Combination of plant growth-promoting bacteria and botanical pesticide increases organic red rice yield and reduces the Leptocorisa acuta population
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Abstract. Hoesain M, Prastowo S, Suharto, Pradana AP, Asyiah IN, Alfarizy FK, Adiwena M. 2021. Combination of plant growth-promoting bacteria and botanical pesticide increases organic red rice yield and reduces the Leptocorisa acuta population. Biodiversitas 22: 1686-1694. Organic red rice production faces similar constraints as conventional rice production, namely pest attacks, especially rice earhead bugs (Leptocorisa acuta). The use of synthetic chemical inputs is also not allowed in organic red rice production. This problem can be overcome with the application of botanical pesticides, but the use of botanical pesticides do not promote plant growth. As a solution, a combination formula of plant growth-promoting bacteria and botanical pesticides is required. This study aimed to examine the effectiveness of a combination of plant growth-promoting bacteria with botanical pesticides in increasing the growth and yield of organic red rice plants and reducing the rice earhead bug population. The research was conducted on organic agricultural land in Jember Regency, Indonesia. The research began with the extraction of botanical pesticides from the leaves of Azadirachta indica, Aglaia odorata, and Ageratum conyzoides using 96% ethanol. The bacterial isolates obtained and characterized in previous studies were tested for their compatibility and cell viability in the combination formula. The field experiment was conducted with 8 treatments, 3 replications, and each replication consisted of 150 rice plants. The randomization pattern followed a randomized block design pattern. The results showed that all bacteria were compatible when combined with 20% botanical pesticides. In addition, cell viability at 3 months of storage decreased, but not significantly. In the organic rice growth variable, all combinations of bacteria with botanical pesticides showed good performance to increase the plant growth. Increased plant growth occurred in the number of tillers, plant height, and the number of productive panicles. Furthermore, yield variables, fresh seed weight per panicle, dry seed weight per panicle, and weight of 1000 seeds also increased significantly after being treated with a combination of plant growth-promoting bacteria and botanical pesticides. The decline in the rice earhead bug population also occurred in all plants treated using botanical pesticides either singly or in combination. The best treatments in this study were BS01 and PD01, which showed consistent results. This study provides information that the combination of plant growth-promoting bacteria and botanical pesticides is compatible, does not cause a high number decrease of bacterial cells at a shelf-life of 3 months, and can stimulate the growth and yield of organic red rice, and can suppress rice earhead bug populations.
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References
Afzal I, Shinwari ZK, Sikandar S, Shahzad S. 2019. Plant beneficial endophytic bacteria: mechanisms, diversity, host range and genetic determinants. Microbiol Res 221 (5): 36-49.
Ahmad F, Ahmad I, Khan MS. 2005. Indole acetic acid production by the indigenous isolates of azotobacter and fluorescent pseudomonas in the presence and absence of tryptophan. Turkish J Biol 29 (1): 29-34.
Anand P, Jagadiswari R. 2000. Interaction of earhead bug, Leptocorisa acuta Thunb. and certain pathogenic fungi on deterioration in rice grain quality. Entomon 25 (1): 55-60.
Ane NU, Hussain M. 2016. Diversity of insect pests in major rice growing areas of the world. J Entomol Zool Stud 4 (1): 36-41.
Ashrafuzzaman M, Hossen FA, Ismail MR, Hoque A, Islam MZ et al. 2009. Efficiency of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) for the enhancement of rice growth. Afr J Biotechnol 8 (7): 1247-1252.
Asngari I, Suhel S, Bashir A, Arief ANA, Susanti E. 2020. Rice consumption pattern of rural households in East Oku and South Oku regencies south Sumatra province Indonesia. Int J Econ Financial Issues 10 (1): 259-265.
Asyiah IN, Soekarto S, Hoesain M, Iqbal M, Hindersah R et al. 2018. The endophytic bacteria isolation as biological control agent of Pratylenchus coffeae. Asian J Microbiol, Biotechnol Environ Sci 20 (1): 159-165.
