Population and habitat use of Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) and five ungulate species in Khao Ang Rue Nai Wildlife Sanctuary, Chachoengsao Province, Thailand
##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.sidebar##
Issue
Section
Articles
##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.main##
Abstract
Abstract. Menkham K, Sukmasuang R, Pla-Ard M, Charaspet K, Panganta T, Trisurat Y, Bhumpakphan N. 2019. Population and habitat use of Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) and five ungulate species in Khao Ang Rue Nai Wildlife Sanctuary, Chachoengsao Province, Thailand. Biodiversitas 20: 2213-2221. This study on the Asian elephant (Elephas maximus) population, habitat use and the diel activity patterns of elephants and five species of large even-toed ungulates was conducted between March 2017 and March 2018 in Khao Ang Rue Nai Wildlife Sanctuary, Chachoengsao Province using intensive camera trapping. Fifty-eight camera traps were deployed, adding up to a total of 4,463 trap nights and revealing 1,760 independent encounters. Six species of mammals were recorded, including the Asian elephant (Elephas maximus) and five species of large even-toed ungulates; the gaur (Bos gaurus), the banteng (Bos javanicus), the sambar deer (Rusa unicolor), the wild boar (Sus scrofa), and the muntjac (Muntiacus muntjak). The abundance analysis reflected that the probability occupancy of the elephant was 0.92 (SE = 0.04); in dry seasons 0.97 (SE = 0.04) and in wet seasons 0.90 (SE = 0.83). The population of elephants within the study site of 87.95 km2 was within 79.51-334.15 individuals. The elephant age classes were identified as adult, sub-adult, juvenile, and calf with percentages of 77.85%, 5.71%, 9.28%, and 7.14%, respectively. The adult male to adult female sex-ratio was 1: 1.39 and the adult female per calf ratio was 1: 0.12. The percentage of the calf to adult female ratio was 9.17%. Maximum Entropy analysis revealed that saltlicks and artificial water sources were the environmental factors that had the most influence on the probability of occurrence of the elephant (all year). We found that the diel activity pattern of the elephants was strongly nocturnal (85% recorded between 18.00-05.59 hours). Temporal overlapping was seen between elephants and gaurs, bantengs and sambar deer in order. Suggestions for area management include improvement of water sources, salt licks, grassland management, and providing education, publicization, and strict control to decrease human activities within the protected area. There also should be continuous studies to monitor the population and the ecology of these species.
##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.details##
References
Arivazhagan, C. and R. Sukumar. 2008. Constructing age structure of Asian elephant populations: a comparison of two field methods of age estimation. Gajah 29: 11-16.
Azlan, M.J. and D.S.K. Sharma. 2006. The diversity and activity patterns of wild felids in a secondary forest in Peninsular Malaysia. Oryx 40: 36-41.
Barnes, J. I. 1996. Changes in the economic use value of elephant in Botswana: the effect of international trade prohibition. Ecological Economics 18(3): 215-230.
Baskaran, N., M. Balasubramanian, S. Swaminathan and A.A. Desai. 2010. Feeding Ecology of the Asian Elephant Elephas maximus Linnaeus in The Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve, Southern India. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 107(1): 3-13.
Bhumpakphan, N. 2006. Wildlife Ecology. Department of Forest Biology, Faculty of Forestry, Kasetsart University. Bangkok.
(in Thai).
Chaiyarat, R., N. Youngpoy and P. Prempree. 2015. Wild Asian elephant Elephas maximus population in Salakpra Wildlife Sanctuary, Thailand. Endang Species Res 29: 95-102.
Department of Forest Biology. 2019. Camera trap raw data at Khao Ang Rue Nai Wildlife Sanctuary. Faculty of Forestry, Kasetsart University, Bangkok.
Durant, S. M. 1998. Competition refuges and coexistence: an example from Serengeti carnivores. Journal of Animal Ecology 67:370–386.
Dhungel, S. 1985. Ecology of the hog deer in Royal Chitwan National Park. Ph.D. Dissertation. Univ. Montana.
Faculty of Forestry. 2013. Elephant Conservation and Management Plan. Faculty of Forestry, Kasetsart University. Bangkok. (in Thai).
FAO. 2009. Human-wildlife conflict in Africa conflict in Africa Causes, consequences Causes, consequences and management strategies and management strategies. Available source: http://www.fao.org/3/i1048e/i1048e00.pdf. Download on May 2019.
Fawcett, T. 2006. An introduction to ROC analysis. Pattern Recognition Letters 27: 861-874.
