Characterization of Sardinella fimbriata and Clarias gariepinus bones
##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.sidebar##
Issue
Section
Articles
##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.main##
Abstract
Abstract. Rosidi WNATM, Arshad NM, Mohtar NF. 2021. Characterization of Sardinella fimbriata and Clarias gariepinus bones. Biodiversitas 22: 1621-1626. Calcium is one of the most important minerals required by the human body, which can be directly consumed from milk or any dietary supplement. This study was carried out to determine the calcium content in Fringescale sardinella (Sardinella fimbriata) and catfish (Clarias gariepinus) bones and compare their suitability for human consumption. Fish bones were cleaned, boiled, dried, and ground into powder. Bones from both species were white in color and odorless after drying. The protein content of S. fimbriata was measured to be 20.40 ± 1.61%, while for C. gariepinus it was 19.47 ± 0.61%. Ash content of S. fimbriata and C. gariepinus bones was 62.32 ± 0.08% and 67.9 ± 0.25%, respectively. S. fimbriata bone exhibited 16.4 ± 0.15% moisture, higher than C. gariepinus (7.71 ± 0.14%). The lipid content of S. fimbriata was 0.77 ± 0.17% and for C. gariepinus it was 3.56 ± 0.9%. The solubility of S. fimbriata bone was 23.67 ± 2.65%, higher than that of in C. gariepinus bone (9.02 ± 2.19%). The calcium content found in S. fimbriata and C. gariepinus bones were 4.96 ± 0.13 µg/g and 4.79 ± 0.06 µg/g, respectively. S. fimbriata bone exhibited higher solubility than that of C. gariepinus and was more suitable for human consumption. Overall findings have suggested the calcium from fish bones that may replace commercial calcium in the market, thus meeting the requirements of food safety standards.
##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.details##
References
Adeniji, A.R., Ayoade, O., Akinwande, B.O. and Oludare, O. 2015. Nutrition evaluation of boiled and smoked catfish (Clarias gariepinus) using different parts (bone, skin and flesh). International Journal of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and Technology. 4(10): 10465 – 10469.
Aisyah, D., Mamat, I., Sontang, M., Rosufila, Z. and Ahmad, N.M. 2012. Program pemanfaatan sisa tulang ikan untuk produk hidroksiapatit: kajian di pabrik pengolahan kerupuk lekor Kuala Terengganu – Malaysia. Jurnal Sosioteknologi. 26: 129 – 141.
AOAC. 2000. Official Methods of Analysis (17thEdn). Association of Official Analytical Chemist, Washington. D.C.
Bubel, F., Dobrza?ski, Z., Bykowski, P.J., Chojnacka, K., Opali?ski, S. and Trziszka, T. 2015. Production of calcium preparations by technology of saltwater fish by product processing. Open Chemitry. 13: 1333 – 1340.
Calvo, M.S. 1993. Dietary phosphorus, calcium metabolism and bone. Journal of Nutrition. 123(9): 1627 – 1633.
Changhu, X., Zhaojie, L., Cheng, S. and Zhongliang, W. (1995). Studies on the preparation of active calcium from Pollack frame. Journal of Qingdao Ocean University. 25(2): 173 – 178.
De Moor, I.J. and Bruton, M.N. 1988. Atlas of alien and translocated indigenous aquatic animals in southern Africa. National Scientific Programmes. 144: 310 – 317.
FAO, 2010. Clarias gariepinus: Cultured Aquatic Species Information Programme. Rome, FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Department, Available from http://www.fao.org/fishery/culturedspecies/Clarias_gariepinus/en. [Accessed on 7 November 2015]
Heaney, R.P., Recker, R.R. and Weaver, M. 1990. Absorbability of calcium sources: The limited role of solubility. Calcified Tissue International. 46: 300 – 304.
Heaney, R.P., Smith, K.T., Recker, R.R. and Hinders, S.M. 1989. Meal effects on calcium absorption. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 49: 372 – 376.
Hemung, B.O. 2013. Properties of tilapia bone powder and its calcium bioavailability based on Transglutaminase Assay. International Journal of Bioscience, Biochemistry and Bioinformatics. 3(4): 306 – 309.
Hemung, B.O. and Sriuttha, M. 2014. Effects of tilapia bone calcium on qualities of tilapia sausage. Kasetsart Journal: Natural Science. 48(5): 790 – 798.
Jung, W.K., Shahidi, F. and Kim, S.K. 2008. Calcium from fish bone and other marine resource. Marine Nutraceutical and Functional Foods. 17: 419 – 426.
Kim, C. and Park, D. 2013. The effect of restriction of dietary calcium on trabecular and cortical bone mineral density in the rats. Journal of Exercise Nutrition and Biochemistry. 17(4): 123 – 131.
Kim, S.K. and Jung, W.K. 2012. Beneficial effect of teleost fish bone peptide as mineralization. Advances in Food Nutrition Research. 65: 287 – 95.
Koo, J., Weaver, C.M. and Neylan, M.J. 1993. Solubility of calcium salts and carrageenan used in infant formulas did not influence calcium absorption in rats. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition. 17: 298 – 302.
Larsen, T., Thilsted, S.H., Kongsbak, K. and Hansen, M. 2000. Whole small fish as a rich calcium source. British Journal of Nutrition. 83: 191 – 196.
Logesh, A.R., Pravinkumar, M., Raffi, S.M. and Kalaiselvam, M. 2012. Calcium and phosphorus determination in bones of low value fishes, Sardinella longiceps (Valenciennes) and Trichiurus savala (Cuvier), from Parangipettai, Southest Coast of India. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Disease. 254 – 256.
Luu, P.H. and Nguyen, M.H. 2009. Recovery and utilization of calcium from fish bones byproducts as a rich calcium source. Journal of Sciences and Technology. 47(6): 91- 103.
Malde, M.K., B?gel, S., Kristensen, M., Malde, K., Graff, I.E. and Pedersen, J.I. 2010. Calcium from salmon and cod bone is well absorbed in young healthy men: a double – blinded randomised crossover design. Nutrition & Metabolism. 7: 61.
Malde, M.K., Graff, I.E., Siljander-Rasi, H., Venäläinen, E., Julshamn, K., Pedersen, J.L. and Valaja, J. 2010. Fish bone – a highly available calcium source for growing pigs. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition. 94: 66 – 76.
Matsunuma, M., Motomura, H., Matsuura, K., Shazili, N.A.M. and Ambak, M.A. (eds.). 2011. Fishes of Terengganu: East Coast of Malay Peninsula, Malaysia. National Museum of Nature and Science, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu and Kagoshima University Museum, ix – 251.
Michaëlsson, K., Wolk, A., Langenskiöld, S., Basu, S., Lemming, E.W., Melhus, H. and Byberg, L. 2014. Milk intake and risk of mortality and fractures in women and men: cohort studies. The British Medical Journal. 349: 15 p.
Newsmax. 2014. Top 5 Signs of Deficiency of Calcium. Newsmax Media, 29 September 2014. Health.
NYSOPEP. 1980. Osteoporosis: All about Calcium Supplements. Department of Health: Information for a Healthy New York. Available from https://www.health.ny.gov/publications/1980/index.htm [Accessed on 7 November 2015].
Paul, M.W., Smith, M., M.A., Robinson, L. and Segal, J. 2016. Calcium and Bone Health: Eating to Protect Your Bones and Prevent Osteoporosis. HelpGuide.Org [online]. Available from www.helpguide.org/articles/healthy-eating/calcium-and-your-bones.htm [Accessed on 12 June 2016].
Phiraphinyo, P., Taepakpurenat, S., Lakkanatinaporn, P., Suntornsuk, W. and Suntornsuk, L. 2006. Physical and chemical properties of fish and chicken bones as calcium source for mineral supplements. Songklanakarin Journal of Sciences and Technology. 28(2): 327 – 335.
Phleger C.F. 1975. Bone lipids of Kona coast reef fish: Skull buoyancy in the hawkfish, Cirrhites pinnulatus. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 52B:101–104.
Ross, A.C., Taylor, C.L., Yaktine, A.L. and Del Valle, H.B. (eds). 2011. Dietry references intakes for calcium and vitamin D. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. p 348.
Sembok, W.Z.W. 2013. Botany and Plant Physiology (GTN3300). Malaysia: Universiti Malaysia Terengganu. p 36.
Tongchan, P., Prutipanlai, S., Niyomwas, S. and Thongraung, C. 2009. Effect of calcium compound obtained from fish by – product on calcium metabolism in rats. Asian Journal of Food and Agro – Industry. 2(4): 669 – 676.
Tont, S.A., Pearcy, W.G. and Arnold, J.S. 1977. Bone structure of some marine vertebrates. Marine Biology. 39: 191 – 196.
Toppe, J., Albrektsen, S., Hope, B. and Aksnes, A. 2007. Chemical composition, mineral content and amino acid and lipid profiles in bones from various fish species. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. Part B, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. 146(3): 395 – 401.
Weaver, C. and Heaney, R.P. 1999. Calcium. In: Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease, 9th edition. Shils, M.E. and Young, V.R. (Eds). Williams & Wilkins Publisher, Baltimore. Pp 141-155.
Whitehead, P.J.P. 1985. FAO Species Catalogue: Clupeoid fishes of the world (suborder Clupeioidei). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the herrings, sardines, pilchards, sprats, shads, anchovies and wolf-herrings. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(7): 301 – 303.
Xavier, E.L., Pravinkumar, M., Logesh, A.R., Viswanathan, C. and Raffi, S.M. 2014. Estimation of calcium and phosphorus in bones of three low value fishes Sardinella fimbriata, Sardinella albella and Sardinella gibbosa from Muttom, Southest Coast of India. International Journal of Current Trends in Research. 3(2): 43 – 46.
Xu, S.G. (1996). Calcium powder of freshwater fish bone. Journal of Shanghai Fisheries University. 5(4): 246 – 251.
Aisyah, D., Mamat, I., Sontang, M., Rosufila, Z. and Ahmad, N.M. 2012. Program pemanfaatan sisa tulang ikan untuk produk hidroksiapatit: kajian di pabrik pengolahan kerupuk lekor Kuala Terengganu – Malaysia. Jurnal Sosioteknologi. 26: 129 – 141.
AOAC. 2000. Official Methods of Analysis (17thEdn). Association of Official Analytical Chemist, Washington. D.C.
Bubel, F., Dobrza?ski, Z., Bykowski, P.J., Chojnacka, K., Opali?ski, S. and Trziszka, T. 2015. Production of calcium preparations by technology of saltwater fish by product processing. Open Chemitry. 13: 1333 – 1340.
Calvo, M.S. 1993. Dietary phosphorus, calcium metabolism and bone. Journal of Nutrition. 123(9): 1627 – 1633.
Changhu, X., Zhaojie, L., Cheng, S. and Zhongliang, W. (1995). Studies on the preparation of active calcium from Pollack frame. Journal of Qingdao Ocean University. 25(2): 173 – 178.
De Moor, I.J. and Bruton, M.N. 1988. Atlas of alien and translocated indigenous aquatic animals in southern Africa. National Scientific Programmes. 144: 310 – 317.
FAO, 2010. Clarias gariepinus: Cultured Aquatic Species Information Programme. Rome, FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Department, Available from http://www.fao.org/fishery/culturedspecies/Clarias_gariepinus/en. [Accessed on 7 November 2015]
Heaney, R.P., Recker, R.R. and Weaver, M. 1990. Absorbability of calcium sources: The limited role of solubility. Calcified Tissue International. 46: 300 – 304.
Heaney, R.P., Smith, K.T., Recker, R.R. and Hinders, S.M. 1989. Meal effects on calcium absorption. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 49: 372 – 376.
Hemung, B.O. 2013. Properties of tilapia bone powder and its calcium bioavailability based on Transglutaminase Assay. International Journal of Bioscience, Biochemistry and Bioinformatics. 3(4): 306 – 309.
Hemung, B.O. and Sriuttha, M. 2014. Effects of tilapia bone calcium on qualities of tilapia sausage. Kasetsart Journal: Natural Science. 48(5): 790 – 798.
Jung, W.K., Shahidi, F. and Kim, S.K. 2008. Calcium from fish bone and other marine resource. Marine Nutraceutical and Functional Foods. 17: 419 – 426.
Kim, C. and Park, D. 2013. The effect of restriction of dietary calcium on trabecular and cortical bone mineral density in the rats. Journal of Exercise Nutrition and Biochemistry. 17(4): 123 – 131.
Kim, S.K. and Jung, W.K. 2012. Beneficial effect of teleost fish bone peptide as mineralization. Advances in Food Nutrition Research. 65: 287 – 95.
Koo, J., Weaver, C.M. and Neylan, M.J. 1993. Solubility of calcium salts and carrageenan used in infant formulas did not influence calcium absorption in rats. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition. 17: 298 – 302.
Larsen, T., Thilsted, S.H., Kongsbak, K. and Hansen, M. 2000. Whole small fish as a rich calcium source. British Journal of Nutrition. 83: 191 – 196.
Logesh, A.R., Pravinkumar, M., Raffi, S.M. and Kalaiselvam, M. 2012. Calcium and phosphorus determination in bones of low value fishes, Sardinella longiceps (Valenciennes) and Trichiurus savala (Cuvier), from Parangipettai, Southest Coast of India. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Disease. 254 – 256.
Luu, P.H. and Nguyen, M.H. 2009. Recovery and utilization of calcium from fish bones byproducts as a rich calcium source. Journal of Sciences and Technology. 47(6): 91- 103.
Malde, M.K., B?gel, S., Kristensen, M., Malde, K., Graff, I.E. and Pedersen, J.I. 2010. Calcium from salmon and cod bone is well absorbed in young healthy men: a double – blinded randomised crossover design. Nutrition & Metabolism. 7: 61.
Malde, M.K., Graff, I.E., Siljander-Rasi, H., Venäläinen, E., Julshamn, K., Pedersen, J.L. and Valaja, J. 2010. Fish bone – a highly available calcium source for growing pigs. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition. 94: 66 – 76.
Matsunuma, M., Motomura, H., Matsuura, K., Shazili, N.A.M. and Ambak, M.A. (eds.). 2011. Fishes of Terengganu: East Coast of Malay Peninsula, Malaysia. National Museum of Nature and Science, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu and Kagoshima University Museum, ix – 251.
Michaëlsson, K., Wolk, A., Langenskiöld, S., Basu, S., Lemming, E.W., Melhus, H. and Byberg, L. 2014. Milk intake and risk of mortality and fractures in women and men: cohort studies. The British Medical Journal. 349: 15 p.
Newsmax. 2014. Top 5 Signs of Deficiency of Calcium. Newsmax Media, 29 September 2014. Health.
NYSOPEP. 1980. Osteoporosis: All about Calcium Supplements. Department of Health: Information for a Healthy New York. Available from https://www.health.ny.gov/publications/1980/index.htm [Accessed on 7 November 2015].
Paul, M.W., Smith, M., M.A., Robinson, L. and Segal, J. 2016. Calcium and Bone Health: Eating to Protect Your Bones and Prevent Osteoporosis. HelpGuide.Org [online]. Available from www.helpguide.org/articles/healthy-eating/calcium-and-your-bones.htm [Accessed on 12 June 2016].
Phiraphinyo, P., Taepakpurenat, S., Lakkanatinaporn, P., Suntornsuk, W. and Suntornsuk, L. 2006. Physical and chemical properties of fish and chicken bones as calcium source for mineral supplements. Songklanakarin Journal of Sciences and Technology. 28(2): 327 – 335.
Phleger C.F. 1975. Bone lipids of Kona coast reef fish: Skull buoyancy in the hawkfish, Cirrhites pinnulatus. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 52B:101–104.
Ross, A.C., Taylor, C.L., Yaktine, A.L. and Del Valle, H.B. (eds). 2011. Dietry references intakes for calcium and vitamin D. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. p 348.
Sembok, W.Z.W. 2013. Botany and Plant Physiology (GTN3300). Malaysia: Universiti Malaysia Terengganu. p 36.
Tongchan, P., Prutipanlai, S., Niyomwas, S. and Thongraung, C. 2009. Effect of calcium compound obtained from fish by – product on calcium metabolism in rats. Asian Journal of Food and Agro – Industry. 2(4): 669 – 676.
Tont, S.A., Pearcy, W.G. and Arnold, J.S. 1977. Bone structure of some marine vertebrates. Marine Biology. 39: 191 – 196.
Toppe, J., Albrektsen, S., Hope, B. and Aksnes, A. 2007. Chemical composition, mineral content and amino acid and lipid profiles in bones from various fish species. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. Part B, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. 146(3): 395 – 401.
Weaver, C. and Heaney, R.P. 1999. Calcium. In: Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease, 9th edition. Shils, M.E. and Young, V.R. (Eds). Williams & Wilkins Publisher, Baltimore. Pp 141-155.
Whitehead, P.J.P. 1985. FAO Species Catalogue: Clupeoid fishes of the world (suborder Clupeioidei). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the herrings, sardines, pilchards, sprats, shads, anchovies and wolf-herrings. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(7): 301 – 303.
Xavier, E.L., Pravinkumar, M., Logesh, A.R., Viswanathan, C. and Raffi, S.M. 2014. Estimation of calcium and phosphorus in bones of three low value fishes Sardinella fimbriata, Sardinella albella and Sardinella gibbosa from Muttom, Southest Coast of India. International Journal of Current Trends in Research. 3(2): 43 – 46.
Xu, S.G. (1996). Calcium powder of freshwater fish bone. Journal of Shanghai Fisheries University. 5(4): 246 – 251.