Spatial and temporal overlaps of top predators: Dhole, tiger and leopard, and their potential preys in Huai Kha Khaeng Wildlife Sanctuary, Thailand
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Abstract. Charaspet K, Sukmasuang R, Khoewsree N, Pla-Ard M, Paansri P, Keawdee B, Chanachai Y, Bhumpakphan N. 2021. Spatial and temporal overlaps of top predators: Dhole, tiger and leopard, and their potential prey in Huai Kha Khaeng Wildlife Sanctuary, Thailand. Biodiversitas 22: 580-592. The study of the spatial-temporal overlap of top predators and their prey is important to understand competition among predators and predator-prey relationships so that the viable populations of predators and other animals can be sustained. This research aimed to study the abundance of three top predators: Dhole (Cuon alpinus), tiger (Panthera tigris) and leopard (Panthera pardus), and their potential wild prey in Huai Kha Khaeng Wildlife Sanctuary, Thailand, and to investigate the spatial-temporal overlap between those three predators, and their potential wild prey. We tested two significant hypotheses: (i) tiger and leopard had the highest spatial-temporal overlap and the spatial overlap of dhole and leopard was higher in comparison to dhole and tiger due to a higher prey overlap; (ii) the three species of large carnivore avoided spatial-temporal overlap even if they were in the same area. The study was conducted using camera traps. In addition, the spatial-temporal overlap of large carnivores and their potential prey was studied to understand the important species of prey of these large carnivores. The results showed that the spatial overlap of tiger and leopard was the highest. Dhole had significant spatial overlap with leopard, which was higher in comparison to dhole and tiger. A significant temporal overlap of dhole and leopard was not found. Also, a significant temporal overlap of tiger and leopard was not found. The results were based on hypotheses that conformed to the niche overlap index of the potential prey and the temporal overlap coefficient. There were ten important species of potential prey of large carnivores: Sambar deer (Rusa unicolor), red muntjac (Muntiacus muntjak), gaur (Bos gaurus), banteng (Bos javanicus), wild boar (Sus scrofa), Malayan porcupine (Hystrix brachyura), large Indian civet (Viverra zibetha), Asiatic black bear (Ursus thibetanus), pig-tailed macaque (Macaca nemestrina) and red jungle fowl (Gallus gallus). The important recommendation is the protection of the sanctuary from wildfires which spread from the outside in, especially in dry evergreen forest. Food resources of herbivores in the area must be managed, as well as the prevention of epidemics from livestock to wild animals.
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References
Agostinelli C, Lund U. 2017. R package “circular”: Circular Statistics (version 0.4-7).
CA: Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca’ Foscari University, Venice, Italy. UL: Department of Statistics, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, California, USA. https://r-forge.r6 project.org/projects/circular/
Aryal A, Panthi S, Barraclough RK, Bencini R, Adhikari B, Ji W, Raubenheimer D. 2015. Habitat selection and feeding ecology of dhole (Cuon alpinus) in the Himalayas. J. Mammal. 96: 47-53.
Azlan MJ. 2009. The use of camera traps in Malaysian rainforests. J. Trop. Biol. Conserv. 5: 81-86.
Brodie J, Giordano AJ. 2012. Density of the Vulnerable Sunda clouded leopard Neofelis diardi in a protected area in Sabah, Malaysian Borneo. Oryx 46: 427-430.
Charaspet. 2015. Prey species and habitat use of dhole (Cuon alpinus) in Salakpra Wildlife Sanctuary. [Dissertation]. Kasetsart University, Thailand. [Thai]
Charaspet K, Sukmasuang R, Kheowsree N, Songsasen N, Simchareon S, Duengkae P. 2019. Some ecological aspects of dhole (Cuon alpinus) in the Huai Kha Khaeng Wildlife Sanctuary, Uthai Thani Province, Thailand. Folia Oecologica 46: 91-100.
Davis M, Faurby S, Svenning JS. 2018. Mammal diversity will take millions of years to recover from the current biodiversity crisis. http://pnas.org/lookup/suppl/doi:10.1073/pnas.1804906115/-/DCSupplemental.
Department of Land Development. 2016. Land Use Map of Khao Ang Rue Nai Wildlife Sanctuary. Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives. Bangkok.
Dou H, Yang H, Smith JLD, Feng L, Wang T, Ge J. 2019. Prey selection of Amur tigers in relation to the spatiotemporal overlap with prey across the Sino–Russian border. Wildlife Biol 1: 1-11.
Estes JA, Danner EM, Doak DF, Konar B. 2004. Complex trophic interaction in kelp forest ecosystem. Bull. Mar. Sci. 74(3): 621–638.
Frey W, Maroon EA, Pendergrass AG, Kay JE. 2017. Do Southern ocean cloud feedbacks matter for 21st century warming?. Geophys. Res. Lett 44: 12,447–12,456.
Gupta S, Mondal K, Sankar K, Qureshi Q. 2009. Estimation of striped hyena Hyaena hyaena population using camera traps in Sariska Tiger Reserve, Rajasthan, India. J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 106(3): 284-288.