Asyiah IN, Wiryadiputra S, Fauzi I, Harni R. 2015. Populasi Pratylenchus coffeae (Z.) dan pertumbuhan bibit kopi arabika akibat inokulasi Pseudomonas diminuta L. dan Bacillus subtilis (C.). Pelita Perkeb 31 (1): 30-40.
Benelli G, Canale A, Toniolo C, Higuchi A, Murugan K et al. 2017. Neem (Azadirachta indica): towards the ideal insecticide?. Nat Pro Res 31 (4): 369-386.
Berninger T, González López Ó, Bejarano A, Preininger C, Sessitsch A. 2018. Maintenance and assessment of cell viability in formulation of non?sporulating bacterial inoculants. Microb Biotechnol 11 (2): 277-301.
Bewke GB. 2018. Review on integrated pest management of important disease and insect pest of rice (Oryzae sativa L.). World Sci News 100 (14): 184-196.
Bhattacharjee R, Dey U. 2014. Biofertilizer, a way towards organic agriculture: a review. Afr J Microbiol Res 8 (24): 2332-2343.
Chandra PB, Ingle R, Tetali S. 2016. Compatibility of phosphate solubilizing microorganisms with different agrochemicals. Plant Arch 16 (1): 229-232.
Dawe D, Timmer CP. 2012. Why stable food prices are a good thing: lessons from stabilizing rice prices in Asia. Glob Food Secur 1(2): 127-133.
Dougoud J, Toepfer S, Bateman M, Jenner WH. 2019. Efficacy of homemade botanical insecticides based on traditional knowledge. a review. Agron Sustain Dev 39 (4): 1-22.
Etesami H, Emami S, Alikhani HA. 2017. Potassium solubilizing bacteria (KSB):: mechanisms, promotion of plant growth, and future prospects a review. J Soil Sci Plant Nutr 17 (4): 897-911.
Etesami H, Mirsyed Hosseini H, Alikhani H. 2014. In planta selection of plant growth promoting endophytic bacteria for rice (Oryza sativa L.). J Soil Sci Plant Nutr 14 (2): 491-503.
Eveno M, Savard P, Belguesmia Y, Bazinet L, Gancel F et al. 2020. Compatibility, cytotoxicity, and gastrointestinal tenacity of bacteriocin-producing bacteria selected for a consortium probiotic formulation to be used in livestock feed. Probiotics Antimicrob Protein 13: 1-10.
Fitriatin BN, Manurung DF, Sofyan ET, Setiawati MR. 2020. Compatibility, phosphate solubility and phosphatase activity by phosphate solubilizing bacteria. Haya Saudi J Life Sci 5 (12): 281-284.
Gajalakshmi S, Vijayalakshmi S, Devi RV. 2012. Phytochemical and pharmacological properties of Annona muricata: a review. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci 4 (2): 3-6.
Girish V, Balikai R. 2015. Efficacy of botanicals, biopesticides and insecticide molecules against ear head bug, Leptocorisa acuta (Thunberg) in paddy and their effect on yield. J Expt Zool India 18 (2): 943-946.
Gopi GK, Meenakumari K, Nysanth N, Subha P. 2019. An optimized standard liquid carrier formulation for extended shelf-life of plant growth promoting bacteria. Rhizosphere 11: 1-4.
Grdiša M, Grši? K. 2013. Botanical insecticides in plant protection. Agriculturae Conspectus Scientificus 78 (2): 85-93.
Hastuti RD, Lestari Y, Suwanto A, Saraswati R. 2012. Endophytic Streptomyces spp. as biocontrol agents of rice bacterial leaf blight pathogen (Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae). Hayati J Biosci 19 (4): 155-162.
Hazra K, Swain D, Bohra A, Singh S, Kumar N et al. 2018. Organic rice: potential production strategies, challenges and prospects. Org Agric 8 (1): 39-56.
