Sponge community (Porifera) in coral reef ecosystem in Sabang, Aceh Province, Indonesia
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Abstract. Aulia ED, Hadi TA, Utama RS. 2021. Sponge community (Porifera) in coral reef ecosystem in Sabang, Aceh Province, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 22: 3394-3402. Sponges are one of the most influential benthic organisms in coral reef ecosystems. Many studies about sponge communities have been carried out globally, from tropical to temperate regions. In Indonesia, however, sponge communities have not been adequately observed, especially their diversity and interaction with habitats. Sabang, a developing city located in the northwest of Indonesia, has a lack of information about benthic communities and no reports about sponges. This study investigated the sponge community (species richness, coverage, and morphological characters) and the interactions, both within sponges and with corals and substrates, in Sabang. The study found that the sponge richness (species and morphology) and coverage are categorized as poor, having only 24 species with seven morphologies, and coverage of 1.79 ± 1.03% (SE). The interaction analyses showed significant relationships occur among sponge variables but not between sponges and corals, nor between sponges and their substrates. These results could be attributed to the hydrodynamic-related stresses in Sabang, which are likely influenced by exposure to the open ocean, a condition that is less favorable to diversity and interaction. It is necessary to regularly monitor the condition of benthic communities in Sabang in order to better understand their stable state and detect any change over time.
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References
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Afridayanti CF. 2016. Analisis coral bleaching dan solusi permasalahan di iboih pulau Rubiah, kota Sabang. etd Unsyiah.
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Bell JJ, Barnes DK. 2001. Sponge morphological diversity: a qualitative predictor of species diversity?. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 11(2): 109-121. DOI: 10.1002/aqc.436.
Bell JJ, Davy SK, Jones T, Taylor MW, Webster NS. 2013. Could some coral reefs become sponge reefs as our climate changes?. Global change biology 19(9): 2613-24. DOI: 10.1111/gcb.12212.
Bell JJ, McGrath E, Kandler NM, Marlow J, Beepat SS, Bachtiar R, Shaffer MR, Mortimer C, Micaroni V, Mobilia V, Rovellini A. 2020. Interocean patterns in shallow water sponge assemblage structure and function. Biological Reviews 95(6): 1720-1758. DOI: 10.1111/brv.12637.
Bell JJ, Smith D. 2004. Ecology of sponge assemblages (Porifera) in the Wakatobi region, south-east Sulawesi, Indonesia: richness and abundance. Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 84(3): 581.
Biggs BC. 2013. Harnessing natural recovery processes to improve restoration outcomes: an experimental assessment of sponge-mediated coral reef restoration. PloS one 8(6): e64945. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0064945.
Boury-Esnault, Rutzler K. 1997. Thesaurus of Sponge Morphology. Smithsonian Institute Press, Washington.
Brandt ME, Olinger LK, Chaves-Fonnegra A, Olson JB, Gochfeld DJ. 2019. Coral recruitment is impacted by the presence of a sponge community. Marine Biology 166(4): 1-3. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-019-3493-5.
Carballo JL, Cruz-Barraza JA, Vega C, Nava H, del Carmen Chávez-Fuentes M. 2019. Sponge diversity in Eastern Tropical Pacific coral reefs: an interoceanic comparison. Scientific reports 9(1): 1-5. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-45834-4.
Chadwick NE, Morrow KM. 2011. Competition among sessile organisms on coral reefs. InCoral reefs: an ecosystem in transition. Springer, Dordrecht. DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-0114-4_20.
