Vegetation diversity and structure of urban parks in Cilegon City, Indonesia, and local residents’ perception of its function
##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.sidebar##
Issue
Section
Articles
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.main##
Abstract
Abstract. Muhlisin, Iskandar J, Gunawan B, Cahyandito MF. 2021. Vegetation diversity and structure of urban parks in Cilegon City, Indonesia, and local residents’ perception of its function. Biodiversitas 22: 2589-2603. The existence of urban parks is very essential for cities because they provide ecosystem services and benefits to humans. Diversity and structure of vegetation in urban parks play significant role in delivering several functions of ecosystem services. This paper aims to explore and analyze the vegetation diversity and structure, as well as ecosystem services of eight urban parks in Cilegon City, Banten Province, Indonesia. Vegetation analysis and residents’ perception are also conducted in this research. The analysis of vegetation is focused on horizontal structure of vegetation, including plant diversity, plant habitus, the original distribution of the plants, and vertical structure of vegetation (canopy stratification and vegetation profile). The residents’ perceptions are collected using interviews of selected respondents. The identification of vegetation recorded 114 plant species from 46 families are found in the concerned urban parks, however, the diversity and species richness in these parks tended to be low. The vegetation communities are uncertain and dominated primarily by non-native and invasive species. The canopy stratification is relatively homogeneous with the dominant plants having less than one meter in height, such as Ruellia simplex and Syzygium paniculatum. The vegetation planted in the urban parks are mostly ornamental plants that provide much more aesthetic function rather than ecological purpose, daily human needs, or other ecosystem services. This fact shows that urban parks in the study area have only few ecosystem services, hence they need some improvements in order to have more environmental services and to be able to enjoy more by the community.
##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.details##
References
Aerts, R., Honnay, O., & Van Nieuwenhuyse, A. (2018). Biodiversity and human health: Mechanisms and evidence of the positive health effects of diversity in nature and green spaces. British Medical Bulletin, 127(1), 5–22. https://doi.org/10.1093/bmb/ldy021
Agrawal, A., & Gopal, K. (2013). Application of Diversity Index in Measurement of Species Diversity. Biomonitoring OfWater and Waste Water, 41–48. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-0864-8
Akbarini, D., Iskandar, J., & Partasasmita, R. (2017). Collaborative planning for development of the Pelawan Biodiversity Park in Bangka, Indonesia. Biodiversitas, 18(4), 1602–1610. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d180439
Akmar, N., Aziz, A., & Nillson, K. (2018). Recreational Use of Urban Green Space in Malaysian Cities. International Journal of Business and Society, 19(2010), 1–16.
Al-Mana, F. A., & Ahmad, Y. A. (2013). The Performance of Ten Imported Tree and Shrub Species Grown Under the Environmental Conditions of Riyadh Region, Saudi Arabia. Life Science Journal, 10(4), 877–885.
Alam, M. A., Juraimi, A. S., Rafii, M. Y., Hamid, A. A., Aslani, F., & Alam, M. Z. (2015). Effects of salinity and salinity-induced augmented bioactive compounds in purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.) for possible economical use. Food Chemistry, 169, 439–447. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.08.019
Amos, K. C., & Maloy, M. (2015). The Role of Urban Parks in Environmental Education: How Mantled Howler Monkeys (Allouatta paliatta) can Increase Social Outreach. The Parque Natural Metropolitano.
Ardyanto, R. D., Santoso, S., & Samiyarsih, S. (2014). Kemampuan Tanaman Glodogan Polyalthia longifolia Soon. Sebagai peneduh jalan dalam mengakumulasi Pb udara berdasarkan respon anatomis daun di Purwokerto. Scripta Biologica, 1(1), 17. https://doi.org/10.20884/1.sb.2014.1.1.37
Baek, S. G., Park, J., Na, C. S., Lee, B., & Cheng, H. (2018). The Morphological characteristics of Pterocarpus indicus induced by Elevated Ozone under Well- watered and Drought conditions The Morphological characteristics of Pterocarpus indicus induced by. Forest Science and Technology, 14(3), 105–111. https://doi.org/10.1080/21580103.2018.1471010
Carey, J. J., & Delaney, M. F. (2010). T-scores and Z-scores. Clinical Reviews in Bone and Mineral Metabolism, 8(3), 113–121. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12018-009-9064-4
Carr, S., Francis, M., Rivlin, L. G., & Stone, A. M. (1992). Public Space (p. xii + 372). Cambridge University Press.
