Dietary habits of fishing cats in a human-dominated wetland in Coastal Thailand
##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.sidebar##
Issue
Section
Articles
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.main##
Abstract
Abstract. Wongson T, Khaewphakdee S, Mongkonsin W, Serieys LEK, Wong W-M, Yindee M, Pattanarangsan R, Suksavate W, Promkuntod P, Klakhaeng C, Sukmasuang R. 2024. Dietary habits of fishing cats in a human-dominated wetland in Coastal Thailand. Biodiversitas 25: 2788-2797. Fishing cats, intimately connected to wetland habitats, face an escalating threat from human activities and environmental change. With its significant findings, this study offers a comprehensive insight into the dietary habits of fishing cats in a human-dominated wetland in coastal Thailand. By examining the scats of 192 fishing cats (Prionailurus viverrinus Bennett 1833) and the remains of 328 prey items, we detailed the fishing cat's diet and assessed its seasonality. Consequently, we identified 16 prey species consumed by fishing cats during the study period. The primary prey was fish, followed by rodents, birds, Indo-Chinese rat snakes (Ptyas korros (Hermann Schlegel 1837)), insects, crabs, and snails. The most crucial prey was the climbing perch (Anabas testudineus Bloch 1792) (n=69), followed by bandicoot rats (Bandicota indica Bechstein, 1800) (n=54), domestic chicken (Gallus gallus Linnaeus 1758) (n=48), and snakehead murrel (Channa striata Bloch 1793) (n=38). The niche breadth index indicated the highest specialization during the summer, while the dietary diversity index was 0.44, 0.52, and 0.38 during the summer, rainy, and winter seasons, respectively. Seasonal variations in dietary composition were not statistically significant. The niche overlap index was 0.95 between the summer and the rainy season, 0.91 between the rainy season and winter, and 0.87 between the summer and winter. These findings, with their direct implications for the conservation of fishing cats, highlight the urgent need for effective land-use management in species preservation.
##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.details##
References
Adhya T. 2011. Status survey of fishing cats (Prionailurus viverrinus) in Howrah and Hooghly, West Bengal. Intermediate
Report, Small Grants Program. World Wide Fund (WWF), India. www.awsassets.wwfindia.org/downloads/status_survey_of_fishing_cats.pdf.
Ali A, Waseem M, Teng M, Ali S, Ishaq M, Haseeb A, Aryal A, Zhou Z. 2018. Human–Asiatic black bear (Ursus thibetanus) interactions in the Kaghan Valley, Pakistan. Ethol Ecol Evol 30: 399-415. DOI:10.1080/03949370.2017.1423113.
Alikhani S, Nummi P, Ojala A. 2021. Urban wetlands: a review on ecological and cultural values. Water 13(22):3301. DOI: 10.3390/w13223301.
Aplin K, Lunde D, Molur S. 2016. Bandicota indica (errata version published in 2017). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T2541A115062578. DOI: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T2541A22447469.en
Bobadilla SY, Dacar MA, Jaksic FM, Ojeda RA, Cuevas MF. 2022. Spatial and trophic niche of an assemblage of native and non-native herbivores of arid Argentina. J Mammal 103:1–12. DOI: 10.1093/jmammal/gyab171
Chapron G, Kaczensky P, Linnell JD, Von Arx M, Huber D, Andrén H. et al. 2014. Recovery of large carnivores in Europe’s modern human-dominated landscapes. Science 346(6216): 1517-1519. DOI: 10.1126/science.1257553
Charaspet K, Sukmasuang R, Khoewsree N, Pla-ard M, Chanachai Y. 2020. Prey species and prey selection of dholes at three different sites in Thailand. Biodiversitas 21: 5248-5262. DOI:10.13057/biodiv/d211128
Chowdhury SU, Chowdhury AR, Ahmed SAKIB, Muzaffar SB. 2015. Human-fishing cat conflicts and conservation needs of fishing cats in Bangladesh. Cat News 62: 4-7. www.catsg.org/fileadmin/filesharing/5.Cat_News/5.2._Archive/5.2.21_Cat_News_Nr_62/CN62_Chowdhury_et_al_2015_SOM_F1-F3.pdf.