Chaves?Fonnegra A, Zea S. 2011. Coral colonization by the encrusting excavating Caribbean sponge Cliona delitrix. Marine Ecology 32(2): 162-173. DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0485.2010.00416.x.
de Goeij JM, Lesser MP, Pawlik JR. 2017. Nutrient fluxes and ecological functions of coral reef sponges in a changing ocean. In: Climate change, ocean acidification and sponges (pp. 373-410). Springer, Cham. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-59008-0_8.
de Voogd N J. 2005. Indonesian sponges: biodiversity and mariculture potential. Geboren te Dodgrecht, Netherlands.
de Voogd NJ, Becking LE, Cleary DF. 2009. Sponge community composition in the Derawan islands, NE Kalimantan, Indonesia. Marine ecology progress series 396: 169-180. DOI: 10.3354/meps08349.
de Voogd NJ, Cleary DF. 2008. An analysis of sponge diversity and distribution at three taxonomic levels in the Thousand Islands/Jakarta Bay reef complex, West?Java, Indonesia. Marine Ecology 29(2): 205-215. DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0485.2008.00238.x.
George AM, Brodie J, Daniell J, Capper A, Jonker M. 2018. Can sponge morphologies act as environmental proxies to biophysical factors in the Great Barrier Reef, Australia?. Ecological Indicators 93: 1152-62. DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolind.2018.06.016.
Giyanto, Iskandar BH, Soedharma D, Suharsono. 2010. Effisiensi dan akurasi pada proses analisis foto bawah air untuk menilai kondisi terumbu karang. Oseanologi dan Limnologi di Indonesia 36: 111-130.
González-Rivero M, Yakob L, Mumby PJ. 2011. The role of sponge competition on coral reef alternative steady states. Ecological Modelling, 222(11): 1847-1853. DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2011.03.020.
Habibie MN, Permana DS, Suratno S. 2013. Simulasi gelombang ekstrim akibat swell di Indonesia menggunakan model Wavewatch-III. Jurnal Meteorologi dan Geofisika 14(2). DOI: 10.31172/jmg.v14i2.159.
Hoeksema BW. 2007. Delineation of the Indo-Malayan centre of maximum marine biodiversity: the Coral Triangle. In: Biogeography, time, and place: distributions, barriers, and islands (pp. 117-178). Springer, Dordrecht. DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4020-6374-9_5.
Hooper JN. 2000. Guide to sponge collection and identification. Queensland Meuseum, Brisbane.
Kohler KE, Gill SM. 2006. Coral Point Count with Excel extensions (CPCe): A Visual Basic program for the determination of coral and substrate coverage using random point count methodology. Computers & geosciences 32(9): 1259-1269. DOI: 10.1016/j.cageo.2005.11.009.
Komyakova V, Munday PL, Jones GP. 2013. Relative importance of coral cover, habitat complexity and diversity in determining the structure of reef fish communities. PloS one 8(12): e83178. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0083178.
Leichter JJ, Witman JD. 1997. Water flow over subtidal rock walls: relation to distributions and growth rates of sessile suspension feeders in the Gulf of Maine Water flow and growth rates. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 209(1-2): 293-307. DOI: 10.1016/S0022-0981(96)02702-5.
Lim SC, de Voogd N, Tan KS. 2008. A guide to sponges of Singapore. Science Centre Singapore.
Madin JS, Baird AH, Bridge TC, Connolly SR, Zawada KJ, Dornelas M. 2018. Cumulative effects of cyclones and bleaching on coral cover and species richness at Lizard Island. Marine Ecology Progress Series 604: 263-268. DOI: 10.3354/meps12735.
Maldonado M, Aguilar R., Bannister RJ, Bell JJ, Conway KW, Dayton PK, Díaz C, Gutt J, Kelly M, Kenchington EL, Leys SP. 2017. Sponge grounds as key marine habitats: a synthetic review of types, structure, functional roles, and conservation concerns. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-17001-5_24-1.
Octavina C, Asri Z H, Purnawan S, Ulfah M. 2018. Coral bleaching Percentage in Krueng Raya Waters, Aceh Besar. International J. of Sciences: Basic and Applied (IJSBAR) 40(2): 116-123.
Pile AJ, Young CM. 2006. The natural diet of a hexactinellid sponge: Benthic-pelagic coupling in a deepsea microbial food web. Deep-Sea Res I Oceanogr Res Pap 53(7): 1148–56. DOI: 10.1016/j.dsr.2006.03.008.
Schönberg CH. 2008. A history of sponge erosion: from past myths and hypotheses to recent approaches. In: Wisshak M, Tapanila L (eds) Current developments in bioerosion. Springer, Berlin. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-77598-0_9.
Selvin J Ninawe AS Seghal Kiran G, Lipton AP. 2010. Sponge-microbial interactions: Ecological implications and bioprospecting avenues. Critical reviews in microbiology: 36(1): 82-90. DOI: 10.3109/10408410903397340.
Setiawan E, Muzaki FK, NURHAYATI AP, Maulidina N. 2019. Record of shallow-water sponges in Simeulue Island, Aceh Province, Indonesia. Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity 20(11). DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d201117.
Tun K, Chou LM, Low J, Yeemin T, Phongsuwan N, Setiasih N, Wilson J, Amri AY, Adzis KAA, Lane10 D. 2010. 1.1 A regional overview on the 2010 coral bleaching event in Southeast Asia. Front Cover: Bleached Corals in Phuket, Thailand (Thamasak Yeemin c 2010) Back Cover: Healthy coral community in Similan Island, Thailand.(Thamasak Yeemin c 2010), 9.
Van Colen C, De Backer A, Meulepas G, Van Der Wal D, Vincx M, Degraer S, Ysebaert T. 2010. Diversity, trait displacements and shifts in assemblage structure of tidal flat deposit feeders along a gradient of hydrodynamic stress. Marine Ecology Progress Series 406: 79-89. DOI: 10.3354/meps08529.
Van Soest RW, Boury-Esnault N, Vacelet J, Dohrmann M, Erpenbeck D, De Voogd NJ, Santodomingo N, Vanhoorne B, Kelly M, Hooper JN. 2012. Global diversity of sponges (Porifera). PLoS one 7(4): e35105. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0035105.
Van Soest RW, Hooper JN. 2002. Order Haplosclerida Topsent, 1928. In: Systema Porifera. Springer, Boston, MA. DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-0747-5_88
Wulff J. Regeneration of sponges in ecological context: is regeneration an integral part of life history and morphological strategies?. 2010. Integrative and comparative biology 50(4): 494-505. DOI: 10.1093/icb/icq100.
Yang J, Sun J, Lee OO, Wong YH, Qian PY. 2011. Phylogenetic diversity and community structure of sponge-associated bacteria from mangroves of the Caribbean Sea. Aquatic Microbial Ecology: 62(3): 231-240. DOI: 10.3354/ame01473.
Afridayanti CF. 2016. Analisis coral bleaching dan solusi permasalahan di iboih pulau Rubiah, kota Sabang. etd Unsyiah.
Bell JJ, Barnes DK. 2000. A sponge diversity centre within a marine ‘island’. InIsland, Ocean and Deep-Sea Biology. Springer, Dordrecht.
Bell JJ, Barnes DK. 2001. Sponge morphological diversity: a qualitative predictor of species diversity?. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 11(2): 109-121. DOI: 10.1002/aqc.436.
Bell JJ, Davy SK, Jones T, Taylor MW, Webster NS. 2013. Could some coral reefs become sponge reefs as our climate changes?. Global change biology 19(9): 2613-24. DOI: 10.1111/gcb.12212.
Bell JJ, McGrath E, Kandler NM, Marlow J, Beepat SS, Bachtiar R, Shaffer MR, Mortimer C, Micaroni V, Mobilia V, Rovellini A. 2020. Interocean patterns in shallow water sponge assemblage structure and function. Biological Reviews 95(6): 1720-1758. DOI: 10.1111/brv.12637.
Bell JJ, Smith D. 2004. Ecology of sponge assemblages (Porifera) in the Wakatobi region, south-east Sulawesi, Indonesia: richness and abundance. Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 84(3): 581.
Biggs BC. 2013. Harnessing natural recovery processes to improve restoration outcomes: an experimental assessment of sponge-mediated coral reef restoration. PloS one 8(6): e64945. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0064945.