Fernandez-Duran, J. J. 2004. Circular distributions based on nonnegative trigonometric sums. Biometrics 60: 499–503.
Hedges, S., Fisher, K. and Rose, R., 2008. Range-wide mapping workshop for Asian elephants (Elephas maximus), Cambodia, October 2008, Phnom Penh.
MacKenzie, D.I., J.D. Nichols, J.A. Royle, K.H. Pollock, L.L. Bailey, and J.E. Hines. 2006. Occupancy estimation and modeling: inferring patterns and dynamics of species occurrence. Academic Press, Burlington, Massachusetts.
Madhusudan, M.D. 2003. Living amidst large wildlife: livestock and crop depredation by large mammals in the interior villages of Bhadra Tiger Reserve, South India. Environmental Management 31(4): 466–475.
Meredith, M. and M.S. Ridout. 2014. Overlap: estimates of coefficients of overlapping for animal activity patterns. R package version 0.2. 22014.
O’ Brien, T.G., M.F. Kinnaird and H.T. Wibisono. 2003. Crouching tigers, hidden prey: Sumatran tiger and prey populations in a tropical forest landscape. Animal Conservation 6: 131–139.
Kawanishi, K., A. M. Sahak, and M. Sunquist. 1999. Preliminary analysis on abundance of large mammals at Sungai Relau, Taman Negara. Wildlife and Parks (Malaysia) 17: 62–82.
Phillips, S.J. and M. Dudík. 2008. Modeling of species distributions with MaxEnt: New extensions and a comprehensive evaluation. Ecography 31: 161–175.
Pla-ard, M. 2017. Population and Habitat Use of Wild Elephant in Khao Yai National Park. M.E. Thesis, Kasetsart University.
R Development Core Team. 2016. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna.
Ridout, M. S. and M. Linkie. 2009. Estimating overlap of daily activity patterns from camera trap data. Journal of Agricultural, Biological, and Environmental Statistics 14: 322-327.
Rovero, F. and A.R. Marshall. 2009. Camera trapping photographic rate as an index of density in forest ungulates. Journal of Apply Ecology 46: 1011-1017.
Royle, J.A. and J. D. Nichols. 2003. Estimating abundance from repeated presence-absence data or Point counts. Ecology 84:777-790.
Rowcliffe, J. M., and C. Carbone. 2008. Surveys using camera traps: Are we looking to a brighter future?. Animal Conservation 11: 185-186.
Seoraj-Pillai, N. and N. Pillay. 2017. A Meta-Analysis of Human–Wildlife Conflict: South African and Global Perspectives. Sustainability 9 (34): 1-21. doi:10.3390/su9010034
Siripattaranukul, K., N. Bhumpakphan and R. Sukmasuang. 2015. Diversity and abundance of carnivorous mammals in Salak Phra wildlife Sanctuary, Kanchanaburi Province. Journal of Wildlife in Thailand 22: 127-140.
Sukmasuang, R. 2009. Population density of Asian elephants in Huai Kha Khaeng Wildlife Sanctuary. Thai Journal of Forestry 28(1): 40 – 50.
Thai Meteorological Department. 2015. The Climate of Thailand (based on 1951 – 2015). Available source: https://www.tmd.go.th/en/archive/thailand_climate.pdf. Download on 10th June 2019.
Thomas, N. E. G. and C. Phan. 2011. Habitat preferences and activity patterns of the larger mammal community in Phnom Prich Wildlife Sanctuary, Cambodia. The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology. 59 (2): 311-318.
Treves, A. and L. Naughton-Treves. 1999. Risk and opportunity for humans coexisting with large carnivores. Human Evolution 36: 275–282.
Tropical Ecology Assessment and Monitoring Network. 2008.Terrestrial Vertebrate (Camera Trap) Monitoring Protocol Implementation Manual.Tropical Ecology, Assessment and Monitoring Network, Center for Applied Biodiversity Science, Conservation International, Arlington, VA, USA.
Varma, S., N. Baskaran and R. Sukumar. 2012. Field Key for Elephant Population Estimation and Age and Sex Classification. Asian Nature Conservation Foundation, Innovation Centre, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore.
Varma, S., A. Pittet and H.S. Jamadagni. 2006. Experimenting usage of camera-traps for population dynamics study of the Asian elephant Elephas maximus in southern India. Curr Sci 91: 324-331.
Wanghongsa, S. 2004. Elephant Population Survey Manual. Faktong Graphics & Screen, Prachinburi Thailand.