Chutipong W, Kamjing A, Klinsawat W, Ngoprasert D, Phosri K, Sukumal N, Wongtung P, Tantipisanuh N. 2019. An update on the status of fishing cat Prionailurus viverrinus Bennett, 1833 (Carnivora: Felidae) in Thailand. J Threat Taxa 11: 13459-13469. DOI:10.11609/jott.4557.11.4.13459-13469.
Colwell R. 2006. EstimateS: Statistical Estimation of Species Richness and Shared Species from Samples. Version 8.0. www.robertkcolwell.org/pages/1407.
Cromie RL, Lee R, Delahay RJ, Newth JL, O’Brien MF, Fairlamb HA, Reeves JP, Stroud DA. 2012. Ramsar Wetland Disease Manual: Guidelines for Assessment, Monitoring and Management of Animal Disease in Wetlands. Ramsar Technical Report No. 7. Ramsar Convention Secretariat, Gland, Switzerland. www.ramsar.org/sites/default/files/documents/library/rtr7-disease.pdf.
Cutter, P. 2015. Fishing Cat Ecology: Food Habits, Home Ranges, Habitat Use and Mortality in a Human-Dominated Landscape around Khao Sam Roi Yot, Peninsular Thailand. The University of Minnesota Digital Conservancy, www.hdl.handle.net/11299/174755.
De Barba M, Waits LP, Genovesi P, Randi E, Chirichella R, Cetto E. 2010. Comparing opportunistic and systematic sampling methods for non-invasive genetic monitoring of a small translocated brown bear population. J Appl Ecol 47: 172–181. DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2664.2009.01752.x.
Department of National Parks, Wildlife and Plant Conservation (DNP). 2015. Khao Sam Roi Yot National Park. www.portal.dnp.go.th/Content/-nationalpark? contentId=1016.
Dou X, Guo H, Zhang L, Liang D, Zhu Q, Liu X, Zhou H, Lv Z, Liu Y, Gou Y, Wang Z 2023. Dynamic landscapes and the influence of human activities in the Yellow River Delta wetland region. Sci Total Environ 899: 166239. DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166239.
Dove CJ, Koch SL. 2011. Microscopy of Feathers: A Practical Guide for Forensic Feather Identification. JASTEE 1(1). www.astee.s3.amazonaws.com/403867_JASTEE_2010_1-1_Dove.pdf.
Eva AN, Suzuki A, Numata S. 2022. Spatiotemporal patterns of human–carnivore encounters in a seasonally changing landscape: A case study of the fishing cat in Hakaluki Haor, Bangladesh. Conservation 2(3):402-413. DOI: 10.3390/conservation2030027.
Ferreira CSS, Kašanin-Grubin M; Solomun MK, Sushkova S, Minkina T, Zhao W, Kalantari Z. 2023. Wetlands as nature-based solutions for water management in different environments. Curr Opin Environ Sci Health 33: 100476. DOI: 10.1016/j.coesh.2023.100476.
Ganguly D, Adhya T. 2022. How fishing cats Prionailurus viverrinus Bennett, 1833 fish: describing a felid’s strategy to hunt aquatic prey. Mammalia 86: 182-189. DOI: 10.1515/mammalia-2020-0133.
Grossman GD. 1986. Food resources partitioning in a rocky intertidal fish assemblage. J Zool 1: 317355. DOI:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1986.tb00642.x.
Hammer DA, Bastian RK. 2020. Wetlands ecosystems: natural water purifiers? In Constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment, p. 5-19. DOI: 10.1201/9781003069850-3.
Henschel P, Hunter LTB, Coad L, Abernethy KA, Mühlenberg M. 2011. Leopard prey choice in the Congo Basin rainforest suggests exploitative competition with human bush meat hunters. J Zool 285(1):11–20. DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7998.2011.00826.x.
Hurlbert SH. 1978. The measurement of niche overlap and some relatives. Ecology 59: 67–77. DOI: 10.2307/1936632.