Hegde S, Yenagi N, Kasturiba B. 2013. Indigenous knowledge of the traditional and qualified ayurveda practitioners on the nutritional significance and use of red rice in medications. Indin J Tradit Knowl 12 (3): 506-511.
Herrmann L, Lesueur D. 2013. Challenges of formulation and quality of biofertilizers for successful inoculation. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 97 (20): 8859-8873.
Hikal WM, Baeshen RS, Said-Al Ahl HAH. 2017. Botanical insecticide as simple extractives for pest control. Cogent Biol 3 (1): 1-16.
Huang S, Wang L, Liu L, Fu Q, Zhu D. 2014. Nonchemical pest control in China rice: a review. Agron Sustain Dev 34 (2): 275-291.
Iram N, Arshad M, Akhter N. 2013. Evaluation of botanical and synthetic insecticide for the control of Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). Bio Assay 8 (3): 1-10.
Islam MS, Das S, Islam KS, Rahman A, Huda MN et al. 2013. Evaluation of different insecticides and botanical extracts against yellow stem borer, Scirpophaga incertulas in rice field. Int J Biosci 3 (10): 117-125.
Isman MB. 2020. Botanical insecticides in the twenty-first century—fulfilling their promise ?. Annu Rev Entomol 65: 233-249.
Isman MB, Grieneisen ML. 2014. Botanical insecticide research: many publications, limited useful data. Trends Plant Sci 9 (3): 140-145.
Jha CK, Saraf M. 2015. Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR): a review. J Agric Res Dev 5 (2): 108-119.
Jha PN, Gupta G, Jha P, Mehrotra R. 2013. Association of rhizospheric/endophytic bacteria with plants: a potential gateway to sustainable agriculture. Greener J Agric Sci 3 (2): 73-84.
Jitrawang P, Krairit D. 2019. Factors influencing purchase intention of organic rice in Thailand. J Food Prod Mark 25 (8): 805-828.
Kedia A, Prakash B, Mishra PK, Singh P, Dubey NK. 2015. Botanicals as eco friendly biorational alternatives of synthetic pesticides against Callosobruchus spp.(Coleoptera: Bruchidae)—a review. J Food Sci Technol 52 (3): 1239-1257.
Khater HF. 2012. Prospects of botanical biopesticides in insect pest management. Pharmacologia 3 (12): 641-656.
Krapp A. 2015. Plant nitrogen assimilation and its regulation: a complex puzzle with missing pieces. Curr Opin Plant Biol 25: 115-122.
Kumar LR, Ndao A, Valéro J, Tyagi RD. 2019. Production of Bacillus thuringiensis based biopesticide formulation using starch industry wastewater (SIW) as substrate: a techno-economic evaluation. Bioresource Technol 294: 1-9.
Lakshmanan P, Kumar SM, Velusamy R. 1992. Role of earhead bug (Leptocorisa acuta) feeding on sheath rot disease caused by Sarocladium oryzae in Oryza sativa in India. Phytoparasitica 20 (2): 107-112.
Lengai GM, Muthomi JW, Mbega ER. 2020. Phytochemical activity and role of botanical pesticides in pest management for sustainable agricultural crop production. Sci Afr 7: 1-30.
Litsinger J, Barrion A, Canapi B, Libetario E, Pantua P et al. 2015. Leptocorisa rice seed bugs (Hemiptera: Alydidae) in Asia: a review. Philipp Entomol 29 (1): 1-103.
Maheswar NU, Sathiyavani G. 2012. Solubilization of phosphate by Bacillus Sps, from groundnut rhizosphere (Arachis hypogaea L). J Chem Pharm Res 4 (8): 4007-4011.
Mandanayake M, Amarakon A, Sirisena U, Hemachandra K, Wilson MR et al. 2014. Occurrence of Leptocorisa acuta (Thunberg) (Hemiptera: Alydidae) in Sri Lanka. Ann Sri Lanka Dept Agric 16: 323-326.