Wanghongsa S, Boonkird S, Boonkird K. 2008. Human-elephant conflicts in Khao Ang Rue Nai Wildlife Sanctuary. Wildlife Yearbook 9:17–32. (in Thai).
Wanghongsa S, Senatham Y, Boonkird K, Saengsen D. 2006. Why do elephant bulls wander outside forest areas of Khao Ang Rue Nai Wildlife Sanctuary? Wildlife Yearbook 7:156–169. (in Thai).
Vinitpornsawan S., K. Bunchornratana, A. Pukhrua and R. Panyawiwatanakul. 2015. Population and Age Structure of Wild Asian Elephants in Eastern Forest Complex. Wildlife Yearbook 15: 89-111. (in Thai).
Wattanaaungkool, N. 2017. A Study of Conflict Management between Wild Elephants and Residents of Pha Wa Subdistrict, Kaeng Hang Maew District, Chanthaburi Province. Independent Study. M.P.A. (Local Government). Chanthaburi: Rambhai Barni Rajabhat University.
Azlan, M.J. and D.S.K. Sharma. 2006. The diversity and activity patterns of wild felids in a secondary forest in Peninsular Malaysia. Oryx 40: 36-41.
Barnes, J. I. 1996. Changes in the economic use value of elephant in Botswana: the effect of international trade prohibition. Ecological Economics 18(3): 215-230.
Baskaran, N., M. Balasubramanian, S. Swaminathan and A.A. Desai. 2010. Feeding Ecology of the Asian Elephant Elephas maximus Linnaeus in The Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve, Southern India. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 107(1): 3-13.
Bhumpakphan, N. 2006. Wildlife Ecology. Department of Forest Biology, Faculty of Forestry, Kasetsart University. Bangkok.
(in Thai).
Chaiyarat, R., N. Youngpoy and P. Prempree. 2015. Wild Asian elephant Elephas maximus population in Salakpra Wildlife Sanctuary, Thailand. Endang Species Res 29: 95-102.
Department of Forest Biology. 2019. Camera trap raw data at Khao Ang Rue Nai Wildlife Sanctuary. Faculty of Forestry, Kasetsart University, Bangkok.
Durant, S. M. 1998. Competition refuges and coexistence: an example from Serengeti carnivores. Journal of Animal Ecology 67:370–386.
Dhungel, S. 1985. Ecology of the hog deer in Royal Chitwan National Park. Ph.D. Dissertation. Univ. Montana.
Faculty of Forestry. 2013. Elephant Conservation and Management Plan. Faculty of Forestry, Kasetsart University. Bangkok. (in Thai).
FAO. 2009. Human-wildlife conflict in Africa conflict in Africa Causes, consequences Causes, consequences and management strategies and management strategies. Available source: http://www.fao.org/3/i1048e/i1048e00.pdf. Download on May 2019.
Fawcett, T. 2006. An introduction to ROC analysis. Pattern Recognition Letters 27: 861-874.
Fernandez-Duran, J. J. 2004. Circular distributions based on nonnegative trigonometric sums. Biometrics 60: 499–503.
Hedges, S., Fisher, K. and Rose, R., 2008. Range-wide mapping workshop for Asian elephants (Elephas maximus), Cambodia, October 2008, Phnom Penh.
MacKenzie, D.I., J.D. Nichols, J.A. Royle, K.H. Pollock, L.L. Bailey, and J.E. Hines. 2006. Occupancy estimation and modeling: inferring patterns and dynamics of species occurrence. Academic Press, Burlington, Massachusetts.
Madhusudan, M.D. 2003. Living amidst large wildlife: livestock and crop depredation by large mammals in the interior villages of Bhadra Tiger Reserve, South India. Environmental Management 31(4): 466–475.
Meredith, M. and M.S. Ridout. 2014. Overlap: estimates of coefficients of overlapping for animal activity patterns. R package version 0.2. 22014.
O’ Brien, T.G., M.F. Kinnaird and H.T. Wibisono. 2003. Crouching tigers, hidden prey: Sumatran tiger and prey populations in a tropical forest landscape. Animal Conservation 6: 131–139.
Kawanishi, K., A. M. Sahak, and M. Sunquist. 1999. Preliminary analysis on abundance of large mammals at Sungai Relau, Taman Negara. Wildlife and Parks (Malaysia) 17: 62–82.
Phillips, S.J. and M. Dudík. 2008. Modeling of species distributions with MaxEnt: New extensions and a comprehensive evaluation. Ecography 31: 161–175.