Chen, S., Wang, W., Xu, W., Wang, Y., Wan, H., Chen, D., Tang, Z., Tang, X., Zhou, G., Xie, Z., Zhou, D., Shangguan, Z., Huang, J., He, J. S., Wang, Y., Sheng, J., Tang, L., Li, X., Dong, M., … Bai, Y. (2018). Plant diversity enhances productivity and soil carbon storage. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 115(16), 4027–4032. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1700298114
Croasmun, J. T., & Ostrom, L. (2011). Using Likert-type scales in the social sciences. Journal of Adult Education, 40(1), 19–22.
Darmayanti, A. S., & Hapsari, L. (2015). The hidrological aspects on some selected local plants; Flamboyan (Delonix regia), Sawo (Manilkara achras), Dau (Dracontomelon dao) and Bintaro (Cerbera manghas) and its potential role for land and water conservation. Proceeding of the International Conference on Mathematics and Sciences (ICOMSc) Part 1 Statistics Biology, October 2011, 1–10.
Eisenhauer, N., Hines, J., Isbell, F., van der Plas, F., Hobbie, S. E., Kazanski, C. E., Lehmann, A., Liu, M., Lochner, A., Rillig, M. C., Vogel, A., Worm, K., & Reich, P. B. (2018). Plant diversity maintains multiple soil functions in future environments. ELife, 7(e41228), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.41228
Ezcurra, C., & Daniel, T. F. (2007). Ruellia simplex, an older and overlooked name for Ruellia tweediana and Ruellia coerulea (Acanthaceae). Darwiniana, 45(2), 201–203. https://doi.org/10.14522/darwiniana.2014.452.92
Farahani, L. M., & Maller, C. (2018). Perceptions and preferences of Urban Greenspaces: A literature review and framework for policy and practice. Landscape Online, 61(February), 1–22. https://doi.org/10.3097/LO.201861
Fernando, E. S. (2011). Adinidia merrillii – a New Wild Population in the Philippines. Palms, 55(2), 57–61.
Gamito, S. (2010). Caution is needed when applying Margalef diversity index. Ecological Indicators, 10, 550–551. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2009.07.006
Garden, P. B., Km, J. S., & Java, E. (2017). Species richness , conservation status , and potential uses of plants in Segara Anakan Area of Sempu Island , East Java , Indonesia. Biodiversitas, 18(4), 1568–1588. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d180436
Gibson, D. J. (2010). Grasses and Grassland Ecology. In African Journal of Range & Forage Science (Vol. 27, Issue 1). Oxford University Press Inc. https://doi.org/10.2989/10220111003703542
Gómez, F., Jabaloyes, J., Montero, L., De Vicente, V., & Valcuende, M. (2011). Green Areas, the Most Significant Indicator of the Sustainability of Cities: Research on Their Utility for Urban Planning. Journal of Urban Planning and Development, 137(3), 311–328. https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)up.1943-5444.0000060
Isa, M. N. A. M., Majid, N. M. A., Hiroyuki, S., Ahmed, O. H., Kundat, F. R., & Heng, R. K. J. (2017). Epicuticular wax concentration on Syzygium myrtifolium leaves. IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology, 11(05), 59–64. https://doi.org/10.9790/2402-1105025964
Isbell, F., Calcagno, V., Hector, A., Connolly, J., Harpole, W. S., Reich, P. B., Scherer-Lorenzen, M., Schmid, B., Tilman, D., Van Ruijven, J., Weigelt, A., Wilsey, B. J., Zavaleta, E. S., & Loreau, M. (2011). High plant diversity is needed to maintain ecosystem services. Nature, 477(7363), 199–202. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature10282
Israel, G. D. (1992). Determining Sample Size. University of Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agriculture Sciences, EDIS.
IUCN Standards and Petitions Committee. (2019). Guidelines for Using the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria: Vol. Version 14 (Issue August). Prepared by the Standards and Petitions Committee. http://www.iucnredlist.org/documents/RedListGuidelines.pdf.%0A
Joshi, A., Kale, S., Chandel, S., & Pal, D. K. (2015). Likert Scale: Explored and Explained. British Journal of Applied Science & Technology, 7(4), 396–403. https://doi.org/10.9734/bjast/2015/14975
Karyati, & Adhi, M. A. (2018). Jenis-Jenis Tumbuhan Bawah di Hutan Pendidikan Fakultas Kehutanan Universitas Mulawarman (D. E. Bulan (ed.)). Mulawarman University Press.
Klein, J. M. (2018). Environmental Education in Urban Green Space: Understanding Educator Practice. Lesley University.