Mpumi N, Mtei KM, Machunda RL, Ndakidemi PA. 2016. The toxicity, persistence and mode of actions of selected botanical pesticides in Africa against insect pests in common beans, P. vulgaris: a review. Am J Plant Sci 7: 138-151.
Niu Y, Gao B, Slavin M, Zhang X, Yang F et al. 2013. Phytochemical compositions, and antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of twenty-two red rice samples grown in Zhejiang. LWT-Food Sci Technol 54 (2): 521-527.
Panpatte D, Shelat H, Jhala Y, Vyas R. 2021. Fortified bacterial consortium–a novel approach to control root knot nematode in cucumber (Cucumis sativum). Biol Control. 15 (2021): 104528.
Pavela R. 2016. History, presence and perspective of using plant extracts as commercial botanical insecticides and farm products for protection against insects–a review. Plant Prot Sc 52 (4): 229-241.
Pradana AP, Munif A, Supramana S. 2020. Formulasi konsorsium bakteri endofit untuk menekan infeksi nematoda puru akar Meloidogyne incognita pada tomat. Techno: J Penelit 9 (2): 390-400.
Prasertwattanakul Y, Ongkunaruk P. 2018. The analysis of a vertically integrated organic rice company: a case study in Thailand. Int Food Res J 25 (2): 481-486.
Putri D, Munif A, Mutaqin KH. 2016. Lama penyimpanan, karakterisasi fisiologi, dan viabilitas bakteri endofit Bacillus sp. dalam formula tepung. Jurnal Fitopatol Indonesia 12 (1): 19-26.
Raghothama K. 2000. Phosphate transport and signaling. Curr Opin Plant Biol 3 (3): 182-187.
Rahman S, Biswas SK, Barman NC, Ferdous T. 2016. Plant extract as selective pesticide for integrated pest management. Biotechnol Res 2 (1): 6-10.
Rioba NB, Stevenson PC. 2017. Ageratum conyzoides L. for the management of pests and diseases by small holder farmers. Ind Crops Prod 110: 22-29.
Singh A, Singh A, Singh S, Rai S, Kumar D. 2016. Impact of addition of biochar along with PGPR on rice yield, availability of nutrients and their uptake in alluvial soil. J Pure Appl Microbiol 10 (3): 2181-2188.
Singh BB, Singh R. 2014. Major rice insect pests in Northeastern UP. Int J Life Sci Biotechnol Pharm Res 1 (3): 124-143.
Stewart EJ. 2012. Growing unculturable bacteria. J Bacteriol 194 (16): 4151-4160.
Sukristiyonubowo R, Wiwik H, Sofyan A, Benito H, Neve SD. 2011. Change from conventional to organic rice farming system: biophysical and socioeconomic reasons. Int Res J Agric Sci Soil Sci 1 (5): 172-182.
Thorburn C. 2015. The rise and demise of integrated pest management in rice in Indonesia. Insects 6 (2): 381-408.
Wang M, Shen Q, Xu G, Guo S. 2014. New insight into the strategy for nitrogen metabolism in plant cells. Int Rev Cell Mol Biol 310: 1-37.
Zhang H, Song Z-J, Chen W-Q, Wu X-Z, Xu H-H. 2012. Chemical constituents from Aglaia odorata Lour. Biochem Syst Ecol 41: 35-40.
Ahmad F, Ahmad I, Khan MS. 2005. Indole acetic acid production by the indigenous isolates of azotobacter and fluorescent pseudomonas in the presence and absence of tryptophan. Turkish J Biol 29 (1): 29-34.
Anand P, Jagadiswari R. 2000. Interaction of earhead bug, Leptocorisa acuta Thunb. and certain pathogenic fungi on deterioration in rice grain quality. Entomon 25 (1): 55-60.
Ane NU, Hussain M. 2016. Diversity of insect pests in major rice growing areas of the world. J Entomol Zool Stud 4 (1): 36-41.
Ashrafuzzaman M, Hossen FA, Ismail MR, Hoque A, Islam MZ et al. 2009. Efficiency of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) for the enhancement of rice growth. Afr J Biotechnol 8 (7): 1247-1252.
Asngari I, Suhel S, Bashir A, Arief ANA, Susanti E. 2020. Rice consumption pattern of rural households in East Oku and South Oku regencies south Sumatra province Indonesia. Int J Econ Financial Issues 10 (1): 259-265.
Asyiah IN, Soekarto S, Hoesain M, Iqbal M, Hindersah R et al. 2018. The endophytic bacteria isolation as biological control agent of Pratylenchus coffeae. Asian J Microbiol, Biotechnol Environ Sci 20 (1): 159-165.
Asyiah IN, Wiryadiputra S, Fauzi I, Harni R. 2015. Populasi Pratylenchus coffeae (Z.) dan pertumbuhan bibit kopi arabika akibat inokulasi Pseudomonas diminuta L. dan Bacillus subtilis (C.). Pelita Perkeb 31 (1): 30-40.
Benelli G, Canale A, Toniolo C, Higuchi A, Murugan K et al. 2017. Neem (Azadirachta indica): towards the ideal insecticide?. Nat Pro Res 31 (4): 369-386.
Berninger T, González López Ó, Bejarano A, Preininger C, Sessitsch A. 2018. Maintenance and assessment of cell viability in formulation of non?sporulating bacterial inoculants. Microb Biotechnol 11 (2): 277-301.
Bewke GB. 2018. Review on integrated pest management of important disease and insect pest of rice (Oryzae sativa L.). World Sci News 100 (14): 184-196.
Bhattacharjee R, Dey U. 2014. Biofertilizer, a way towards organic agriculture: a review. Afr J Microbiol Res 8 (24): 2332-2343.
Chandra PB, Ingle R, Tetali S. 2016. Compatibility of phosphate solubilizing microorganisms with different agrochemicals. Plant Arch 16 (1): 229-232.
Dawe D, Timmer CP. 2012. Why stable food prices are a good thing: lessons from stabilizing rice prices in Asia. Glob Food Secur 1(2): 127-133.
Dougoud J, Toepfer S, Bateman M, Jenner WH. 2019. Efficacy of homemade botanical insecticides based on traditional knowledge. a review. Agron Sustain Dev 39 (4): 1-22.
Etesami H, Emami S, Alikhani HA. 2017. Potassium solubilizing bacteria (KSB):: mechanisms, promotion of plant growth, and future prospects a review. J Soil Sci Plant Nutr 17 (4): 897-911.
Etesami H, Mirsyed Hosseini H, Alikhani H. 2014. In planta selection of plant growth promoting endophytic bacteria for rice (Oryza sativa L.). J Soil Sci Plant Nutr 14 (2): 491-503.
Eveno M, Savard P, Belguesmia Y, Bazinet L, Gancel F et al. 2020. Compatibility, cytotoxicity, and gastrointestinal tenacity of bacteriocin-producing bacteria selected for a consortium probiotic formulation to be used in livestock feed. Probiotics Antimicrob Protein 13: 1-10.
Fitriatin BN, Manurung DF, Sofyan ET, Setiawati MR. 2020. Compatibility, phosphate solubility and phosphatase activity by phosphate solubilizing bacteria. Haya Saudi J Life Sci 5 (12): 281-284.
Gajalakshmi S, Vijayalakshmi S, Devi RV. 2012. Phytochemical and pharmacological properties of Annona muricata: a review. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci 4 (2): 3-6.
Girish V, Balikai R. 2015. Efficacy of botanicals, biopesticides and insecticide molecules against ear head bug, Leptocorisa acuta (Thunberg) in paddy and their effect on yield. J Expt Zool India 18 (2): 943-946.
Gopi GK, Meenakumari K, Nysanth N, Subha P. 2019. An optimized standard liquid carrier formulation for extended shelf-life of plant growth promoting bacteria. Rhizosphere 11: 1-4.
Grdiša M, Grši? K. 2013. Botanical insecticides in plant protection. Agriculturae Conspectus Scientificus 78 (2): 85-93.
Hastuti RD, Lestari Y, Suwanto A, Saraswati R. 2012. Endophytic Streptomyces spp. as biocontrol agents of rice bacterial leaf blight pathogen (Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae). Hayati J Biosci 19 (4): 155-162.
Hazra K, Swain D, Bohra A, Singh S, Kumar N et al. 2018. Organic rice: potential production strategies, challenges and prospects. Org Agric 8 (1): 39-56.
Hegde S, Yenagi N, Kasturiba B. 2013. Indigenous knowledge of the traditional and qualified ayurveda practitioners on the nutritional significance and use of red rice in medications. Indin J Tradit Knowl 12 (3): 506-511.
Herrmann L, Lesueur D. 2013. Challenges of formulation and quality of biofertilizers for successful inoculation. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 97 (20): 8859-8873.
Hikal WM, Baeshen RS, Said-Al Ahl HAH. 2017. Botanical insecticide as simple extractives for pest control. Cogent Biol 3 (1): 1-16.
Huang S, Wang L, Liu L, Fu Q, Zhu D. 2014. Nonchemical pest control in China rice: a review. Agron Sustain Dev 34 (2): 275-291.
Iram N, Arshad M, Akhter N. 2013. Evaluation of botanical and synthetic insecticide for the control of Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). Bio Assay 8 (3): 1-10.
Islam MS, Das S, Islam KS, Rahman A, Huda MN et al. 2013. Evaluation of different insecticides and botanical extracts against yellow stem borer, Scirpophaga incertulas in rice field. Int J Biosci 3 (10): 117-125.
Isman MB. 2020. Botanical insecticides in the twenty-first century—fulfilling their promise ?. Annu Rev Entomol 65: 233-249.
Isman MB, Grieneisen ML. 2014. Botanical insecticide research: many publications, limited useful data. Trends Plant Sci 9 (3): 140-145.
Jha CK, Saraf M. 2015. Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR): a review. J Agric Res Dev 5 (2): 108-119.
Jha PN, Gupta G, Jha P, Mehrotra R. 2013. Association of rhizospheric/endophytic bacteria with plants: a potential gateway to sustainable agriculture. Greener J Agric Sci 3 (2): 73-84.
Jitrawang P, Krairit D. 2019. Factors influencing purchase intention of organic rice in Thailand. J Food Prod Mark 25 (8): 805-828.
Kedia A, Prakash B, Mishra PK, Singh P, Dubey NK. 2015. Botanicals as eco friendly biorational alternatives of synthetic pesticides against Callosobruchus spp.(Coleoptera: Bruchidae)—a review. J Food Sci Technol 52 (3): 1239-1257.
Khater HF. 2012. Prospects of botanical biopesticides in insect pest management. Pharmacologia 3 (12): 641-656.
Krapp A. 2015. Plant nitrogen assimilation and its regulation: a complex puzzle with missing pieces. Curr Opin Plant Biol 25: 115-122.
Kumar LR, Ndao A, Valéro J, Tyagi RD. 2019. Production of Bacillus thuringiensis based biopesticide formulation using starch industry wastewater (SIW) as substrate: a techno-economic evaluation. Bioresource Technol 294: 1-9.
Lakshmanan P, Kumar SM, Velusamy R. 1992. Role of earhead bug (Leptocorisa acuta) feeding on sheath rot disease caused by Sarocladium oryzae in Oryza sativa in India. Phytoparasitica 20 (2): 107-112.
Lengai GM, Muthomi JW, Mbega ER. 2020. Phytochemical activity and role of botanical pesticides in pest management for sustainable agricultural crop production. Sci Afr 7: 1-30.
Litsinger J, Barrion A, Canapi B, Libetario E, Pantua P et al. 2015. Leptocorisa rice seed bugs (Hemiptera: Alydidae) in Asia: a review. Philipp Entomol 29 (1): 1-103.
Maheswar NU, Sathiyavani G. 2012. Solubilization of phosphate by Bacillus Sps, from groundnut rhizosphere (Arachis hypogaea L). J Chem Pharm Res 4 (8): 4007-4011.
Mandanayake M, Amarakon A, Sirisena U, Hemachandra K, Wilson MR et al. 2014. Occurrence of Leptocorisa acuta (Thunberg) (Hemiptera: Alydidae) in Sri Lanka. Ann Sri Lanka Dept Agric 16: 323-326.
Mpumi N, Mtei KM, Machunda RL, Ndakidemi PA. 2016. The toxicity, persistence and mode of actions of selected botanical pesticides in Africa against insect pests in common beans, P. vulgaris: a review. Am J Plant Sci 7: 138-151.
Niu Y, Gao B, Slavin M, Zhang X, Yang F et al. 2013. Phytochemical compositions, and antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of twenty-two red rice samples grown in Zhejiang. LWT-Food Sci Technol 54 (2): 521-527.
Panpatte D, Shelat H, Jhala Y, Vyas R. 2021. Fortified bacterial consortium–a novel approach to control root knot nematode in cucumber (Cucumis sativum). Biol Control. 15 (2021): 104528.
Pavela R. 2016. History, presence and perspective of using plant extracts as commercial botanical insecticides and farm products for protection against insects–a review. Plant Prot Sc 52 (4): 229-241.
Pradana AP, Munif A, Supramana S. 2020. Formulasi konsorsium bakteri endofit untuk menekan infeksi nematoda puru akar Meloidogyne incognita pada tomat. Techno: J Penelit 9 (2): 390-400.
Prasertwattanakul Y, Ongkunaruk P. 2018. The analysis of a vertically integrated organic rice company: a case study in Thailand. Int Food Res J 25 (2): 481-486.
Putri D, Munif A, Mutaqin KH. 2016. Lama penyimpanan, karakterisasi fisiologi, dan viabilitas bakteri endofit Bacillus sp. dalam formula tepung. Jurnal Fitopatol Indonesia 12 (1): 19-26.
Raghothama K. 2000. Phosphate transport and signaling. Curr Opin Plant Biol 3 (3): 182-187.
Rahman S, Biswas SK, Barman NC, Ferdous T. 2016. Plant extract as selective pesticide for integrated pest management. Biotechnol Res 2 (1): 6-10.
Rioba NB, Stevenson PC. 2017. Ageratum conyzoides L. for the management of pests and diseases by small holder farmers. Ind Crops Prod 110: 22-29.
Singh A, Singh A, Singh S, Rai S, Kumar D. 2016. Impact of addition of biochar along with PGPR on rice yield, availability of nutrients and their uptake in alluvial soil. J Pure Appl Microbiol 10 (3): 2181-2188.
Singh BB, Singh R. 2014. Major rice insect pests in Northeastern UP. Int J Life Sci Biotechnol Pharm Res 1 (3): 124-143.
Stewart EJ. 2012. Growing unculturable bacteria. J Bacteriol 194 (16): 4151-4160.
Sukristiyonubowo R, Wiwik H, Sofyan A, Benito H, Neve SD. 2011. Change from conventional to organic rice farming system: biophysical and socioeconomic reasons. Int Res J Agric Sci Soil Sci 1 (5): 172-182.
Thorburn C. 2015. The rise and demise of integrated pest management in rice in Indonesia. Insects 6 (2): 381-408.
Wang M, Shen Q, Xu G, Guo S. 2014. New insight into the strategy for nitrogen metabolism in plant cells. Int Rev Cell Mol Biol 310: 1-37.
Zhang H, Song Z-J, Chen W-Q, Wu X-Z, Xu H-H. 2012. Chemical constituents from Aglaia odorata Lour. Biochem Syst Ecol 41: 35-40.
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