Boury-Esnault, Rutzler K. 1997. Thesaurus of Sponge Morphology. Smithsonian Institute Press, Washington.
Brandt ME, Olinger LK, Chaves-Fonnegra A, Olson JB, Gochfeld DJ. 2019. Coral recruitment is impacted by the presence of a sponge community. Marine Biology 166(4): 1-3. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-019-3493-5.
Carballo JL, Cruz-Barraza JA, Vega C, Nava H, del Carmen Chávez-Fuentes M. 2019. Sponge diversity in Eastern Tropical Pacific coral reefs: an interoceanic comparison. Scientific reports 9(1): 1-5. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-45834-4.
Chadwick NE, Morrow KM. 2011. Competition among sessile organisms on coral reefs. InCoral reefs: an ecosystem in transition. Springer, Dordrecht. DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-0114-4_20.
Chaves?Fonnegra A, Zea S. 2011. Coral colonization by the encrusting excavating Caribbean sponge Cliona delitrix. Marine Ecology 32(2): 162-173. DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0485.2010.00416.x.
de Goeij JM, Lesser MP, Pawlik JR. 2017. Nutrient fluxes and ecological functions of coral reef sponges in a changing ocean. In: Climate change, ocean acidification and sponges (pp. 373-410). Springer, Cham. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-59008-0_8.
de Voogd N J. 2005. Indonesian sponges: biodiversity and mariculture potential. Geboren te Dodgrecht, Netherlands.
de Voogd NJ, Becking LE, Cleary DF. 2009. Sponge community composition in the Derawan islands, NE Kalimantan, Indonesia. Marine ecology progress series 396: 169-180. DOI: 10.3354/meps08349.
de Voogd NJ, Cleary DF. 2008. An analysis of sponge diversity and distribution at three taxonomic levels in the Thousand Islands/Jakarta Bay reef complex, West?Java, Indonesia. Marine Ecology 29(2): 205-215. DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0485.2008.00238.x.
George AM, Brodie J, Daniell J, Capper A, Jonker M. 2018. Can sponge morphologies act as environmental proxies to biophysical factors in the Great Barrier Reef, Australia?. Ecological Indicators 93: 1152-62. DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolind.2018.06.016.
Giyanto, Iskandar BH, Soedharma D, Suharsono. 2010. Effisiensi dan akurasi pada proses analisis foto bawah air untuk menilai kondisi terumbu karang. Oseanologi dan Limnologi di Indonesia 36: 111-130.
González-Rivero M, Yakob L, Mumby PJ. 2011. The role of sponge competition on coral reef alternative steady states. Ecological Modelling, 222(11): 1847-1853. DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2011.03.020.
Habibie MN, Permana DS, Suratno S. 2013. Simulasi gelombang ekstrim akibat swell di Indonesia menggunakan model Wavewatch-III. Jurnal Meteorologi dan Geofisika 14(2). DOI: 10.31172/jmg.v14i2.159.
Hoeksema BW. 2007. Delineation of the Indo-Malayan centre of maximum marine biodiversity: the Coral Triangle. In: Biogeography, time, and place: distributions, barriers, and islands (pp. 117-178). Springer, Dordrecht. DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4020-6374-9_5.
Hooper JN. 2000. Guide to sponge collection and identification. Queensland Meuseum, Brisbane.
Kohler KE, Gill SM. 2006. Coral Point Count with Excel extensions (CPCe): A Visual Basic program for the determination of coral and substrate coverage using random point count methodology. Computers & geosciences 32(9): 1259-1269. DOI: 10.1016/j.cageo.2005.11.009.
Komyakova V, Munday PL, Jones GP. 2013. Relative importance of coral cover, habitat complexity and diversity in determining the structure of reef fish communities. PloS one 8(12): e83178. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0083178.
