Suardi H, Phua MH, James D, Mokhtar M, Ahmed MF. 2020. Carbon Stock and Sequestration Potential of an Agroforestry System in Sabah , Carbon Stock and Sequestration Potential of an Agroforestry System in Sabah , Malaysia. Forests 11(2), 210. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/f11020210
Chandra IA, Seca G, Abu Hena MK. 2011. Aboveground biomass production of Rhizophora apiculata Blume in Sarawak mangrove forest. American Journal of Agricultural and Biological Science 6(4): 469-474. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3844/ajabssp.2011.469.474
Chandra IA, Seca G, Noraini R, Ahmad MMP, Osumanu HA, Hazandy AH, Nik MAM. 2015. Soil carbon storage in dominant species of Mangrove Forest of Sarawak, Malaysia. International Journal of Physical Sciences 10(6): 210-214. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5897/ijps2014.4183
Culman S, Mann M, Brown C. 2019. Calculating Cation Exchange Capacity, Base Saturation, and Calcium Saturation. Agriculture and Natural Resources ANR-81, 6. https://ohioline.osu.edu/factsheet/anr-81
Dimalen FK, Rojo MJA. 2019. Carbon stock assessment of a mangrove forest in Cotabato City, Philippines. Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Science 14(2): 1–8.
Donato DC, Kauffman JB, Murdiyarso D, Kurnianto S, Stidham M. 2011. Mangroves among the most carbon-rich forests in the tropics. Nature Geoscience 4: 293–297. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo1123
Fromard F, Puig H, Mougin E, Marty G, Betoulle JL, Cadamuro L. 1998. Structure, above-ground biomass and dynamics of mangrove ecosystems: New data from French Guiana. Oecologia 115(1–2): 39–53. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s004420050489
Giri C, Ochieng E, Tieszen LL, Zhu Z, Singh A, Loveland T, Masek J, Duke N. 2011. Status and distribution of mangrove forests of the world using earth observation satellite data. Global Ecology and Biogeography 20: 154–159. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1466-8238.2010.00584.x
Goessens A, Satyanarayana B, Stocken TVD, Zuniga MQ, Mohd-Lokman H, Sulong I, Dahdouh-Guebas F. 2014. Is Matang Mangrove Forest in Malaysia Sustainably Rejuvenating after More than a Century of Conservation and Harvesting Management??. PloS ONE 9(8). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0105069
Han Y, Zhang J, Mattson KG, Zhang W, Weber TA. (2016). Sample Sizes to Control Error Estimates in Determining Soil Bulk Density in California Forest Soils. Soil Science Society of America Journal 80(3): 756–764. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2015.12.0422
Hance J. 2011. Vanishing mangroves are carbon sequestration power house. Mongabay. https://news.mongabay.com/2011/04/vanishing-mangroves-are-carbon-sequestration-powerhouses/
Hemati ZH, Mahmood H, Rozainah MZ. 2014. Biodiversity and biomass of a natural and degraded mangrove forest of Peninsular Malaysia. Environmental Earth Sciences 71(11): 4629–4635. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-013-2853-6
Hemati Z, Hossain M, Emenike CU, Rozainah MZ. 2015. Rate of carbon storage in soil of natural and degraded mangrove forest in Peninsular Malaysia. Clean - Soil, Air, Water 43(4): 614–619. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/clen.201400034
Hong LC, Hemati ZH, Zakaria RM. 2017. Carbon stock evaluation of selected mangrove forests in peninsular Malaysia and its potential market value. Journal of Environmental Science and Management 20(2): 77–87.
Hossain MD, Nuruddin AA. 2016. Soil and mangrove: A review. Journal of Environmental Science and Technology 9(2): 198–207. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3923/jest.2016.198.207
Hossain M, Othman S, Bujang JS, Kusnan M. 2008. Net primary productivity of Bruguiera parviflora (Wight & Arn.) dominated mangrove forest at Kuala Selangor, Malaysia. Forest Ecology and Management 255(1): 179–182. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2007.09.011
Houghton RA, Hackler JL. 2001. Carbon Flux to the Atmosphere from Land-Use Changes?: 1850 to 1990. Environmental Sciences Division; Office of Biological and Environmental Research U.S. Department of Energy. USA. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3334/CDIAC/lue.ndp050
Howard J, Sutton-grier A, Herr D, Kleypas J, Landis E, Mcleod E, Pidgeon E, Simpson S. 2017. Clarifying the role of coastal and marine systems in climate mitigation. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 15(1): 42-50. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/fee.1451
Kanniah KD, Sheikhi A, Cracknell AP, Goh HC, Tan KP, Ho CS, Rasli FN. 2015. Satellite images for monitoring mangrove cover changes in a fast growing economic region in southern Peninsular Malaysia. Remote Sensing 7(11): 14360–14385. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/rs71114360
Kauffman JB, Heider C, Cole TG, Dwire KA, Donato DC. 2011. Ecosystem carbon stocks of micronesian mangrove forests. Wetlands 31(2): 343–352. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13157-011-0148-9
Kauffman JB, Donato D. 2012. Protocols for the measurement, monitoring and reporting of structure, biomass and carbon stocks in mangrove forests. Working paper 86. CIFOR. Indonesia. DOI: https://doi.org/10.17528/cifor/003749
Komiyama A, Havanond S, Srisawantt W, Mochida Y, Fujimoto K, Ohnishi T, Ishihara S, Miyagi T. 2000. Top / root biomass ratio of a secondary mangrove forest. Forest Ecology and Management 139: 127–134.
Komiyama A, Ong JE, Poungparn S. 2008. Allometry, biomass, and productivity of mangrove forests: A review. Aquatic Botany 89: 128–137. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquabot.2007.12.006
Komiyama A, Poungparn S, Kato S. 2005. Common allometric equations for estimating the tree weight of mangroves. Journal of Tropical Ecology 21(4): 471–477. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0266467405002476
Kusmana C, Hidayat T, Tiryana T, Rusdiana O, Istomo. (2018). Allometric models for above- and below-ground biomass of Sonneratia spp. Global Ecology and Conservation 15 Article e00417. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gecco.2018.e00417
Martuti NKT, Setyowati DL, Nugraha SB, Mutiatari DP. 2017. Carbon stock potency of mangrove ecosystem at Tapak Sub-village, Semarang, Indonesia. AACL Bioflux 10(6): 1524–1533.
Marzuki FH. 2019. Keunikan Hutan Paya Bakau Malaysia. Forestry. https://www.forestry.gov.my/images/keratan_akhbar/2019/July/KOSMO14OGOS2019.pdf [Malaysian]
Njana MA, Eid T, Zahabu E, Malimbwi R. 2015. Procedures for quantification of belowground biomass of three mangrove tree species. Wetlands Ecology and Management 23(4): 749–764. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11273-015-9417-3
Olaniyi AO, Abdullah AM, Ramli MF, Alias MS. 2012. Assessment of drivers of coastal land use change in Malaysia. Ocean and Coastal Management, 67: 113-123. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2012.05.029
Pearson TRH, Brown SL, Birdsey RA. (2007). Measurement Guidelines for the Sequestration of Forest Carbon. In General Technical Report NRS-18. Delaware: United States Department of Agriculture - Forest Service. Nothern Research Station (42p). DOI: https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2737/NRS-GTR-18
Rambok E, Gandaseca S, Ahmed OH, Muhamad N, Majid A. 2010. Comparison of Selected Soil Chemical Properties of Two Different Mangrove Forests in Sarawak. American Journal of Environmental Sciences 6(5): 438–441.
Rizal A, Sahidin A, Herawati H. 2018. Economic Value Estimation of Mangrove Ecosystems in Indonesia. Biodiversity International Journal 2(1): 98-100. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15406/bij.2018.02.00051
Sanderman J, Hengl T, Fiske G, Solvik K, Adame MF, Benson L, Bukoski JJ, Carnell P, Cifuentes-Jara M, Nonato D, Duncan C, Eid EM, Ermgassen PZ, Lewis CJE, Macreadiw PI, Glass L, Gress S, Jardine SL, Jones TG, Nsombo EN, Rahman MM, Sanders CJ, Spalding M, Landis E. 2018. A global map of mangrove forest soil carbon at 30 m spatial resolution. Environmental Research Letters, 13(5). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aabe1c
Sherman RE, Fahey TJ, Martinez P. 2003. Spatial Patterns of Biomass and Aboveground Net Primary Productivity in a Mangrove Ecosystem in the Dominican Republic. Ecosystems 6(4): 384–398. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-002-0191-8
Shukla A, Panchal H, Mishra M, Patel PR, Srivastava HS, Patel P, Shukla AK. 2014. Soil Moisture Estimation using Gravimetric Technique and FDR Probe Technique?: A Comparative Analysis. American International Journal of Research in Formal, Applied and Natural Sciences 8(1): 89–92.
Tangah J, Chung AYC. 2011. The Challenges of Mangrove Forest Conservation and Rehabilitation in Sabah , Malaysia. Asian Wetland Symposium (AWS) in Integrated Biodiversity Conservation: Linking Forests and Wetlands, (July), 1–13.
Tangah J, Chung AYC, Baba S, Chan HT, Kezuka M. 2020. Rehabilitation of Mangroves in Sabah: The SFD-ISME Collaboration (2014-2019). Sabah Forestry Department, International Society for Mangrove Ecosystems and Tokio Marine and Nichido Fire Insurance Co. Ltd. Malaysia.
Wong CJ, James D, Besar NA, Kamlun KU, Tangah J, Tsuyuki S, Phua MH. 2020. Estimating Mangrove Above-Ground Biomass Loss Due to Deforestation in Malaysian Northern Borneo between 2000 and 2015 Using SRTM and Landsat Images. Forests 11(9): 1018. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/f11091018
Alongi DM, Murdiyarso D, Fourqurean JW, Kauffman JB, Hutahaean A, Crooks S, Lovelock CE, Howard J, Herr D, Fortes M, Pidgeon E, Wagey T. 2016. Indonesia’s blue carbon: a globally significant and vulnerable sink for seagrass and mangrove carbon. Wetlands Ecology and Management 24(1): 3–13. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11273-015-9446-y
Alongi DM, Dixon P. 2000. Mangrove primary production and above- and below-ground biomass in Sawi Bay, Southern Thailand. Phuket Marine Biological Center Special Publication, 22: 31-38
Besar NA, Suardi H, Phua MH, James D, Mokhtar M, Ahmed MF. 2020. Carbon Stock and Sequestration Potential of an Agroforestry System in Sabah , Carbon Stock and Sequestration Potential of an Agroforestry System in Sabah , Malaysia. Forests 11(2), 210. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/f11020210
Chandra IA, Seca G, Abu Hena MK. 2011. Aboveground biomass production of Rhizophora apiculata Blume in Sarawak mangrove forest. American Journal of Agricultural and Biological Science 6(4): 469-474. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3844/ajabssp.2011.469.474
Chandra IA, Seca G, Noraini R, Ahmad MMP, Osumanu HA, Hazandy AH, Nik MAM. 2015. Soil carbon storage in dominant species of Mangrove Forest of Sarawak, Malaysia. International Journal of Physical Sciences 10(6): 210-214. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5897/ijps2014.4183
Culman S, Mann M, Brown C. 2019. Calculating Cation Exchange Capacity, Base Saturation, and Calcium Saturation. Agriculture and Natural Resources ANR-81, 6. https://ohioline.osu.edu/factsheet/anr-81
Dimalen FK, Rojo MJA. 2019. Carbon stock assessment of a mangrove forest in Cotabato City, Philippines. Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Science 14(2): 1–8.
Donato DC, Kauffman JB, Murdiyarso D, Kurnianto S, Stidham M. 2011. Mangroves among the most carbon-rich forests in the tropics. Nature Geoscience 4: 293–297. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo1123
Fromard F, Puig H, Mougin E, Marty G, Betoulle JL, Cadamuro L. 1998. Structure, above-ground biomass and dynamics of mangrove ecosystems: New data from French Guiana. Oecologia 115(1–2): 39–53. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s004420050489
Giri C, Ochieng E, Tieszen LL, Zhu Z, Singh A, Loveland T, Masek J, Duke N. 2011. Status and distribution of mangrove forests of the world using earth observation satellite data. Global Ecology and Biogeography 20: 154–159. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1466-8238.2010.00584.x
Goessens A, Satyanarayana B, Stocken TVD, Zuniga MQ, Mohd-Lokman H, Sulong I, Dahdouh-Guebas F. 2014. Is Matang Mangrove Forest in Malaysia Sustainably Rejuvenating after More than a Century of Conservation and Harvesting Management??. PloS ONE 9(8). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0105069
Han Y, Zhang J, Mattson KG, Zhang W, Weber TA. (2016). Sample Sizes to Control Error Estimates in Determining Soil Bulk Density in California Forest Soils. Soil Science Society of America Journal 80(3): 756–764. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2015.12.0422
Hance J. 2011. Vanishing mangroves are carbon sequestration power house. Mongabay. https://news.mongabay.com/2011/04/vanishing-mangroves-are-carbon-sequestration-powerhouses/
Hemati ZH, Mahmood H, Rozainah MZ. 2014. Biodiversity and biomass of a natural and degraded mangrove forest of Peninsular Malaysia. Environmental Earth Sciences 71(11): 4629–4635. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-013-2853-6
Hemati Z, Hossain M, Emenike CU, Rozainah MZ. 2015. Rate of carbon storage in soil of natural and degraded mangrove forest in Peninsular Malaysia. Clean - Soil, Air, Water 43(4): 614–619. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/clen.201400034
Hong LC, Hemati ZH, Zakaria RM. 2017. Carbon stock evaluation of selected mangrove forests in peninsular Malaysia and its potential market value. Journal of Environmental Science and Management 20(2): 77–87.
Hossain MD, Nuruddin AA. 2016. Soil and mangrove: A review. Journal of Environmental Science and Technology 9(2): 198–207. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3923/jest.2016.198.207
Hossain M, Othman S, Bujang JS, Kusnan M. 2008. Net primary productivity of Bruguiera parviflora (Wight & Arn.) dominated mangrove forest at Kuala Selangor, Malaysia. Forest Ecology and Management 255(1): 179–182. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2007.09.011
Houghton RA, Hackler JL. 2001. Carbon Flux to the Atmosphere from Land-Use Changes?: 1850 to 1990. Environmental Sciences Division; Office of Biological and Environmental Research U.S. Department of Energy. USA. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3334/CDIAC/lue.ndp050
Howard J, Sutton-grier A, Herr D, Kleypas J, Landis E, Mcleod E, Pidgeon E, Simpson S. 2017. Clarifying the role of coastal and marine systems in climate mitigation. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 15(1): 42-50. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/fee.1451
Kanniah KD, Sheikhi A, Cracknell AP, Goh HC, Tan KP, Ho CS, Rasli FN. 2015. Satellite images for monitoring mangrove cover changes in a fast growing economic region in southern Peninsular Malaysia. Remote Sensing 7(11): 14360–14385. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/rs71114360
Kauffman JB, Heider C, Cole TG, Dwire KA, Donato DC. 2011. Ecosystem carbon stocks of micronesian mangrove forests. Wetlands 31(2): 343–352. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13157-011-0148-9
Kauffman JB, Donato D. 2012. Protocols for the measurement, monitoring and reporting of structure, biomass and carbon stocks in mangrove forests. Working paper 86. CIFOR. Indonesia. DOI: https://doi.org/10.17528/cifor/003749
Komiyama A, Havanond S, Srisawantt W, Mochida Y, Fujimoto K, Ohnishi T, Ishihara S, Miyagi T. 2000. Top / root biomass ratio of a secondary mangrove forest. Forest Ecology and Management 139: 127–134.