Pla-ard, M. 2017. Population and Habitat Use of Wild Elephant in Khao Yai National Park. M.E. Thesis, Kasetsart University.
R Development Core Team. 2016. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna.
Ridout, M. S. and M. Linkie. 2009. Estimating overlap of daily activity patterns from camera trap data. Journal of Agricultural, Biological, and Environmental Statistics 14: 322-327.
Rovero, F. and A.R. Marshall. 2009. Camera trapping photographic rate as an index of density in forest ungulates. Journal of Apply Ecology 46: 1011-1017.
Royle, J.A. and J. D. Nichols. 2003. Estimating abundance from repeated presence-absence data or Point counts. Ecology 84:777-790.
Rowcliffe, J. M., and C. Carbone. 2008. Surveys using camera traps: Are we looking to a brighter future?. Animal Conservation 11: 185-186.
Seoraj-Pillai, N. and N. Pillay. 2017. A Meta-Analysis of Human–Wildlife Conflict: South African and Global Perspectives. Sustainability 9 (34): 1-21. doi:10.3390/su9010034
Siripattaranukul, K., N. Bhumpakphan and R. Sukmasuang. 2015. Diversity and abundance of carnivorous mammals in Salak Phra wildlife Sanctuary, Kanchanaburi Province. Journal of Wildlife in Thailand 22: 127-140.
Sukmasuang, R. 2009. Population density of Asian elephants in Huai Kha Khaeng Wildlife Sanctuary. Thai Journal of Forestry 28(1): 40 – 50.
Thai Meteorological Department. 2015. The Climate of Thailand (based on 1951 – 2015). Available source: https://www.tmd.go.th/en/archive/thailand_climate.pdf. Download on 10th June 2019.
Thomas, N. E. G. and C. Phan. 2011. Habitat preferences and activity patterns of the larger mammal community in Phnom Prich Wildlife Sanctuary, Cambodia. The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology. 59 (2): 311-318.
Treves, A. and L. Naughton-Treves. 1999. Risk and opportunity for humans coexisting with large carnivores. Human Evolution 36: 275–282.
Tropical Ecology Assessment and Monitoring Network. 2008.Terrestrial Vertebrate (Camera Trap) Monitoring Protocol Implementation Manual.Tropical Ecology, Assessment and Monitoring Network, Center for Applied Biodiversity Science, Conservation International, Arlington, VA, USA.
Varma, S., N. Baskaran and R. Sukumar. 2012. Field Key for Elephant Population Estimation and Age and Sex Classification. Asian Nature Conservation Foundation, Innovation Centre, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore.
Varma, S., A. Pittet and H.S. Jamadagni. 2006. Experimenting usage of camera-traps for population dynamics study of the Asian elephant Elephas maximus in southern India. Curr Sci 91: 324-331.
Wanghongsa, S. 2004. Elephant Population Survey Manual. Faktong Graphics & Screen, Prachinburi Thailand.
Wanghongsa S, Boonkird S, Boonkird K. 2008. Human-elephant conflicts in Khao Ang Rue Nai Wildlife Sanctuary. Wildlife Yearbook 9:17–32. (in Thai).
Wanghongsa S, Senatham Y, Boonkird K, Saengsen D. 2006. Why do elephant bulls wander outside forest areas of Khao Ang Rue Nai Wildlife Sanctuary? Wildlife Yearbook 7:156–169. (in Thai).
Vinitpornsawan S., K. Bunchornratana, A. Pukhrua and R. Panyawiwatanakul. 2015. Population and Age Structure of Wild Asian Elephants in Eastern Forest Complex. Wildlife Yearbook 15: 89-111. (in Thai).
Wattanaaungkool, N. 2017. A Study of Conflict Management between Wild Elephants and Residents of Pha Wa Subdistrict, Kaeng Hang Maew District, Chanthaburi Province. Independent Study. M.P.A. (Local Government). Chanthaburi: Rambhai Barni Rajabhat University.