Kothencz, G., Kolcsár, R., Cabrera-Barona, P., & Szilassi, P. (2017). Urban green space perception and its contribution to well-being. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 14(7), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14070766
Lacy, P. De, & Shackleton, C. (2017). Aesthetic and Spiritual Ecosystem Services Provided by Urban Sacred Sites. Sustainability, 9(1628), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9091628
Lange, M., Eisenhauer, N., Sierra, C. A., Bessler, H., Engels, C., Griffiths, R. I., Mellado-Vázquez, P. G., Malik, A. A., Roy, J., Scheu, S., Steinbeiss, S., Thomson, B. C., Trumbore, S. E., & Gleixner, G. (2015). Plant diversity increases soil microbial activity and soil carbon storage. Nature Communications, 6(6707), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms7707
Leeuwen, E. Van, Nijkamp, P., & Vaz, T. D. N. (2010). The multifunctional use of urban greenspace. International Journal of Agricultural Sustainibility, 8(1 & 2), 20–25. https://doi.org/10.3763/ijas.2009.0466
Leimer, S., Kreutziger, Y., Rosenkranz, S., Beßler, H., Engels, C., Hildebrandt, A., Oelmann, Y., Weisser, W. W., Wirth, C., & Wilcke, W. (2014). Plant diversity effects on the water balance of an experimental grassland. Ecohydrology, 7(5), 1378–1391. https://doi.org/10.1002/eco.1464
Leksono, S. M., Rustaman, N., & Redjeki, S. (2013). Kemampuan profesionalitas guru Biologi dalam memahami dan merancang model pembelajaran konservasi biodiversitas di SMA. Cakrawala Pendidikan, 32(3), 408–419.
Leksono, S. M., Rustaman, N., & Redjeki, S. (2015). Pengaruh penerapan program perkuliahan biologi konservasi berbasis kearifan lokal terhadap kemampuan literasi biodiversitas mahasiswa calon guru biologi. Cakrawala Pendidikan, 34, 89–96.
Leksono, S. M., Syachruroji, A., & Marianingsih, P. (2014). Analisis materi untuk mengembangkan literasi konservasi pada mata kuliah biologi konservasi. Seminar Nasional Biologi Dan Pembelajarannya, 386–392.
Lepczyk, C. A., Aronson, M. F. J., Evans, K. L., Goddard, M. A., & Lerman, S. B. (2017). Biodiversity in the City: Fundamental Questions for Understanding the Ecology of Urban Green Spaces for Biodiversity Conservation. Bioscience, 67(9), 799–807. https://doi.org/10.1093/biosci/bix079
Manes, F., Incerti, G., Salvatori, E., & Vitale, M. (2012). Urban Ecosystem Services: Tree Diversity and Stability of Tropospheric Ozone Removal. Ecological Applications, 22(1), 349–360.
McLeod, S. (2019). Z-Score: Definition, Calculation and Interpretation. Simply Psychology. https://www.simplypsychology.org/z-score.html
Mihailovic, N., Andreji?, G., & Dželetovi?, Z. (2015). Tolerance of Portulaca grandiflora to Individual and Combined Application of Ni, Pb and Zn. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 94(1), 103–107. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00128-014-1418-z
Modi, A., Mishra, V., Bhatt, A., Jain, A., Mansoori, M. H., Gurnany, E., & Kumar, V. (2016). Delonix regia?: historic perspectives and modern phytochemical and pharmacological researches. Chinese Journal of Natural Medicines, 14(1), 31–39. https://doi.org/10.3724/SP.J.1009.2016.00031
Nazarudin, M. R. A., Tsan, F. Y., & Fauzi, R. M. (2014). Paclobutrazol Effects on Growth Performance and Public Preference on Potted Syzygium myrtifolium (Roxb.) Walp. Journal Of Agrobiotechnology, 5(0), 17–29.
Ogedegbe, A., Ikhajiagbe, B., & Anoliefo, G. O. (2013). Growth Response of Alternanthera brasiliana ( L .) Kuntze in a Waste Engine Oil-Polluted Soil Corresponding Author?: Ikhajiagbe , B. Journal of Emerging Trends in Engineering and Applied Sciences, 4(2), 322–327.
Ogunrin, A. B. (2011). Perception of Nigerian Teachers About In-Service Capacity Development: An Empirical Field Sample Report On Oyo State, Nigeria. Journal of Alternative Perspectives in the Social Sciences, 3(3), 743–757. http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=70104858&site=ehost-live&scope=site
Okunlola, A. I., Adepoju, A. O., & Agele, S. O. (2016). Air Pollution Tolerance Index (APTI) and carbon sequestration of selected trees and shrubs for urban development in Akure Ondo State, Southwest Nigeria. Brazilian Journal of Biological Sciences, 3(6), 395–405. https://doi.org/10.21472/bjbs.030615
Partomihardjo, T., Arifiani, D., Pratama, B. A., & Mahyuni, R. (2014). Jrnid-Jenis Pohon Penting di Hutan Nusakambangan (Lani Rachm). LIPI Press.
Raina, A. K., & Bala, C. (2011). Effect of vehicular pollution on Duranta repens L. in Jammu City. Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 3(2), 211–218. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v3i2.181
Schipperijn, J. J. (2010). Use of urban green space. Forest & Landscape Research No. 45-2010. Forest & Landscape Denmark.
Shan, X. (2014). Socio-demographic variation in motives for visiting urban green spaces in a large Chinese city. Habitat International, 41, 114–120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2013.07.012
Smith, A. M., Adams, R., & Wilson, S. B. (2014). Mexican-petunia ( Ruellia simplex ) Invasions: Management Challenges and Research Opportunities. Spring 2014, 20–22.
Smith, W. S., da Silva, F. L., de Amorim, S. R., & Stefani, M. S. 2018. Urban biodiversity: how the city can do its management? Biodiversity International Journal, 2(2), 246–251. https://doi.org/10.15406/bij.2018.02.00068
Spellerberg, I. A. N. F., & Fedor, P. J. (2003). A tribute to Claude Shannon ( 1916 – 2001 ) and a plea for more rigorous use of species richness , species diversity and the ‘ Shannon – Wiener ’ Index. Global Ecology & Biogeography (2003), 12, 177–179.
Thomas, A. (2011). Panduan Lapangan Panduan Lapangan Identifikasi Jenis Pohon Hutan, Kalimantan Forests and Climate Partnership (KFCP). Indonesia-Australia Forest Carbon Partnership.
Tomaškin, J., Tomaškinová, J., & Kizeková, M. (2015). Ornamental grasses as part of public green, their ecosystem services and use in vegetative arrangements in urban environment. Thaiszia Journal of Botany, 25(1), 1–13.
Turkis, S., & Elmas, E. (2018). Tree species diversity and importance value of different forest communities in Yenice forests. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin, 27(6), 4440–4447.
UNESCO. (1977). Intergovernmental Conference on Environmental Education. In Final Report. http://www.gdrc.org/uem/ee/tbilisi.html
Vijayaraghavan, K., Arockiaraj, J., & Kamala-Kannan, S. (2017). Portulaca grandiflora as green roof vegetation: Plant growth and phytoremediation experiments. International Journal of Phytoremediation, 19(6), 537–544. https://doi.org/10.1080/15226514.2016.1267699
Vodouhê, F. G., Coulibaly, O., Adégbidi, A., & Sinsin, B. (2010). Community perception of biodiversity conservation within protected areas in Benin. Forest Policy and Economics, 12(7), 505–512. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2010.06.008
Wang, R., Zhao, J., Meitner, M. J., Hu, Y., & Xu, X. (2019). Characteristics of urban green spaces in relation to aesthetic preference and stress recovery. Urban Forestry and Urban Greening, 41(101), 6–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2019.03.005
Widyastuti, S. M., Harjono, & Riastiwi, I. (2013). Toleransi Tanaman Peneduh Polyalthia Longifolia dan Pterocarpus Indicus Terhadap Ganoderma sp. Jurnal Hama Dan Penyakit Tumbuhan Tropika, 13(1), 19–23.
Wiryani, E., Murningsih, & Jumari. (2018). The abundance and importance value of tree in “sendang Kalimah Toyyibah” surrounding and its implication to the spring. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1025(1–8). https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1025/1/012032
Wolsink, M. (2016). Environmental education excursions and proximity to urban green space – densification in a ‘compact city.’ Environmental Education Research, 22(7), 1049–1071. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504622.2015.1077504
Wood, D. S., & Wood, D. W. (1987). How to Plan Conservation Education Program. Fish and Wildlife Service (Dept. of Interior).
Yao, L., Chen, L., Wei, W., & Sun, R. (2015). Urban Forestry & Urban Greening Potential reduction in urban runoff by green spaces in Beijing?: A scenario analysis. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 14(2), 300–308. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2015.02.014
Yudha, G. P., Noli, Z. A., & Idris, M. (2013). Pertumbuhan Daun Angsana (Pterocarpus indicus Willd) dan Akumulasi Logam Timbal (Pb) The leaves growth of angsana (Pterocarpusindicus Willd) and lead (Pb) accumulation. Jurnal Biologi Universitas Andalas (J. Bio. UA.), 2(2), 83–89.
Zhou, X. (2012). Social benefits of urban green space, A conceptual framework of valuation and accessibility measurements. Management of Environmental Quality: An International Journa, 23(2), 173–189. https://doi.org/10.1108/14777831211204921
Agrawal, A., & Gopal, K. (2013). Application of Diversity Index in Measurement of Species Diversity. Biomonitoring OfWater and Waste Water, 41–48. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-0864-8
Akbarini, D., Iskandar, J., & Partasasmita, R. (2017). Collaborative planning for development of the Pelawan Biodiversity Park in Bangka, Indonesia. Biodiversitas, 18(4), 1602–1610. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d180439
Akmar, N., Aziz, A., & Nillson, K. (2018). Recreational Use of Urban Green Space in Malaysian Cities. International Journal of Business and Society, 19(2010), 1–16.