Komiyama A, Ong JE, Poungparn S. 2008. Allometry, biomass, and productivity of mangrove forests: A review. Aquatic Botany 89: 128–137. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquabot.2007.12.006
Komiyama A, Poungparn S, Kato S. 2005. Common allometric equations for estimating the tree weight of mangroves. Journal of Tropical Ecology 21(4): 471–477. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0266467405002476
Kusmana C, Hidayat T, Tiryana T, Rusdiana O, Istomo. (2018). Allometric models for above- and below-ground biomass of Sonneratia spp. Global Ecology and Conservation 15 Article e00417. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gecco.2018.e00417
Martuti NKT, Setyowati DL, Nugraha SB, Mutiatari DP. 2017. Carbon stock potency of mangrove ecosystem at Tapak Sub-village, Semarang, Indonesia. AACL Bioflux 10(6): 1524–1533.
Marzuki FH. 2019. Keunikan Hutan Paya Bakau Malaysia. Forestry. https://www.forestry.gov.my/images/keratan_akhbar/2019/July/KOSMO14OGOS2019.pdf [Malaysian]
Njana MA, Eid T, Zahabu E, Malimbwi R. 2015. Procedures for quantification of belowground biomass of three mangrove tree species. Wetlands Ecology and Management 23(4): 749–764. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11273-015-9417-3
Olaniyi AO, Abdullah AM, Ramli MF, Alias MS. 2012. Assessment of drivers of coastal land use change in Malaysia. Ocean and Coastal Management, 67: 113-123. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2012.05.029
Pearson TRH, Brown SL, Birdsey RA. (2007). Measurement Guidelines for the Sequestration of Forest Carbon. In General Technical Report NRS-18. Delaware: United States Department of Agriculture - Forest Service. Nothern Research Station (42p). DOI: https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2737/NRS-GTR-18
Rambok E, Gandaseca S, Ahmed OH, Muhamad N, Majid A. 2010. Comparison of Selected Soil Chemical Properties of Two Different Mangrove Forests in Sarawak. American Journal of Environmental Sciences 6(5): 438–441.
Rizal A, Sahidin A, Herawati H. 2018. Economic Value Estimation of Mangrove Ecosystems in Indonesia. Biodiversity International Journal 2(1): 98-100. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15406/bij.2018.02.00051
Sanderman J, Hengl T, Fiske G, Solvik K, Adame MF, Benson L, Bukoski JJ, Carnell P, Cifuentes-Jara M, Nonato D, Duncan C, Eid EM, Ermgassen PZ, Lewis CJE, Macreadiw PI, Glass L, Gress S, Jardine SL, Jones TG, Nsombo EN, Rahman MM, Sanders CJ, Spalding M, Landis E. 2018. A global map of mangrove forest soil carbon at 30 m spatial resolution. Environmental Research Letters, 13(5). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aabe1c
Sherman RE, Fahey TJ, Martinez P. 2003. Spatial Patterns of Biomass and Aboveground Net Primary Productivity in a Mangrove Ecosystem in the Dominican Republic. Ecosystems 6(4): 384–398. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-002-0191-8
Shukla A, Panchal H, Mishra M, Patel PR, Srivastava HS, Patel P, Shukla AK. 2014. Soil Moisture Estimation using Gravimetric Technique and FDR Probe Technique?: A Comparative Analysis. American International Journal of Research in Formal, Applied and Natural Sciences 8(1): 89–92.
Tangah J, Chung AYC. 2011. The Challenges of Mangrove Forest Conservation and Rehabilitation in Sabah , Malaysia. Asian Wetland Symposium (AWS) in Integrated Biodiversity Conservation: Linking Forests and Wetlands, (July), 1–13.
Tangah J, Chung AYC, Baba S, Chan HT, Kezuka M. 2020. Rehabilitation of Mangroves in Sabah: The SFD-ISME Collaboration (2014-2019). Sabah Forestry Department, International Society for Mangrove Ecosystems and Tokio Marine and Nichido Fire Insurance Co. Ltd. Malaysia.
Wong CJ, James D, Besar NA, Kamlun KU, Tangah J, Tsuyuki S, Phua MH. 2020. Estimating Mangrove Above-Ground Biomass Loss Due to Deforestation in Malaysian Northern Borneo between 2000 and 2015 Using SRTM and Landsat Images. Forests 11(9): 1018. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/f11091018
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