Most read articles by the same author(s)
- KHWANRUTAI CHARASPET, RONGLARP SUKMASUANG, NORASET KHOEWSREE, MANANYA PLA-ARD, NUCHARIN SONGSASEN, SAKSIT SIMCHAREON, Movement, home range size and activity pattern of the golden jackal (Canis aureus, Linneaus, 1758) in Huai Kha Khaeng Wildlife Sanctuary, Thailand , Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity: Vol. 20 No. 11 (2019)
- MANANYA PLA-ARD, NORASET KHIOESREE, BENCHARONG SUNGKALAK, ANUTTARA NATHALANG, WARISARA THOMAS, SUWIMON UTHAIRATSAMEE, PAANWARIS PAANSRI, YUWALAK CHANACHAI, RONGLARP SUKMASUANG, Population characteristics and habitat suitability of Khao Yai National Park, Thailand for Asian elephant and five ungulate species , Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity: Vol. 23 No. 1 (2022)
- MANANYA PLA-ARD, WIPAVEE HOONHEANG, BUNYATHIPORN KAEWDEE, TARAPON PANGANTA, KHWANRUTAI CHARASPET, NORASET KHOIESRI, PAANWARIS PAANSRI, PEMIKA KANKA, YUWARAK CHANACHAI, JIDAPHA THONGBANTHUM, PHANITSUPHA BANGTHONG, RONGLARP SUKMASUANG, Abundance, diversity and daily activity of terrestrial mammal and bird species in disturbed and undisturbed limestone habitats using camera trapping, Central Thailand , Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity: Vol. 22 No. 8 (2021)
- RONGLARP SUKMASUANG, KHWANRUTAI CHARASPET, TARAPORN PANGANTA, MANANYA PLA-ARD, NORASET KHIOESREE, JIDAPA THONGBANTHUM, Diversity, abundance, activity period, and factors affecting the appearance of wildlife around the corridors between Khao Yai- Thap Lan National Parks, Thailand by camera trapping , Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity: Vol. 21 No. 5 (2020)
- MANANYA PLA-ARD, NORASET KHIOESREE, BUNYATIPORN KEAWDEE, WIPAVEE HUNGHENG, PATTANAPHON CHATTRAKULDEE, PHANITSUPHA PENGTHONG, JIDAPA THONGBANTHUM, PAANWARIS PAANSRI, KHWANRUTAI CHARASPET, TANAPONE PANGANTA, YUWARAK CHANACHAI, PRATEEP DUENGKAE, DOKRAK MAROD, SUWIMOL UTHAIRASMEE, THARNRAT KAEWKRACHANG, NARIS BHUMPAKPHAN, YONGYUT TRISURAT, WARONG SUKSAVATE, SARAWOOD SUNGKAEW, NANTACHAI PONGPATTANANURAK, PHRUET RACHARAK, DECHA WIWATWITTAYA, WATTANACHAI TASEN, RONGLARP SUKMASUANG, Monitoring of diversity, abundance, activity period and habitat use of wildlife species around the wildlife corridor that connects the natural world heritage site of Thailand , Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity: Vol. 22 No. 11 (2021)
- RONGLARP SUKMASUANG, WARONG SUKSAVATE, NUCHARIN SONGSASEN, NORASET KHIOWSREE, KHWANRUTAI CHARASPET, MANANYA PLA-ARD, YUWALUK CHANACHAI, WARISARA THOMAS, KHANCHIT SRINOPAWAN, Home range, movement and habitat selection of dholes (Cuon alpinus) in Khao Yai National Park, Thailand , Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity: Vol. 21 No. 12 (2020)
- MANANYA PLA-ARD, RONGLARP SUKMASUANG, SUWIMOL UTHAIRASMEE, Some population characteristics and viability of captive Asian elephant (Elephas maximus) in Thailand , Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity: Vol. 23 No. 2 (2022)
- KHWANRUTAI CHARASPET, RONGLARP SUKMASUANG, NORASET KHOEWSREE, MANANYA PLA-ARD, PAANWARIS PAANSRI, BOONYATIPORN KEAWDEE, YUWALUK CHANACHAI, NARIS BHUMPAKPHAN , Spatial and temporal overlaps of top predators: Dhole, tiger and leopard, and their potential preys in Huai Kha Khaeng Wildlife Sanctuary, Thailand , Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity: Vol. 22 No. 2 (2021)
- KHWANRUTAI CHARASPET, RONGLARP SUKMASUANG, NORASET KHOEWSREE, MANANYA PLA-ARD, YUWALUK CHANACHAI, Prey species and prey selection of dholes at three different sites in Thailand , Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity: Vol. 21 No. 11 (2020)
- RONGLARP SUKMASUANG, KHWANRUTAI CHARASPET, JITTIMA REONTIK, MANANYA PLA-ARD, Temporal overlap of carnivorous mammal community and their prey in Khao Ang Rue Nai Wildlife Sanctuary, Chachoengsao Province, Thailand , Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity: Vol. 21 No. 3 (2020)