IUCN. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016. www.iucnredlist.org/species/18150/50662615
Johnson A, Goodrich J, Hansel T, Rasphone A, Saypanya S, Vongkhamheng C, Venevongphet, Strindberg S. 2016. To protect or neglect? Design, monitoring, and evaluation of a law enforcement strategy to recover small populations of wild tigers and their prey. Biol Conserv 202: 99-109. DOI: 10.1016/j.biocon.2016.08.018.
Kagueyama FC, Maruyama FH, Pitchenin LC, Nakazato L, Dutra V. 2022. Molecular detection of Brucella abortus in wild and captive felids. Braz J Infect Dis 26: 102351. DOI: 10.1016/j.bjid.2022.102351.
Kale V, Kumar R. 2021. Forensic Identification of Birds from Feathers Using Hue and Saturation Histogram. In: Santosh, K.C., Gawali, B. (eds) Recent Trends in Image Processing and Pattern Recognition. RTIP2R 2020. Communications in Computer and Information Science, vol 1381. Springer, Singapore. DOI: 10.1007/978-981-16-0493-5_17.
Kamler JF, Inthapanya X, Rasphone A, Bousa A, Vongkhamheng C, Johnson A, Macdonald DW. 2020. Diet, prey selection, and activity of Asian golden cats and leopard cats in northern Laos. J Mammal 101(5): 1267-1278. DOI:10.1093/jmammal/gyaa113.
Khadka B. 2023. Diet of fishing cat (Prionailurus viverrinus) in Koshi Tappu wildlife reserve, eastern lowland Nepal. Doctoral dissertation, Department of Zoology.
Kolipaka S, Srivastava DP, Shantanu P, Rust NA 2019. Fishing cat conservation in human-dominated landscapes in West Bengal, India. CATnews 69: 21-24. www.Fishing_cat_conservation_in_human-dominated_landscapes_in_West_Bengal_India.
Konopi?ski MK. 2020. Shannon diversity index: a call to replace the original Shannon's formula with unbiased estimator in the population genetics studies. PeerJ. 8:e9391. DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9391.
Kuijper BL, Wang AL, Goodrich RV. 2023. Effects of human encroachment on wetlands: a case of boreal shield, Canada. J Agric 7(1): 12 -21. DOI: 10.53819/81018102t5173.
Lee O, Lee S, Nam D, Lee HY. 2014. Food habits of the leopard cat (Prionailurus bengalensis euptilurus) in Korea. Mammal Study 39(1): 43-46. DOI: 10.3106/041.039.0107.
Leighton G, Bishop J, Broadfield J, Johnson J, Avery G, Avery DM, Orian MJ, Serieys LEK. 2020. An integrated dietary assessment reveals limited urban prey use by caracals (Caracal caracal) in Cape Town, South Africa. Urban Ecosyst 23: 569-583. DOI: 10.1007/s11252-020-00946-y.
Lekakul B, Round PD. 1991. A Guide to the Birds of Thailand. Saha Karn Bhaet Co. Ltd. Bangkok.
Liao R, Jin Z, Chen M, Li S. 2020. An integrated approach for enhancing the overall performance of constructed wetlands in urban areas. Water Res 187: 116443. DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.116443.
Malla G, Ray P, Yellapu S, Malla S, Hayward M, Reddy B, Kuppusamy S. 2023. Fish on the platter! Investigating the dietary habits of fishing cats (Prionailurus viverrinus) in the Godavari Delta, India. bioRxiv 1-29. DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.29.551074.
Maltby E. 2022. The wetlands paradigm shift in response to changing societal priorities: a reflective review. Land 11(9):1526. DOI: 10.3390/land11091526.
Mishra R, de Iongh HH, Leirs H, Lamichhane BR, Subedi N, Kolipaka SS. 2022. Fishing cat Prionailurus viverrinus distribution and habitat suitability in Nepal. Ecol Evol 12(4): e8857 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.8857.
Mishra R, Gautam B, Kaspal P, Shah SK. 2021. Population status and threats to fishing cat Prionailurus viverrinus (Bennett, 1833) in Koshi Tappu Wildlife Reserve, Eastern Nepal. NJZ 5(1): 13-21. DOI: 10.3126/njz.v5i1.38284.