Leichter JJ, Witman JD. 1997. Water flow over subtidal rock walls: relation to distributions and growth rates of sessile suspension feeders in the Gulf of Maine Water flow and growth rates. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 209(1-2): 293-307. DOI: 10.1016/S0022-0981(96)02702-5.
Lim SC, de Voogd N, Tan KS. 2008. A guide to sponges of Singapore. Science Centre Singapore.
Madin JS, Baird AH, Bridge TC, Connolly SR, Zawada KJ, Dornelas M. 2018. Cumulative effects of cyclones and bleaching on coral cover and species richness at Lizard Island. Marine Ecology Progress Series 604: 263-268. DOI: 10.3354/meps12735.
Maldonado M, Aguilar R., Bannister RJ, Bell JJ, Conway KW, Dayton PK, Díaz C, Gutt J, Kelly M, Kenchington EL, Leys SP. 2017. Sponge grounds as key marine habitats: a synthetic review of types, structure, functional roles, and conservation concerns. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-17001-5_24-1.
Octavina C, Asri Z H, Purnawan S, Ulfah M. 2018. Coral bleaching Percentage in Krueng Raya Waters, Aceh Besar. International J. of Sciences: Basic and Applied (IJSBAR) 40(2): 116-123.
Pile AJ, Young CM. 2006. The natural diet of a hexactinellid sponge: Benthic-pelagic coupling in a deepsea microbial food web. Deep-Sea Res I Oceanogr Res Pap 53(7): 1148–56. DOI: 10.1016/j.dsr.2006.03.008.
Schönberg CH. 2008. A history of sponge erosion: from past myths and hypotheses to recent approaches. In: Wisshak M, Tapanila L (eds) Current developments in bioerosion. Springer, Berlin. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-77598-0_9.
Selvin J Ninawe AS Seghal Kiran G, Lipton AP. 2010. Sponge-microbial interactions: Ecological implications and bioprospecting avenues. Critical reviews in microbiology: 36(1): 82-90. DOI: 10.3109/10408410903397340.
Setiawan E, Muzaki FK, NURHAYATI AP, Maulidina N. 2019. Record of shallow-water sponges in Simeulue Island, Aceh Province, Indonesia. Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity 20(11). DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d201117.
Tun K, Chou LM, Low J, Yeemin T, Phongsuwan N, Setiasih N, Wilson J, Amri AY, Adzis KAA, Lane10 D. 2010. 1.1 A regional overview on the 2010 coral bleaching event in Southeast Asia. Front Cover: Bleached Corals in Phuket, Thailand (Thamasak Yeemin c 2010) Back Cover: Healthy coral community in Similan Island, Thailand.(Thamasak Yeemin c 2010), 9.
Van Colen C, De Backer A, Meulepas G, Van Der Wal D, Vincx M, Degraer S, Ysebaert T. 2010. Diversity, trait displacements and shifts in assemblage structure of tidal flat deposit feeders along a gradient of hydrodynamic stress. Marine Ecology Progress Series 406: 79-89. DOI: 10.3354/meps08529.
Van Soest RW, Boury-Esnault N, Vacelet J, Dohrmann M, Erpenbeck D, De Voogd NJ, Santodomingo N, Vanhoorne B, Kelly M, Hooper JN. 2012. Global diversity of sponges (Porifera). PLoS one 7(4): e35105. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0035105.
Van Soest RW, Hooper JN. 2002. Order Haplosclerida Topsent, 1928. In: Systema Porifera. Springer, Boston, MA. DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-0747-5_88
Wulff J. Regeneration of sponges in ecological context: is regeneration an integral part of life history and morphological strategies?. 2010. Integrative and comparative biology 50(4): 494-505. DOI: 10.1093/icb/icq100.
Yang J, Sun J, Lee OO, Wong YH, Qian PY. 2011. Phylogenetic diversity and community structure of sponge-associated bacteria from mangroves of the Caribbean Sea. Aquatic Microbial Ecology: 62(3): 231-240. DOI: 10.3354/ame01473.
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