Al-Mana, F. A., & Ahmad, Y. A. (2013). The Performance of Ten Imported Tree and Shrub Species Grown Under the Environmental Conditions of Riyadh Region, Saudi Arabia. Life Science Journal, 10(4), 877–885.
Alam, M. A., Juraimi, A. S., Rafii, M. Y., Hamid, A. A., Aslani, F., & Alam, M. Z. (2015). Effects of salinity and salinity-induced augmented bioactive compounds in purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.) for possible economical use. Food Chemistry, 169, 439–447. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.08.019
Amos, K. C., & Maloy, M. (2015). The Role of Urban Parks in Environmental Education: How Mantled Howler Monkeys (Allouatta paliatta) can Increase Social Outreach. The Parque Natural Metropolitano.
Ardyanto, R. D., Santoso, S., & Samiyarsih, S. (2014). Kemampuan Tanaman Glodogan Polyalthia longifolia Soon. Sebagai peneduh jalan dalam mengakumulasi Pb udara berdasarkan respon anatomis daun di Purwokerto. Scripta Biologica, 1(1), 17. https://doi.org/10.20884/1.sb.2014.1.1.37
Baek, S. G., Park, J., Na, C. S., Lee, B., & Cheng, H. (2018). The Morphological characteristics of Pterocarpus indicus induced by Elevated Ozone under Well- watered and Drought conditions The Morphological characteristics of Pterocarpus indicus induced by. Forest Science and Technology, 14(3), 105–111. https://doi.org/10.1080/21580103.2018.1471010
Carey, J. J., & Delaney, M. F. (2010). T-scores and Z-scores. Clinical Reviews in Bone and Mineral Metabolism, 8(3), 113–121. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12018-009-9064-4
Carr, S., Francis, M., Rivlin, L. G., & Stone, A. M. (1992). Public Space (p. xii + 372). Cambridge University Press.
Chen, S., Wang, W., Xu, W., Wang, Y., Wan, H., Chen, D., Tang, Z., Tang, X., Zhou, G., Xie, Z., Zhou, D., Shangguan, Z., Huang, J., He, J. S., Wang, Y., Sheng, J., Tang, L., Li, X., Dong, M., … Bai, Y. (2018). Plant diversity enhances productivity and soil carbon storage. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 115(16), 4027–4032. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1700298114
Croasmun, J. T., & Ostrom, L. (2011). Using Likert-type scales in the social sciences. Journal of Adult Education, 40(1), 19–22.
Darmayanti, A. S., & Hapsari, L. (2015). The hidrological aspects on some selected local plants; Flamboyan (Delonix regia), Sawo (Manilkara achras), Dau (Dracontomelon dao) and Bintaro (Cerbera manghas) and its potential role for land and water conservation. Proceeding of the International Conference on Mathematics and Sciences (ICOMSc) Part 1 Statistics Biology, October 2011, 1–10.
Eisenhauer, N., Hines, J., Isbell, F., van der Plas, F., Hobbie, S. E., Kazanski, C. E., Lehmann, A., Liu, M., Lochner, A., Rillig, M. C., Vogel, A., Worm, K., & Reich, P. B. (2018). Plant diversity maintains multiple soil functions in future environments. ELife, 7(e41228), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.41228
Ezcurra, C., & Daniel, T. F. (2007). Ruellia simplex, an older and overlooked name for Ruellia tweediana and Ruellia coerulea (Acanthaceae). Darwiniana, 45(2), 201–203. https://doi.org/10.14522/darwiniana.2014.452.92
Farahani, L. M., & Maller, C. (2018). Perceptions and preferences of Urban Greenspaces: A literature review and framework for policy and practice. Landscape Online, 61(February), 1–22. https://doi.org/10.3097/LO.201861
Fernando, E. S. (2011). Adinidia merrillii – a New Wild Population in the Philippines. Palms, 55(2), 57–61.