Mukherjee S, Appel A, Duckworth JW, Sanderson J, Dahal S, Willcox DHA, Herranz Muñoz V, Malla G, Ratnayaka A, Kantimahanti M, Thudugala A, Thaung R, Rahman H. 2016. Prionailurus viverrinus IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. DOI:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T18150A50662615.en.
Murray NJ, Phinn SR, DeWitt M, Ferrari R, Johnston R, Lyons MB, Clinton N, Thau D, Fuller RA. 2019. The global distribution and trajectory of tidal flats. Nature 565: 222-225. DOI: 10.1038/s41586-018-0805-8.
Novakowski GC, Hahn NS and Fugi R. 2008. Diet seasonality and food overlap of the fish assemblage in a pantanal pond. Neotropical Ichthyology, 6: 567576. DOI: 10.1590/S1679-62252008000400004.
Parr JWK, Laothong P, Ruangsree G. 1993. A Survey of the White-winged Wood Duck in Thailand. Slimbridge, Glos, UK.
Parsons MA, Bridges AS, Biteman DS, Garcelon DK. 2019. Precipitation and prey abundance influence food habits of an invasive carnivore. Animal Conserv. 23(1): 60-71. DOI: 10.1111/acv.12510.
Parvez MT, Mohsin AJJoF. 2022. Expansion of aquaculture threatens the existence of wetlands in Bangladesh. J Fish 10(2): 102208. DOI:10.17017/j.fish.449.
Phosri K, Tantipisanuh N, Chutipong W, Gore ML, Giordano AJ, Ngoprasert D. 2021. Fishing cats in an anthropogenic landscape: A multi-method assessment of local population status and threats. Glob Ecol Conserv 27: e01615. DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2021.e01615.
Piewbang C, Wardhani SW, Chanseanroj J, Yostawonkul J, Boonrungsiman S, Saengkrit N, Kongmakee P, Banlunara W, Poovorawan Y, Kasantikul T, Techangamsuwan S. 2021. Natural infection of parvovirus in wild fishing cats (Prionailurus viverrinus) reveals extant viral localization in kidneys. PLoS One. 16(3):e0247266. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0247266.
Rana D, Samad I, Rastogi S. 2022. To a charismatic rescue: designing a blueprint to steer fishing cat conservation for safeguarding Indian wetlands. J Nat Conserv 68: 126225. DOI: 10.1016/j.jnc.2022.126225.
Ramsar Sites Information Service (RSIS) 2015. Khao Sam Roi Yot Wetland, Thailand. www.rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/TH2238RIS_1508_en.pdf.
Ratnayaka AA, Serieys LE, Hangawatte TA, Leung LK, Fisher DO. 2023. Plastic ingestion by fishing cats suggests trophic transfer in urban wetlands. Environ Pollut 316: 120694. DOI:10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120694.
Ren C, Wang Z, Zhang Y, Zhang B, Chen L, Xi Y, Xiao X, Doughty RB, Liu M, Jia M, Mao D, Song K. 2019. Rapid expansion of coastal aquaculture ponds in China from Landsat observations during 1984–2016. Int J Appl Earth Obs Geoinf 82: 101902. DOI:10.1016/j.jag.2019.101902.
Rzymski P. 2023. Avian influenza outbreaks in domestic cats: another reason to consider slaughter-free cell-cultured poultry? Front Microbiol 14:1283361. DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1283361.
Sá-Oliveira JC, Angelini R, Isaac-Nahum VJ. 2014. Diet and niche breadth and overlap in fish communities within the area affected by an Amazonian reservoir (Amapá, Brazil) An Acad Bras Cienc (2014) 86 (1). 383-405. DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765201420130053.
Sasmito SD, Sillanpää M, Hayes MA, Bachri S, Saragi?Sasmito MF, Sidik F, Hanggara BB, Mofu WY, Rumbiak VI, Hendri Taberima S, Suhaemi Nugroho JD, Pattiasina TF, Widagti N, Barakalla Rahajoe JS, Hartantri H, Nikijuluw V, Jowey RN, Heatubun CD, Ermgassen P, Worthington TA, Howard J, Lovelovk CE, Friess DA, Hutley LB, Murdiyarso D. 2020. Mangrove blue carbon stocks and dynamics are controlled by hydrogeomorphic settings and land?use change. Glob Change Biol 26(5): 3028-3039. DOI:10.1111/gcb.15056.