Hayward MW, Lyngdoh S, Habib B. 2014. Diet and prey preferences of dholes (Cuon alpinus): dietary competition within Asia's apex predator guild. J. Zool 294(4): 255-266.
Jácomo ATA, Silveira L, Diniz?Filho JAF. 2004. Niche separation between the maned wolf (Chrysocyon brachyurus), the crab?eating fox (Dusicyon thous) and the hoary fox (Dusicyon vetulus) in central Brazil. J. Zool 262(1): 99-106.
Kamler JF, Tatdokkham K, Rostro?García S, Bousa A, Caragiulo A, Crouthers R, Pay VIC, Pin C, Prum S, Vongkhamheng C, Johnson A, Macdonald DW. 2020. Diet and prey selection of dholes in evergreen and deciduous forests of southeast Asia. J. Wildl. Manage 84(7): 1396–1405.
Karanth KU, Sunquist ME. 2000. Behavioural correlates of predation by tiger (Panthera tigris),
leopard (Panthera pardus) and dhole (Cuon alpinus) in Nagarahole, India. J. Zool 250(20): 255-265.
Karanth KU, Chundawat RS, Nichols JD, Kumar NS. 2004. Estimation of tiger densities in the tropical dry forests of Panna, Central India, using photographic capture–recapture sampling. Anim. Conserv. 7(3): 285-290.
Karanth KU, Srivathsa A, Vasudev D, Puri M, Parameshwaran R, Kumar NS. 2017. Spatio-temporal
interactions facilitate large carnivore sympatry across a resource gradient. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2016.1860.
Kerley LL, Mukhacheva AS, Matyukhina DS, Salmanova E, Salkina GP, Miquelle DG. 2015. A comparison of food habits and prey preference of Amur tiger (Panthera tigris altaica) at three sites in the Russian Far East. Integr Zool 10(4): 354 – 364. https://doi.org/10.1111/1749-4877.12135.
Khoewsree N, Charaspet K, Sukmasuang R, Songsasen N, Pla-ard M, Thongbantum J, Kongchaloem W, Srinopawan K. 2020. Abundance, prey, and activity period of dholes (Cuon alpinus) in Khao Yai National Park, Thailand. Biodiversitas 21: 345-354.
Kovach W. 2011. Oriana – Circular Statistics for Windows, ver. 4.02. Pentraeth: Kovach Computing Services.
Kumaraguru A, Saravanamuthu R, Brinda K, Asokan S. 2011. Prey preference of large carnivores in Anamalai Tiger Reserve, India. Eur. J. Wildl. Res. 57: 627–637.
Lekagul B, McNeely JA. 1988. Mammals of Thailand. Darnsutha Press, Bangkok.
Lovari S, Pokheral CP, Jnawali SR, Fusani L, Ferretti F. 2015. Coexistence of the tiger and the common leopard in a prey?rich area: the role of prey partitioning. J. Zool 295(2): 122-131.
Lynam AJ, Jenks KE, Tantipisanuh N, Chutipong W, Ngoprasert D, Gale GA, Steinmetz R, Sukmasuang R, Bhumpakphan N, Grassman LI. 2013. Terrestrial activity patterns of wild cats from camera-trapping. Raffles Bull. Zool. 61(1): 407-415.
Meredith M, Ridout M. 2014. overlap: Estimates of coefficient of overlapping for animal activity patterns R package version 0.2.3. http://CRAN.R-project.org/package=overlap.
Meredith M, Ridout M. 2020. Package ‘Overlap’. R package version 4.0.2. 1-20. http://CRAN.R-project.org/package=overlap.
Network T. 2008. Terrestrial Vertebrate (Camera Trap) Monitoring Protocol Implementation Manual. Arlington, VA., U.S.A.
Nurvianto S, Eprilurahman R, Imron MA, Herzog S. 2016. Feeding habits of pack living dhole (Cuon alpinus) in a dry deciduous forest of east Java, Indonesia. Taprobanica 8(1): 10-20.
O’Brien TG, Kinnaird MF, Wibisono HT. 2003. Crouching tigers, hidden prey: Sumatran tiger and Prey populations in a tropical forest landscape. Anim. Conserv. 6: 131-139. http://doi: 10.1017/S1367943003003172.
Pianka ER. 1973. The structure of lizard communities. Annu Rev Ecol Evol Syst 4: 53-77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.es.04.110173.000413.
Phetdee. 2000. Food Habits of the Tiger (Pantera tigris Linnaeus) in Huai Kha Khaeng Wildlife Sanctuary by Fecal Analysis. [Dissertation]. Kasetsart University, Thailand. [Thai]
Prugh LR, Stoner CJ, Epps CW, Bean WT. 2009. The rise of the mesopredator. BioScience 59(9): 779–791.
