Effectiveness of green betel leaf and lime extract against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli
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Abstract. Gloria RY, Yuliyani R, Asror MMS. 2021. Effectiveness of green betel leaf and lime extract against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Biodiversitas 22: 3452-3457. Indonesian society utilizes biodiversity as source of medicinal herbs. Betel leaf and lime are included in traditional Indonesian medicinal plants that have antibacterial and antioxidant properties. One of the benefits of herbal medicinal plants of betel leaf and lime is that it can be used as a natural hand sanitizer. The purpose of this study was to test the effectiveness of naturally made hand sanitizer against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli by the combination of green betel leaf extract and lime extract. The experiment was performed by the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. Results showed that a combination of 50% betel leaf extract and 50% lime extract inhibited the growth of S. aureus whereas, 75% betel leaf extract and 100% lime extract exhibited strong inhibition than 70% alcohol.
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References
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DeLeo, FR, Otto, M., Kreiswirth, BN, & Chambers, HF 2010. Community-associated meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. The Lancet , 375 (9725) : 1557-1568.
Deurenberg, RH, & Stobberingh, EE 2008. The evolution of Staphylococcus aureus. Infection, genetics and evolution, 8 (6) : 747-763.
Diana, AR, Hendrarini, L., & Narto, N. 2013. Dissemination by a Little Doctor on the Use of Hand Sanitizers in the Form of Gel and Spray to Reduce Hand Germs in Demakijo I Elementary School Students in Gamping, Sleman, Yogyakarta. Sanitation: Journal of Environmental Health, 4 (3): 129-135. [Indonesian]
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Prastiwi , SS & Ferry F. 2017 . Review of Content and Pharmacological Activities of Lime (Citrus aurantifolia s.). Farmacia Journal, 15 (2) : 1-8. [Indonesian]
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Sari, R., & Isadiartuti, D. 2006. Study on the effectiveness of hand antiseptic gel preparation for betel leaf extract ( Piper betle Linn.). Indonesian Pharmacy Magazine, 17 (4): 163-169. [Indonesian]
Sarwono, B. 2001. Efficacy And Benefits Of Lime. Depok: Agromedia Pustaka. [Indonesian]
Seo, KS, & Bohach, GA 2012. Staphylococcus aureus. Food microbiology: Fundamentals and frontiers, 547-573.
Taylor, TA, & Unakal, CG 2017. Staphylococcus aureus.
Tong, SY, Davis, JS, Eichenberger, E., Holland, TL, & Fowler, VG 2015. Staphylococcus aureus infections: epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, and management. Clinical microbiology reviews, 28 (3): 603-661.
Wang, P., Robert, L., Pelletier, J., Dang, WL, Taddei, F., Wright, A., & Jun, S. 2010. Robust growth of Escherichia coli . Current Biology , 20 (12) : 1099-1103.
Zalukhu, ML, Phyma, AR, & Pinzon, RT 2016. Aging Process, Oxidative Stress, and the Role of Anti-oxidants. Mirror of the World of Medicine, 43 (10) : 733-736. [Indonesian]
Zein, U., Sagala, KH, & Ginting, J. 2004. Acute diarrhea is caused by bacteria. Medan: Journal of e-USU Repository. [Indonesian]
Bustanussalam, B., Apriasi, D., Suhardi, E., & Jaenudin, D. 2015. Antibacterial Effectiveness of Betel Leaf Extract ( Piper betle Linn) Against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923. Fitofarmaka: Pharmaceutical Scientific Journal, 5 (2): 58 -64. [Indonesian]
Candrasari, A., Romas, MA, & Astuti, OR 2011. Antimicrobial Power Test of Red Betel Leaf Ethanol Extract ( Piper Crocatum Ruiz & Pav.) Against Growth of Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538, Escherichia Coli ATCC 11229, and Candida albicans ATCC 10231 In Vitro. Biomedics, 4 (1). [Indonesian]
Carolina, N. , & Noventi , W . 2016. Potential of Green Betel Leaf Extract (Piper betle L.) as an Alternative Therapy for Acne vulgaris. Journal of Majority, 5 (1): 140-145. [Indonesian]
Chambers, HF 2001. The changing epidemiology of Staphylococcus aureus ?. Emerging infectious diseases, 7 (2): 178.
DeLeo, FR, Otto, M., Kreiswirth, BN, & Chambers, HF 2010. Community-associated meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. The Lancet , 375 (9725) : 1557-1568.
Deurenberg, RH, & Stobberingh, EE 2008. The evolution of Staphylococcus aureus. Infection, genetics and evolution, 8 (6) : 747-763.
Diana, AR, Hendrarini, L., & Narto, N. 2013. Dissemination by a Little Doctor on the Use of Hand Sanitizers in the Form of Gel and Spray to Reduce Hand Germs in Demakijo I Elementary School Students in Gamping, Sleman, Yogyakarta. Sanitation: Journal of Environmental Health, 4 (3): 129-135. [Indonesian]
Dinges, MM, Orwin, PM, & Schlievert, PM 2000. Exotoxins of Staphylococcus aureus. Clinical microbiology reviews , 13 (1) : 16-34.