Gamito, S. (2010). Caution is needed when applying Margalef diversity index. Ecological Indicators, 10, 550–551. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2009.07.006
Garden, P. B., Km, J. S., & Java, E. (2017). Species richness , conservation status , and potential uses of plants in Segara Anakan Area of Sempu Island , East Java , Indonesia. Biodiversitas, 18(4), 1568–1588. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d180436
Gibson, D. J. (2010). Grasses and Grassland Ecology. In African Journal of Range & Forage Science (Vol. 27, Issue 1). Oxford University Press Inc. https://doi.org/10.2989/10220111003703542
Gómez, F., Jabaloyes, J., Montero, L., De Vicente, V., & Valcuende, M. (2011). Green Areas, the Most Significant Indicator of the Sustainability of Cities: Research on Their Utility for Urban Planning. Journal of Urban Planning and Development, 137(3), 311–328. https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)up.1943-5444.0000060
Isa, M. N. A. M., Majid, N. M. A., Hiroyuki, S., Ahmed, O. H., Kundat, F. R., & Heng, R. K. J. (2017). Epicuticular wax concentration on Syzygium myrtifolium leaves. IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology, 11(05), 59–64. https://doi.org/10.9790/2402-1105025964
Isbell, F., Calcagno, V., Hector, A., Connolly, J., Harpole, W. S., Reich, P. B., Scherer-Lorenzen, M., Schmid, B., Tilman, D., Van Ruijven, J., Weigelt, A., Wilsey, B. J., Zavaleta, E. S., & Loreau, M. (2011). High plant diversity is needed to maintain ecosystem services. Nature, 477(7363), 199–202. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature10282
Israel, G. D. (1992). Determining Sample Size. University of Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agriculture Sciences, EDIS.
IUCN Standards and Petitions Committee. (2019). Guidelines for Using the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria: Vol. Version 14 (Issue August). Prepared by the Standards and Petitions Committee. http://www.iucnredlist.org/documents/RedListGuidelines.pdf.%0A
Joshi, A., Kale, S., Chandel, S., & Pal, D. K. (2015). Likert Scale: Explored and Explained. British Journal of Applied Science & Technology, 7(4), 396–403. https://doi.org/10.9734/bjast/2015/14975
Karyati, & Adhi, M. A. (2018). Jenis-Jenis Tumbuhan Bawah di Hutan Pendidikan Fakultas Kehutanan Universitas Mulawarman (D. E. Bulan (ed.)). Mulawarman University Press.
Klein, J. M. (2018). Environmental Education in Urban Green Space: Understanding Educator Practice. Lesley University.
Kothencz, G., Kolcsár, R., Cabrera-Barona, P., & Szilassi, P. (2017). Urban green space perception and its contribution to well-being. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 14(7), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14070766
Lacy, P. De, & Shackleton, C. (2017). Aesthetic and Spiritual Ecosystem Services Provided by Urban Sacred Sites. Sustainability, 9(1628), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9091628
Lange, M., Eisenhauer, N., Sierra, C. A., Bessler, H., Engels, C., Griffiths, R. I., Mellado-Vázquez, P. G., Malik, A. A., Roy, J., Scheu, S., Steinbeiss, S., Thomson, B. C., Trumbore, S. E., & Gleixner, G. (2015). Plant diversity increases soil microbial activity and soil carbon storage. Nature Communications, 6(6707), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms7707
Leeuwen, E. Van, Nijkamp, P., & Vaz, T. D. N. (2010). The multifunctional use of urban greenspace. International Journal of Agricultural Sustainibility, 8(1 & 2), 20–25. https://doi.org/10.3763/ijas.2009.0466
Leimer, S., Kreutziger, Y., Rosenkranz, S., Beßler, H., Engels, C., Hildebrandt, A., Oelmann, Y., Weisser, W. W., Wirth, C., & Wilcke, W. (2014). Plant diversity effects on the water balance of an experimental grassland. Ecohydrology, 7(5), 1378–1391. https://doi.org/10.1002/eco.1464
Leksono, S. M., Rustaman, N., & Redjeki, S. (2013). Kemampuan profesionalitas guru Biologi dalam memahami dan merancang model pembelajaran konservasi biodiversitas di SMA. Cakrawala Pendidikan, 32(3), 408–419.
Leksono, S. M., Rustaman, N., & Redjeki, S. (2015). Pengaruh penerapan program perkuliahan biologi konservasi berbasis kearifan lokal terhadap kemampuan literasi biodiversitas mahasiswa calon guru biologi. Cakrawala Pendidikan, 34, 89–96.
Leksono, S. M., Syachruroji, A., & Marianingsih, P. (2014). Analisis materi untuk mengembangkan literasi konservasi pada mata kuliah biologi konservasi. Seminar Nasional Biologi Dan Pembelajarannya, 386–392.
Lepczyk, C. A., Aronson, M. F. J., Evans, K. L., Goddard, M. A., & Lerman, S. B. (2017). Biodiversity in the City: Fundamental Questions for Understanding the Ecology of Urban Green Spaces for Biodiversity Conservation. Bioscience, 67(9), 799–807. https://doi.org/10.1093/biosci/bix079
Manes, F., Incerti, G., Salvatori, E., & Vitale, M. (2012). Urban Ecosystem Services: Tree Diversity and Stability of Tropospheric Ozone Removal. Ecological Applications, 22(1), 349–360.
McLeod, S. (2019). Z-Score: Definition, Calculation and Interpretation. Simply Psychology. https://www.simplypsychology.org/z-score.html
Mihailovic, N., Andreji?, G., & Dželetovi?, Z. (2015). Tolerance of Portulaca grandiflora to Individual and Combined Application of Ni, Pb and Zn. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 94(1), 103–107. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00128-014-1418-z
Modi, A., Mishra, V., Bhatt, A., Jain, A., Mansoori, M. H., Gurnany, E., & Kumar, V. (2016). Delonix regia?: historic perspectives and modern phytochemical and pharmacological researches. Chinese Journal of Natural Medicines, 14(1), 31–39. https://doi.org/10.3724/SP.J.1009.2016.00031
Nazarudin, M. R. A., Tsan, F. Y., & Fauzi, R. M. (2014). Paclobutrazol Effects on Growth Performance and Public Preference on Potted Syzygium myrtifolium (Roxb.) Walp. Journal Of Agrobiotechnology, 5(0), 17–29.
Ogedegbe, A., Ikhajiagbe, B., & Anoliefo, G. O. (2013). Growth Response of Alternanthera brasiliana ( L .) Kuntze in a Waste Engine Oil-Polluted Soil Corresponding Author?: Ikhajiagbe , B. Journal of Emerging Trends in Engineering and Applied Sciences, 4(2), 322–327.
Ogunrin, A. B. (2011). Perception of Nigerian Teachers About In-Service Capacity Development: An Empirical Field Sample Report On Oyo State, Nigeria. Journal of Alternative Perspectives in the Social Sciences, 3(3), 743–757. http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=70104858&site=ehost-live&scope=site
Okunlola, A. I., Adepoju, A. O., & Agele, S. O. (2016). Air Pollution Tolerance Index (APTI) and carbon sequestration of selected trees and shrubs for urban development in Akure Ondo State, Southwest Nigeria. Brazilian Journal of Biological Sciences, 3(6), 395–405. https://doi.org/10.21472/bjbs.030615
Partomihardjo, T., Arifiani, D., Pratama, B. A., & Mahyuni, R. (2014). Jrnid-Jenis Pohon Penting di Hutan Nusakambangan (Lani Rachm). LIPI Press.
Raina, A. K., & Bala, C. (2011). Effect of vehicular pollution on Duranta repens L. in Jammu City. Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 3(2), 211–218. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v3i2.181
Schipperijn, J. J. (2010). Use of urban green space. Forest & Landscape Research No. 45-2010. Forest & Landscape Denmark.
Shan, X. (2014). Socio-demographic variation in motives for visiting urban green spaces in a large Chinese city. Habitat International, 41, 114–120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2013.07.012
Smith, A. M., Adams, R., & Wilson, S. B. (2014). Mexican-petunia ( Ruellia simplex ) Invasions: Management Challenges and Research Opportunities. Spring 2014, 20–22.
Smith, W. S., da Silva, F. L., de Amorim, S. R., & Stefani, M. S. 2018. Urban biodiversity: how the city can do its management? Biodiversity International Journal, 2(2), 246–251. https://doi.org/10.15406/bij.2018.02.00068
Spellerberg, I. A. N. F., & Fedor, P. J. (2003). A tribute to Claude Shannon ( 1916 – 2001 ) and a plea for more rigorous use of species richness , species diversity and the ‘ Shannon – Wiener ’ Index. Global Ecology & Biogeography (2003), 12, 177–179.
Thomas, A. (2011). Panduan Lapangan Panduan Lapangan Identifikasi Jenis Pohon Hutan, Kalimantan Forests and Climate Partnership (KFCP). Indonesia-Australia Forest Carbon Partnership.
Tomaškin, J., Tomaškinová, J., & Kizeková, M. (2015). Ornamental grasses as part of public green, their ecosystem services and use in vegetative arrangements in urban environment. Thaiszia Journal of Botany, 25(1), 1–13.
Turkis, S., & Elmas, E. (2018). Tree species diversity and importance value of different forest communities in Yenice forests. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin, 27(6), 4440–4447.
UNESCO. (1977). Intergovernmental Conference on Environmental Education. In Final Report. http://www.gdrc.org/uem/ee/tbilisi.html
Vijayaraghavan, K., Arockiaraj, J., & Kamala-Kannan, S. (2017). Portulaca grandiflora as green roof vegetation: Plant growth and phytoremediation experiments. International Journal of Phytoremediation, 19(6), 537–544. https://doi.org/10.1080/15226514.2016.1267699
Vodouhê, F. G., Coulibaly, O., Adégbidi, A., & Sinsin, B. (2010). Community perception of biodiversity conservation within protected areas in Benin. Forest Policy and Economics, 12(7), 505–512. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2010.06.008
Wang, R., Zhao, J., Meitner, M. J., Hu, Y., & Xu, X. (2019). Characteristics of urban green spaces in relation to aesthetic preference and stress recovery. Urban Forestry and Urban Greening, 41(101), 6–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2019.03.005
Widyastuti, S. M., Harjono, & Riastiwi, I. (2013). Toleransi Tanaman Peneduh Polyalthia Longifolia dan Pterocarpus Indicus Terhadap Ganoderma sp. Jurnal Hama Dan Penyakit Tumbuhan Tropika, 13(1), 19–23.
Wiryani, E., Murningsih, & Jumari. (2018). The abundance and importance value of tree in “sendang Kalimah Toyyibah” surrounding and its implication to the spring. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1025(1–8). https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1025/1/012032
Wolsink, M. (2016). Environmental education excursions and proximity to urban green space – densification in a ‘compact city.’ Environmental Education Research, 22(7), 1049–1071. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504622.2015.1077504
Wood, D. S., & Wood, D. W. (1987). How to Plan Conservation Education Program. Fish and Wildlife Service (Dept. of Interior).
Yao, L., Chen, L., Wei, W., & Sun, R. (2015). Urban Forestry & Urban Greening Potential reduction in urban runoff by green spaces in Beijing?: A scenario analysis. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 14(2), 300–308. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2015.02.014
Yudha, G. P., Noli, Z. A., & Idris, M. (2013). Pertumbuhan Daun Angsana (Pterocarpus indicus Willd) dan Akumulasi Logam Timbal (Pb) The leaves growth of angsana (Pterocarpusindicus Willd) and lead (Pb) accumulation. Jurnal Biologi Universitas Andalas (J. Bio. UA.), 2(2), 83–89.
Zhou, X. (2012). Social benefits of urban green space, A conceptual framework of valuation and accessibility measurements. Management of Environmental Quality: An International Journa, 23(2), 173–189. https://doi.org/10.1108/14777831211204921
Most read articles by the same author(s)
- JOHAN ISKANDAR, BUDIAWATI SUPANGKAT ISKANDAR, RUHYAT PARTASASMITA, The local knowledge of the rural people on species, role and hunting of birds: Case study in Karangwangi Village, West Java, Indonesia , Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity: Vol. 17 No. 2 (2016)
- BUDIAWATI SUPANGKAT ISKANDAR, JOHAN ISKANDAR, RUHYAT PARTASASMITA, RAHMAN LATIF ALFIAN, Planting coffee and take care of forest: A case study on coffee cultivation in the forest carried out among people of Palintang, Highland of Bandung, West Java, Indonesia , Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity: Vol. 19 No. 6 (2018)
- BUDIAWATI SUPANGKAT ISKANDAR, JOHAN ISKANDAR, BUDI IRAWAN, RUHYAT PARTASASMITA, Traditional markets and diversity of edible plant trading: Case study in Ujung Berung, Bandung, West Java, Indonesia , Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity: Vol. 19 No. 2 (2018)
- TIA SETIAWATI, ASEP ZAINAL MUTAQIN, BUDI IRAWAN, AZIFAH ANAMILLAH, JOHAN ISKANDAR, Species diversity and utilization of bamboo to support lifes the community of Karangwangi Village, Cidaun Sub-District of Cianjur, Indonesia , Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity: Vol. 18 No. 1 (2017)
- YATI NURLAENI, JOHAN ISKANDAR, DECKY INDRAWAN JUNAEDI, Ethnoecology of Zanthoxylum acanthopodium by local communities around Lake Toba, North Sumatra, Indonesia , Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity: Vol. 22 No. 4 (2021)
- SINTIAMI RAMADHANI, JOHAN ISKANDAR, RUHYAT PARTASASMITA, ENENG NUNUZ ROHMATULLAYALY, Local knowledge of Sundanese village people on traditional medicine: A case study in Cibeurih Hamlet, Nagarawangi Village, Sumedang District, Indonesia , Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity: Vol. 22 No. 5 (2021)
- JOHAN ISKANDAR, BUDIAWATI S. ISKANDAR, Local knowledge of the Baduy Community of South Banten (Indonesia) on the traditional landscapes , Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity: Vol. 18 No. 3 (2017)
- RIMBO GUNAWAN, UGA GEMA RAMADHAN, JOHAN ISKANDAR, RUHYAT PARTASASMITA, Local knowledge of utilization and management of sugar palm (Arenga pinnata) among Cipanggulaan People of Karyamukti, Cianjur (West Java, Indonesia) , Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity: Vol. 19 No. 1 (2018)