Souza FC, Azevedo FCC. 2021. Hair as a tool for identification of predators and prey: a study based on scats of jaguars (Panthera onca) and pumas (Puma concolor) Biota Neotrop 21 (1): DOI: 10.1590/1676-0611-BN-2020-1044.
Sunquist M, F. Sunquist. 2017. Wild Cats of the World. University of Chicago Press. www.press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/W/bo3643502.html.
Thai Meteorological Department Automatic Weather System. 2023. Precipitation (mm) Prachuap Khiri Khan Province. www.aws-observation.tmd.go.th/web/climate/climate_past.asp.
Thaung R, Herranz Muñoz V, Holden J, Willcox D, Souter NJ. 2018. The Vulnerable fishing cat Prionailurus viverrinus and other globally threatened species in Cambodia’s coastal mangroves. Oryx 52(4):636-640. DOI: 10.1017/S0030605317001491.
Tsafack N, Wang X, Xie Y, Fattorini S. 2021. Niche overlap and species co-occurrence patterns in carabid communities of the northern Chinese steppes. In: Spence J, Casale A, Assmann T, Liebherr JK, Penev L (Eds) Systematic Zoology and Biodiversity Science: A tribute to Terry Erwin (1940–2020)ZooKeys 1044: 929–949. DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1044.62478.
Turcios AE, Papenbrock J. 2014. Sustainable treatment of aquaculture effluents—what can we learn from the past for the future? Sustainability 6(2):836-856. DOI: 10.3390/su6020836.
Van Dijk M, Morley T, Rau ML, Saghai Y. 2021. A meta-analysis of projected global food demand and population at risk of hunger for the period 2010–2050. Nat Food 2(7): 494-501. DOI: 10.1038/s43016-021-00322-9.
Vasmatkar M, Zare I, Kumbla P, Pimpalkar S, Sharma A. 2020. Snake Species Identification and Recognition" 2020 IEEE Bombay Section Signature Conference (IBSSC), Mumbai, India, 2020, pp. 1-5, DOI: 10.1109/IBSSC51096.2020.9332218.
Zhang W, Belton B, Edwards P, Henriksson PJ, Little DC, Newton R, Troell M. 2022. Aquaculture will continue to depend more on land than sea. Nature 603: E2-E4. DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-04331-3.
Zhao W, Yu K, Tan S. 2017. Dietary diversity scores: an indicator of micronutrient inadequacy instead of obesity for Chinese children. BMC Public Health 17: 440. DOI: 10.1186/s12889-017-4381-x.
Zhu X, Jiao L, Wu X, Du D, Wu J, Zhang P. 2023. Ecosystem health assessment and comparison of natural and constructed wetlands in the arid zone of northwest China. Ecol Indic 154: 110576. DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolind.2023.110576.