Ramesh. 2010. Prey Selection and Food Habits of Large Carnivores: Tiger Panthera tigris, Leopard Panthera pardus and Dhole Cuon alpinus in Mudumalai Tiger Reserve, Tamil Nadu. [Dissertation]. Saurashtra University, India.
Ramesh T, Kalle R, Sankar K, Qureshi Q. 2012. Dietary partitioning in sympatric large carnivores in a tropical forest of Western Ghats, India. Mammal Study 37: 313-321.
Rasphone A, Kamler JF, Macdonald DW. 2020. Temporal partitioning by felids, dholes and their potential prey in northern Laos. Mammal Res. 65: 679–689. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13364-020-00524-9.
Ripple WJ, Larsen EJ, Renkin RA, Smith DW. 2001. Trophic cascades among wolves, elk and aspen on Yellowstone National Park’s northern range. Biol. Conserv. 102: 227–234.
Saisamorn A, Duengkae P, Pattanavibool A, Duangchantrasiri S, Simcharoen A, Smith JLD. 2019. Spatial and temporal analysis of leopards (Panthera pardus), their prey and tigers (Panthera tigris) in Huai Kha Khaeng Wildlife Sanctuary, Thailand. Folia Oecologica 46(2):73-82. https://doi.org/10.2478/foecol-2019-0010.
Selvan KM, Veeraswami GG, Hussain SA. 2013. Dietary preference of the Asiatic wild dog (Cuon alpinus). Mamm. Biol. 78: 486-489.
Simcharoen . 2008. Ecology of the Leopard (Panthera Pardus Linn.) in Huai Kha Khaeng Wildlife Sanctuary. [Dissertation]. Kasetsart University, Thailand. [Thai]
Simcharoen S, Duangchantrasiri S. 2008. Monitoring of the leopard population at Khao Nang Rum in Huai Kha Khaeng Wildlife Sactuary. Thai Journal of Forestry 27: 68–80.
Simcharoen S, Barlow AC, Simcharoen A, Smith JLD. 2008. Home range size and daytime habitat selection of leopards in Huai Kha Khaeng Wildlife Sanctuary, Thailand. Biol. Conserv. 141(9): 2242-2250.
SPSS. 2007. SPSS. Version. 13.0. SPSS, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
van Schaik CP, Griffiths M. 1996. Activity periods of Indonesian rain forest mammals. Biotropica 28(1): 105-112.
Vinitpornsawan S. Fuller TK. 2020. Spatio-temporal correlations of large predators and their prey in western Thailand. Raffles Bull. Zool. 68: 118–131.
Vinitpornsawan. 2013. Population and Spatial Ecology of Tigers and Leopards Relative to Prey Availability and Human Activity in Thung Yai Naresuan (East) Wildlife Sanctuary, Thailand. [Dissertation]. University of Massachusetts, USA.
Weckel M, Giuliano W, Silver S. 2006. Jaguar (Panthera onca) feeding ecology: distribution of predator and prey through time and space. J. Zool 270(1): 25-30.
Western Forest Complex. 2004. GIS Database and Its Applications for Ecosystem Management. The Western Forest Complex Ecosystem Management Project, Department of National Park, Wildlife, and Plant Conservation, Bangkok, Thailand.
Weller SH, Bennet CL. 2001. Twenty-four hour activity budgets and patterns of behaviour in captive ocelots (Leopardus pardalis). Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 71: 67-79.
Zaragozí B, Belda A, Giménez P, Navarro JT, Bonet A, et al. 2015. Advances in integration with GIS. Ecol Inform 30: 6-11.
Zhang J. 2016. Package ‘spaa’. www.cran.r-project.org/web/packages/spaa/spaa.pdf.
Zhou Z, Wang C, Luo Y. 2020. Meta-analysis of the impacts of global change factors on soil microbial diversity and functionality. Nat. Commun. 11: 3072. www.nature.com/naturecommunications.
CA: Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca’ Foscari University, Venice, Italy. UL: Department of Statistics, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, California, USA. https://r-forge.r6 project.org/projects/circular/
Aryal A, Panthi S, Barraclough RK, Bencini R, Adhikari B, Ji W, Raubenheimer D. 2015. Habitat selection and feeding ecology of dhole (Cuon alpinus) in the Himalayas. J. Mammal. 96: 47-53.
Azlan MJ. 2009. The use of camera traps in Malaysian rainforests. J. Trop. Biol. Conserv. 5: 81-86.
Brodie J, Giordano AJ. 2012. Density of the Vulnerable Sunda clouded leopard Neofelis diardi in a protected area in Sabah, Malaysian Borneo. Oryx 46: 427-430.
Charaspet. 2015. Prey species and habitat use of dhole (Cuon alpinus) in Salakpra Wildlife Sanctuary. [Dissertation]. Kasetsart University, Thailand. [Thai]
Charaspet K, Sukmasuang R, Kheowsree N, Songsasen N, Simchareon S, Duengkae P. 2019. Some ecological aspects of dhole (Cuon alpinus) in the Huai Kha Khaeng Wildlife Sanctuary, