Estimation of Above Ground Biomass and carbon stocks of Tectona grandis and Gmelina arborea stands in Gorontalo Province, Indonesia
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Abstract. Ruslim Y, Sandalayuk D, Kristiningrum R, Alam AS. 2021. Estimation of Above Ground Biomass and carbon stocks of Tectona grandis and Gmelina arborea stand in Gorontalo Province, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 22: 1497-1508. Plantation forest plays an important role to fulfill timber needs, while more recently plantation forest is increasingly acknowledged to sequester and store carbon which can mitigate climate change and also as carbon sequestration for the environment. This study aimed to calculate the stand potential, stand biomass and carbon stocks of teak (Tectona grandis) and gmelina (Gmelina arborea) stands in the context of land after being abandoned in Gorontalo Province, Indonesia. Four plots with size of one hectare each were sampled in which each species (i.e. teak and gmelina) consisted of two plots. In each plot, the diameter at the breast-high (1.3 m) and the height of each individual were recorded. Data analysis included growth parameters of the stands (i.e., Mean Annual Increment/MAI and Current Annual Increment/CAI) and above-ground biomass and carbon sequestered by the stands. Simple linear regression using polynomial trendline was used to determine the relationship between variables and the degree of the relationship. The results showed that the maximum growth of teak stands at Plots I and II reached a maximum point at the age of 32 and 25 years with the total volume of 307.50 and 254.81 m3ha-1, respectively. While the maximum growth of gmelina stands at Plots I and II reached a maximum point at the age of 15 years with the total volume of 190.54 and 251.80 m3ha-1, respectively. The biomass content in teak stands at Plots I and II and gmelina stands at Plots I and II were respectively 267.83; 221.94; 104.03 and 137.48 tons ha-1. Meanwhile, the carbon content in teak stands at Plots I and II and gmelina stands at Plots I and II were respectively 125.88; 104.31; 48.90; and 64.62 tons ha-1. The results of the regression analysis suggest that there was strong relationship between carbon sequestered and the age of the stands as well as total basal area. The results of this study suggest that Tectona grandis is more potential to be developed as plantation forest than Gmelina arborea when aiming at carbon sequestration and biomass production.
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References
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Arezoo S, Sankhayan PL, Hofstad O. 2014. A dynamic bio-economic model for community management of goat and oak forests in Zagros, Iran.J Ecol Econ 106: 174-185.
Arias D, Alvarado J, Richter DJ, Dohrenbusch A. 2011. Productivity, aboveground biomass, nutrient uptake and carbon content in fast growing tree plantations of native and introduced species in the Southern Region of Costa Rica. Biomass Bioenerg 35: 1779-1788.
Birdsey R, Pan Y. 2015. Trends in management of the world’s forests and impacts on carbon stocks. For Ecol Manag 355: 83-90.
Brown, S. 1997. Estimating biomass and biomass change of tropical forests : A primer, FAO Forestry Paper 134, Rome : Food Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations.
Chauhan SK, Sharma R, Panwar P, Chander J. 2016a. Short rotation forestry : a path for economic and environmental prosperity. In: Parthiban KT, Seenivasan R (eds.). Forestry Technologies - A Complete Value Chain Approach. Vol.1 Scientific Publishers, Jodhpur.
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Derwisch S, Schwendenmann L, Olschewski R, Holscher D. 2009. Estimation and economic evaluation of aboveground carbon storage of Tectona grandis plantationsin Western Panama Sebastian. New Forest 37:227–240.
Dinga E. 2014. On a possible predictor of the cyclical position of the economy. Procedia Econ Finance8:254-261.
Domec JC, Ward EJ, Oishi AC, Palmroth S, Radecki A, Bell DM, Miao G, Gavazzi M, Johnson DM, King JS, McNulty, SG, Oren R, Sun G, Noormets A. 2015. Conversion of natural forests to managed forest plantations decreases tree resistance to prolonged droughts. For Ecol Manag 355: 58-71.
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Karyati, Widiati KY, Karmini, Mulyadi R. 2019. Development of allometric relationships for estimate above ground biomass of trees in the tropical abandoned land. Biodiversitas 20 (12): 3508-3516.[Indonesian]
Kraenzel M, Castillo A, Moore T, Potvin C. 2003. Carbon storage of harvest age teak (Tectona grandis) plantations, Panama. For Ecol Manage 173:213–225.
Kristiningrum R, Lahjie A, Masjaya, Yusuf S, Ruslim Y. 2019. Species diversity, stand productivity, aboveground biomass and economic value of mangrove ecosystem in Mentawir Village, East Kalimantan, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 20 (10): 2848-2857.[Indonesian]
Losi CJ, Thomas GS, Richard C, Juan EM.. 2003. Analysis of alternative methods for estimating carbon stock in young tropical plantations. Forest Ecology and Management.
Lubis, S.H., H.S. Arifin., And I. Samsoedin. 2013. Analysis of tree carbon stocks in forest landscapes city in DKI Jakarta. J of Fores Sos and Econ Research, 10 (1), 1-20.
Lukito M, Rohmatiah A. 2013. Estimated biomass and carbon of teak 5 year (Case of Nusantara Superior Teak Plantation Forest (JUN) Krowe Village, Lembeyan District, Magetan Regency). Agritek Journal 14(1): 1-23
Law BE., Waring, RH. 2015. Carbon implications of current and future effects of drought, fire and management on Pacific Northwest forests. For Ecol Manag 355: 4-14.
Mansur I, Tuheteru FD. 2011. Jabon Tree. Book. Penebar Swadaya. Jakarta..[Indonesian].
Muliadi M, Lahjie AM, Simarangkir BDAS, Ruslim Y. 2017. Bioeconomic and environmental valuation of dipterocarp estate forest based on local wisdom in Kutai Kartanegara, Indonesia. Biodiversitas18(1): 401-408.[Indonesian].
Murdiyarso D. 2003. Kyoto Protocol: Its Implications to the developing countries. Book. Publisher: Kompas Gramedia
Murtinah V, Ruchaemi A, Ruhiyat D. 2015. Forest growth teak plant (Tectona grandis Linn.f.) in East Kalimantan. J Agrifor 14 (2).
Noormets A, Epron D, Domec JC, McNulty SG, Fox TD, Chen J, Sun G, King JS. 2015. Effects of forest management on productivity and carbon sequestration: a review and hypothesis. For Ecol Manag 355: 124-140.
Panwar P, Chauhan S, Kaushal R, Das DK, Ajit, Arora G, Chaturvedi OP, Jain AK, Chaturvedi S, Tewari S. 2017. Carbon sequestration potential of poplar-based agroforestry using the CO2 FIX model in the Indo Gangetic Region of India. Trop Ecol 58 (2): 1-9.
Pinheiro TF, Escada MIS, Valeriano DN, Hostert P, Gollnow F, Müller H. 2016. Forest degradation associated with logging frontier expansion in the Amazon: The BR-163 Region in Southwestern Pará, Brazil. Earth Interactions 20 (17): 1-26.
Ruslianto M, Alviani, Maisuri, Irundu. 2019. Biomass allometric model of Rhizophora Apiculata at Polewali Mandar Regency, West Sulawesi Province. Eboni Buleti Journal 1 (1): 11-19.
Ruslim Y, Sihombing R, Liah Y. 2016. Stand damage due to mono-cable winch and bulldozer yarding in a selectively logged tropical forest. Biodiversitas 17 (1): 222-228.
Sandalayuk D, Lahjie AM, Simarangkir BDAS, Ruslim Y. 2020. Carbon absorbtion of Anthocephalus macrophyllus and Swietenia macrophylla. King in Gorontalo, Indonesia. Jof Biodiversity and Enviro Scie16 (5): 24-30.