Most read articles by the same author(s)
- MANANYA PLA-ARD, NORASET KHIOESREE, BENCHARONG SUNGKALAK, ANUTTARA NATHALANG, WARISARA THOMAS, SUWIMON UTHAIRATSAMEE, PAANWARIS PAANSRI, YUWALAK CHANACHAI, RONGLARP SUKMASUANG, Population characteristics and habitat suitability of Khao Yai National Park, Thailand for Asian elephant and five ungulate species , Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity: Vol. 23 No. 1 (2022)
- MANANYA PLA-ARD, WIPAVEE HOONHEANG, BUNYATHIPORN KAEWDEE, TARAPON PANGANTA, KHWANRUTAI CHARASPET, NORASET KHOIESRI, PAANWARIS PAANSRI, PEMIKA KANKA, YUWARAK CHANACHAI, JIDAPHA THONGBANTHUM, PHANITSUPHA BANGTHONG, RONGLARP SUKMASUANG, Abundance, diversity and daily activity of terrestrial mammal and bird species in disturbed and undisturbed limestone habitats using camera trapping, Central Thailand , Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity: Vol. 22 No. 8 (2021)
- MANANYA PLA-ARD, NORASET KHIOESREE, BUNYATIPORN KEAWDEE, WIPAVEE HUNGHENG, PATTANAPHON CHATTRAKULDEE, PHANITSUPHA PENGTHONG, JIDAPA THONGBANTHUM, PAANWARIS PAANSRI, KHWANRUTAI CHARASPET, TANAPONE PANGANTA, YUWARAK CHANACHAI, PRATEEP DUENGKAE, DOKRAK MAROD, SUWIMOL UTHAIRASMEE, THARNRAT KAEWKRACHANG, NARIS BHUMPAKPHAN, YONGYUT TRISURAT, WARONG SUKSAVATE, SARAWOOD SUNGKAEW, NANTACHAI PONGPATTANANURAK, PHRUET RACHARAK, DECHA WIWATWITTAYA, WATTANACHAI TASEN, RONGLARP SUKMASUANG, Monitoring of diversity, abundance, activity period and habitat use of wildlife species around the wildlife corridor that connects the natural world heritage site of Thailand , Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity: Vol. 22 No. 11 (2021)
- RONGLARP SUKMASUANG, WARONG SUKSAVATE, NUCHARIN SONGSASEN, NORASET KHIOWSREE, KHWANRUTAI CHARASPET, MANANYA PLA-ARD, YUWALUK CHANACHAI, WARISARA THOMAS, KHANCHIT SRINOPAWAN, Home range, movement and habitat selection of dholes (Cuon alpinus) in Khao Yai National Park, Thailand , Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity: Vol. 21 No. 12 (2020)
- MANANYA PLA-ARD, RONGLARP SUKMASUANG, SUWIMOL UTHAIRASMEE, Some population characteristics and viability of captive Asian elephant (Elephas maximus) in Thailand , Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity: Vol. 23 No. 2 (2022)
- KUSUMA MENKHAM, RONGLARP SUKMASUANG, MANANYA PLA-ARD, KHWANRUTAI CHARASPET, TARAPONE PANGANTA, YUNGYUT TRISURAT, NARIS BHUMPAKPHAN , Population and habitat use of Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) and five ungulate species in Khao Ang Rue Nai Wildlife Sanctuary, Chachoengsao Province, Thailand , Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity: Vol. 20 No. 8 (2019)
- WUTTISAK KUMMOO, JIRAPORN TEAMPANPONG, PANTIYA UTSA, PAANWARIS PAANSRI, WARONG SUKSAVATE, PRATEEP DUENGKAE, SUTIN PROMPAT, Impact of highway on vertebrate roadkill in Nam Nao National Park, Thailand , Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity: Vol. 21 No. 11 (2020)
- RONGLARP SUKMASUANG, KHWANRUTAI CHARASPET, JITTIMA REONTIK, MANANYA PLA-ARD, Temporal overlap of carnivorous mammal community and their prey in Khao Ang Rue Nai Wildlife Sanctuary, Chachoengsao Province, Thailand , Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity: Vol. 21 No. 3 (2020)
- PAANWARIS PAANSRI, SUPALAK SIRI, YUWADEE PONPITHUK, WARONG SUKSAVATE, MONGKOL SAFOOWONG, WIMONMART NUIPAKDEE, PRATEEP DUENGKAE, Short Communication: Sexual dimorphism of Hill Blue Flycatcher (Cyornis banyumas) in Hill Evergreen Forest, Mae Sa-Kog Ma Biosphere Reserve, Chiang Mai Province, Thailand , Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity: Vol. 20 No. 6 (2019)
- YUWADEE PONPITUK, SUPALAK SIRI, MONGKOL SAFOOWONG, WARONG SUKSAVATE, DOKRAK MAROD, PRATEEP DUENGKAE, Temporal variation in the population of bulbuls (Family Pycnonotidae) in lower montane forest, Northern Thailand , Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity: Vol. 21 No. 8 (2020)