Wahyudi, RD 2012. The Differences in Antibacterial Activity between Red Piper Bettle Extract (Piper crocatum ) and Green Piper Bettle Extract (Piper bettle L.) Against Porphyromonas gingivalis . Stomatognatic Journal , 10 (1): 1-5. [Indonesian]
Fahdi, F. 2018. Antibacterial Activity Test of Betel Leaf Extract (Piper bettle L.) on the growth of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli bacteria . Journal of Public Health Community. [Indonesian]
Febriani , E., Falah , S., Andrianto , D., & Lastini , T. 2018. Identification of active compounds and anti-acne activity from extracts and fractions of surian (Toona sinensis) leaves planted in Sumedang, West Java, Indonesia . Biodiversity Journal of Biological Diversity , 19 (4), 1406-1412. [Indonesian]
Fitri, L., & Bustam, BM 2010. Screening of antimicrobial producing strains isolated from the soil of grassland rhizosphere in Pocut Meurah Intan Forest Park, Seulawah, Aceh Besar. Biodiversity Journal of Biological Diversity, 11 (3) : 129-132. [Indonesian]
Foster, TJ, & Geoghegan, JA 2015. Staphylococcus aureus. Molecular Medical Microbiology, 655-674.
Gomes, TA, Elias, WP, Scaletsky, IC, Guth, BE, Rodrigues, JF, Piazza, RM, & Martinez, MB 2016. Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli. Brazilian Journal of Microbiology, 47 : 3-30.
Manalu, NY, & Sinaga, MS 2013. Green and red betel leaf extract as antioxidants in coconut oil. USU Journal of Chemical Engineering, 2 (1) : 37-43. [Indonesian]
Hudzicki, J. 2009. Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion susceptibility test protocol.
Kaper, JB, Nataro, JP, & Mobley, HL 2004. Pathogenic Escherichia coli. Nature reviews Microbiology , 2 (2) : 123-140.
Kursia, S., Lebang, JS, & Nursamsiar, N. 2016. Antibacterial Activity Test of Green Betel Leaf Ethylacetate Extract ( Piper betle L.) against Staphylococcus epidermidis Bacteria. Indonesian Journal of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, 3 (2) : 72-77. [Indonesian]
Kusmiyati, K., & Agustini, NWS 2007. Antibacterial activity assay from Porphyridium cruentum microalgae. Biodiversity Journal of Biological Diversity, 8 (1). [Indonesian]
Kusuma, MS, Susilorini, TE, & Surjowardojo, P. 2 017. Effect of duration and storage temperature of green betel leaf extract (Piper betle linn) with distilled water on the inhibition of Streptococcus agalactiae bacteria causing mastitis in dairy cows. TERNAK TROPIKA Journal of Tropical Animal Production, 18 (2): 14-21. [Indonesian]
Lauma, SW (2014). Test the effectiveness of lime juice extract (Citrus aurantifolia s) on the growth of S. Staphylococcus aureus bacteria in vitro. Pharmacon, 4 (4). [Indonesian]
Lowy, FD 1998. Staphylococcus aureus Infections. New England Journal of Medicine, 339 (8): 520-32.
Lubis, NH. 2015. Hygiene Sanitation for Food Processing and examination of Escherichia coli on Pecel Sold at Pasar Petisah in 2015. Thesis. Medan: University of North Sumatra. [Indonesian]
Meng, J., LeJeune, JT, Zhao, T., & Doyle, MP 2012. Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli. Food microbiology: Fundamentals and frontiers, 287-309.
Neldawati, N. 2013. Analysis of the absorbance value in determining the levels of flavonoids for various types of medicinal plant leaves. Pillar of Physics, 2 (1). [Indonesian]
Parwata, IMOA, Rita, WS, & Yoga, R. 2009. Isolation and free antiradical test of essential oil on betel leaf (Piper betle Linn) using ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy. Journal of Chemistry. [Indonesian]
Prastiwi , SS & Ferry F. 2017 . Review of Content and Pharmacological Activities of Lime (Citrus aurantifolia s.). Farmacia Journal, 15 (2) : 1-8. [Indonesian]
Puspita, W., & Hairunnisa, PDA 2020. In Vitro Antibacterial Activity of Lime Fruit Juice ( Citrus aurentifolia ) on Staphylococcus aereus bacteria. Weni Puspita, Pharmaco Bahari Scientific Journal, 11 (1): 38-45. [Indonesian]
Rivai, H., Nanda, PE, & Fadhilah, H. 2017. Preparation and characterization of dry extract of green betel leaf (Piper betle L.). Higea Journal of Pharmacy, 6 (2) : 133-144. [Indonesian]
Sari, R., & Isadiartuti, D. 2006. Study on the effectiveness of hand antiseptic gel preparation for betel leaf extract ( Piper betle Linn.). Indonesian Pharmacy Magazine, 17 (4): 163-169. [Indonesian]
Sarwono, B. 2001. Efficacy And Benefits Of Lime. Depok: Agromedia Pustaka. [Indonesian]
Seo, KS, & Bohach, GA 2012. Staphylococcus aureus. Food microbiology: Fundamentals and frontiers, 547-573.
Taylor, TA, & Unakal, CG 2017. Staphylococcus aureus.
Tong, SY, Davis, JS, Eichenberger, E., Holland, TL, & Fowler, VG 2015. Staphylococcus aureus infections: epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, and management. Clinical microbiology reviews, 28 (3): 603-661.
Wang, P., Robert, L., Pelletier, J., Dang, WL, Taddei, F., Wright, A., & Jun, S. 2010. Robust growth of Escherichia coli . Current Biology , 20 (12) : 1099-1103.
Zalukhu, ML, Phyma, AR, & Pinzon, RT 2016. Aging Process, Oxidative Stress, and the Role of Anti-oxidants. Mirror of the World of Medicine, 43 (10) : 733-736. [Indonesian]
Zein, U., Sagala, KH, & Ginting, J. 2004. Acute diarrhea is caused by bacteria. Medan: Journal of e-USU Repository. [Indonesian]