Sandalayuk. D, Soedirman S, Pambudhi F. 2018. Reserves estimating carbon in forest city district village Bongohulawa Gorontalo. .ijrtem. 2(8), 60-63.
Sandalayuk D, Lahjie AM, Simarangkir BDAS, Ruslim Y. 2018. Analysis of gmelina and mahogany growth in Gorontalo. J of Forest Reseach. 1 (1): 1-8.
Sardjono A, Lahjie AM, Simarangkir BDAS, Kristiningrum R, Ruslim Y. 2017. Carbon sequestration and growth of Anthocephalus cadamba plantation in North Kalimantan, Indonesia. Biodiversitas18(4): 1385-1393.[Indonesian].
Sharma R, Chauhan SK, Tripathi AM. 2016. Carbon sequestration potential in agroforestry system in India: an analysis for carbon project. Agrofor Syst 90 (4):631-644.
Setiawan, B., Lahjie A.M., 2011. Financial analysis of agroforestry systems teak, sungkai, and elephant grass in Samboja Kutai District Kartanegara. . Humida Tropical Forestry Vol. 4 (1).
Setiawan, B., Lahjie A.M, Yusuf, S, Ruslim. 2019. Model of community forest land management production and financial simulation of super teak, solomon teak and sungkai treesin Samboja Kutai Kartanegara East Kalimantan, Indonesia. Energy and Environment Research 9(20): 48-60.
Siaruddin, M and Indrayana, Y. 2015. Dynamics of carbon stock systems gmelina agroforestry in community forests in Tasikmalaya and Banjar, West Java. Wasian 4 (1): 37-46.
SNI. 2011. Indonesian National Standard Number 7724. Measurement and calculation of carbon stocks - field measurement for forest carbon stock assessment. tandardization Agency. Jakarta. [Indonesian]
Sugiyono. 2012. Qualitative and uantitative research methods and R&D. Alfabeta. Bandung. [Indonesian].
Susila IWW. 2009. Teak increment and sandalwood plantation in Nusa East Southeast. J of Plant Forest Research 6 (3): 157-185. Center for Plantation Forest Research and Development. Bogor.
Susila, IWW. 2012. Estimation model of teak stand volume and increment in Nusa Penida, Klungkung Bali. J of Plant Forest Research 9 (3): 165-178.
Tesfaye MA, Bravo F, Ruiz-Peinado R, Pando V, Bravo-Oviedo A. 2016. Impact of changes in land use, species and elevation on soil organic carbon and total nitrogen in Ethiopian Central Highlands. Geoderma 261: 70-79.
Tong S, Berry HL, Ebi K, Bambrick H, Hu W, Green D, Hanna E, Wang Z, Butler CD. 2016. Climate change, food, water and population health in China. Bull World Health Organ 94:759-765.
Trimanto. 2014. Vegetation analysis and tree biomass estimation of carbon stocks in Seven Montane Forests of Bawean Island Nature Reserve, East Java. Biology News 13(1): 321-332.
Van Gardingen PR, McLeish MJ, Philips PD, Fadilah D, Tyrie G, Yasman I. 2003. Financial and ecological analysis of management options for logged-over dipterocarp forest in Indonesia Borneo. For Ecol Manag 183: 1-29.
Verhaegen D, Fofana IJ, Logossa ZA, Ofori D. 2010. What is the genetic origin of teak (Tectona grandis L.) introduced in Africa and in Indonesia. Tree Genetics & Genomes 6:717-733.
Winarni B, Lahjie AM,Simarangkir BDAS, Yusuf S, Ruslim Y. 2017. Tengkawang cultivation model in community forest using agroforestry system in West Kalimantan, Indonesia.Biodiversitas18(2):765-772.[Indonesian].
Watson RT, Noble I, Bolin B, Ravindranath NH. 2000. Land use, land -use change and forestry. A spesial report of the international panel of the climate change. Cambridge University Press.
Yunianti AD, Wahyudi, Siregar, Pari. 2011. Quality of teak clones with different planting distances. J of Wood Sci and Tech Tropical 9 (1): 93-100.
Adhitya PW, Hardiansyah G, Yani A. 2013. Estimation of surface carbon content on a tree in the Ketapang Regency City Forest Area. J of Sustain Forests, 2 (1), 23-32.
Alam, A.S., Rafiuddin, Setiawan, B. 2017. Financial analysis systems teak and elephant grass agroforestry in Samboja District Kutai Kartanegara Regency, East Kalimantan. Proceedings National Biodiversity Conservation: 136-142.
Arezoo S, Sankhayan PL, Hofstad O. 2014. A dynamic bio-economic model for community management of goat and oak forests in Zagros, Iran.J Ecol Econ 106: 174-185.
Arias D, Alvarado J, Richter DJ, Dohrenbusch A. 2011. Productivity, aboveground biomass, nutrient uptake and carbon content in fast growing tree plantations of native and introduced species in the Southern Region of Costa Rica. Biomass Bioenerg 35: 1779-1788.
Birdsey R, Pan Y. 2015. Trends in management of the world’s forests and impacts on carbon stocks. For Ecol Manag 355: 83-90.
Brown, S. 1997. Estimating biomass and biomass change of tropical forests : A primer, FAO Forestry Paper 134, Rome : Food Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations.
Chauhan SK, Sharma R, Panwar P, Chander J. 2016a. Short rotation forestry : a path for economic and environmental prosperity. In: Parthiban KT, Seenivasan R (eds.). Forestry Technologies - A Complete Value Chain Approach. Vol.1 Scientific Publishers, Jodhpur.
Chauhan SK, Ritu, Chauhan R. 2016b. Carbon sequestration in plantations. Agroforestry for increased production and livelihood security (Eds. Gupta, S.K., Panwar, P. and Kaushal, R.). New Indian Publishing Agency, New Delhi.
Derwisch S, Schwendenmann L, Olschewski R, Holscher D. 2009. Estimation and economic evaluation of aboveground carbon storage of Tectona grandis plantationsin Western Panama Sebastian. New Forest 37:227–240.
Dinga E. 2014. On a possible predictor of the cyclical position of the economy. Procedia Econ Finance8:254-261.
Domec JC, Ward EJ, Oishi AC, Palmroth S, Radecki A, Bell DM, Miao G, Gavazzi M, Johnson DM, King JS, McNulty, SG, Oren R, Sun G, Noormets A. 2015. Conversion of natural forests to managed forest plantations decreases tree resistance to prolonged droughts. For Ecol Manag 355: 58-71.
Fofana IJ, Ofori D, Poitel M, Verhaegen D. 2009. New Forests 37:175- 195.
Grafen A, Hails R. 2002. Modern statistics for the life sciences. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Gonzalez-Benecke CA, Samuelson LJ, Martin TA, Cropper Jr WP, Johnsen KH, Stokes TA, Butnor JR, Anderson PH. 2015. Modeling the effects of forest management on in situ and ex situ longleaf pine forest carbon stocks. For Ecol Manag 355: 24-36.
Handayani. 2010. Regression models. STIE Atma Bhakti, Surakarta. [Indonesian].
Hairiah K, Rahayu S. 2007. Measurement of carbon stored in different land use. World Agroforestry Center. Bogor.
Houghton, R.A. 2005. Tropical deforestation as a source of greenhouse gas emissions. In: Tropical Deforestation and Climate Change 2005. Amazon Institute for Environmental Research.
Irundu D, Beddu MA, Najmawati. 2020. Potential of biomass and carbon stored stands in green open space Polewali City, West Sulawesi. J of Forests and Communities 12 (1): 49-57.
Kanninen M. 2010. Plantation forests: Global perspectives. In: Bauhus J, Meer PJ v.d., Kanninen M (eds.). Ecosystem Goods and Services from Plantation Forests. Earthscan, London.
Karyati, Widiati KY, Karmini, Mulyadi R. 2019. Development of allometric relationships for estimate above ground biomass of trees in the tropical abandoned land. Biodiversitas 20 (12): 3508-3516.[Indonesian]
Kraenzel M, Castillo A, Moore T, Potvin C. 2003. Carbon storage of harvest age teak (Tectona grandis) plantations, Panama. For Ecol Manage 173:213–225.
Kristiningrum R, Lahjie A, Masjaya, Yusuf S, Ruslim Y. 2019. Species diversity, stand productivity, aboveground biomass and economic value of mangrove ecosystem in Mentawir Village, East Kalimantan, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 20 (10): 2848-2857.[Indonesian]
Losi CJ, Thomas GS, Richard C, Juan EM.. 2003. Analysis of alternative methods for estimating carbon stock in young tropical plantations. Forest Ecology and Management.
Lubis, S.H., H.S. Arifin., And I. Samsoedin. 2013. Analysis of tree carbon stocks in forest landscapes city in DKI Jakarta. J of Fores Sos and Econ Research, 10 (1), 1-20.
Lukito M, Rohmatiah A. 2013. Estimated biomass and carbon of teak 5 year (Case of Nusantara Superior Teak Plantation Forest (JUN) Krowe Village, Lembeyan District, Magetan Regency). Agritek Journal 14(1): 1-23
Law BE., Waring, RH. 2015. Carbon implications of current and future effects of drought, fire and management on Pacific Northwest forests. For Ecol Manag 355: 4-14.
Mansur I, Tuheteru FD. 2011. Jabon Tree. Book. Penebar Swadaya. Jakarta..[Indonesian].
Muliadi M, Lahjie AM, Simarangkir BDAS, Ruslim Y. 2017. Bioeconomic and environmental valuation of dipterocarp estate forest based on local wisdom in Kutai Kartanegara, Indonesia. Biodiversitas18(1): 401-408.[Indonesian].
Murdiyarso D. 2003. Kyoto Protocol: Its Implications to the developing countries. Book. Publisher: Kompas Gramedia
Murtinah V, Ruchaemi A, Ruhiyat D. 2015. Forest growth teak plant (Tectona grandis Linn.f.) in East Kalimantan. J Agrifor 14 (2).
Noormets A, Epron D, Domec JC, McNulty SG, Fox TD, Chen J, Sun G, King JS. 2015. Effects of forest management on productivity and carbon sequestration: a review and hypothesis. For Ecol Manag 355: 124-140.
Panwar P, Chauhan S, Kaushal R, Das DK, Ajit, Arora G, Chaturvedi OP, Jain AK, Chaturvedi S, Tewari S. 2017. Carbon sequestration potential of poplar-based agroforestry using the CO2 FIX model in the Indo Gangetic Region of India. Trop Ecol 58 (2): 1-9.
Pinheiro TF, Escada MIS, Valeriano DN, Hostert P, Gollnow F, Müller H. 2016. Forest degradation associated with logging frontier expansion in the Amazon: The BR-163 Region in Southwestern Pará, Brazil. Earth Interactions 20 (17): 1-26.
Ruslianto M, Alviani, Maisuri, Irundu. 2019. Biomass allometric model of Rhizophora Apiculata at Polewali Mandar Regency, West Sulawesi Province. Eboni Buleti Journal 1 (1): 11-19.
Ruslim Y, Sihombing R, Liah Y. 2016. Stand damage due to mono-cable winch and bulldozer yarding in a selectively logged tropical forest. Biodiversitas 17 (1): 222-228.
Sandalayuk D, Lahjie AM, Simarangkir BDAS, Ruslim Y. 2020. Carbon absorbtion of Anthocephalus macrophyllus and Swietenia macrophylla. King in Gorontalo, Indonesia. Jof Biodiversity and Enviro Scie16 (5): 24-30.
Sandalayuk. D, Soedirman S, Pambudhi F. 2018. Reserves estimating carbon in forest city district village Bongohulawa Gorontalo. .ijrtem. 2(8), 60-63.
Sandalayuk D, Lahjie AM, Simarangkir BDAS, Ruslim Y. 2018. Analysis of gmelina and mahogany growth in Gorontalo. J of Forest Reseach. 1 (1): 1-8.
Sardjono A, Lahjie AM, Simarangkir BDAS, Kristiningrum R, Ruslim Y. 2017. Carbon sequestration and growth of Anthocephalus cadamba plantation in North Kalimantan, Indonesia. Biodiversitas18(4): 1385-1393.[Indonesian].
Sharma R, Chauhan SK, Tripathi AM. 2016. Carbon sequestration potential in agroforestry system in India: an analysis for carbon project. Agrofor Syst 90 (4):631-644.
Setiawan, B., Lahjie A.M., 2011. Financial analysis of agroforestry systems teak, sungkai, and elephant grass in Samboja Kutai District Kartanegara. . Humida Tropical Forestry Vol. 4 (1).
Setiawan, B., Lahjie A.M, Yusuf, S, Ruslim. 2019. Model of community forest land management production and financial simulation of super teak, solomon teak and sungkai treesin Samboja Kutai Kartanegara East Kalimantan, Indonesia. Energy and Environment Research 9(20): 48-60.
Siaruddin, M and Indrayana, Y. 2015. Dynamics of carbon stock systems gmelina agroforestry in community forests in Tasikmalaya and Banjar, West Java. Wasian 4 (1): 37-46.
SNI. 2011. Indonesian National Standard Number 7724. Measurement and calculation of carbon stocks - field measurement for forest carbon stock assessment. tandardization Agency. Jakarta. [Indonesian]
Sugiyono. 2012. Qualitative and uantitative research methods and R&D. Alfabeta. Bandung. [Indonesian].
Susila IWW. 2009. Teak increment and sandalwood plantation in Nusa East Southeast. J of Plant Forest Research 6 (3): 157-185. Center for Plantation Forest Research and Development. Bogor.
Susila, IWW. 2012. Estimation model of teak stand volume and increment in Nusa Penida, Klungkung Bali. J of Plant Forest Research 9 (3): 165-178.
Tesfaye MA, Bravo F, Ruiz-Peinado R, Pando V, Bravo-Oviedo A. 2016. Impact of changes in land use, species and elevation on soil organic carbon and total nitrogen in Ethiopian Central Highlands. Geoderma 261: 70-79.
Tong S, Berry HL, Ebi K, Bambrick H, Hu W, Green D, Hanna E, Wang Z, Butler CD. 2016. Climate change, food, water and population health in China. Bull World Health Organ 94:759-765.
Trimanto. 2014. Vegetation analysis and tree biomass estimation of carbon stocks in Seven Montane Forests of Bawean Island Nature Reserve, East Java. Biology News 13(1): 321-332.
Van Gardingen PR, McLeish MJ, Philips PD, Fadilah D, Tyrie G, Yasman I. 2003. Financial and ecological analysis of management options for logged-over dipterocarp forest in Indonesia Borneo. For Ecol Manag 183: 1-29.
Verhaegen D, Fofana IJ, Logossa ZA, Ofori D. 2010. What is the genetic origin of teak (Tectona grandis L.) introduced in Africa and in Indonesia. Tree Genetics & Genomes 6:717-733.
Winarni B, Lahjie AM,Simarangkir BDAS, Yusuf S, Ruslim Y. 2017. Tengkawang cultivation model in community forest using agroforestry system in West Kalimantan, Indonesia.Biodiversitas18(2):765-772.[Indonesian].
Watson RT, Noble I, Bolin B, Ravindranath NH. 2000. Land use, land -use change and forestry. A spesial report of the international panel of the climate change. Cambridge University Press.
Yunianti AD, Wahyudi, Siregar, Pari. 2011. Quality of teak clones with different planting distances. J of Wood Sci and Tech Tropical 9 (1): 93-100.
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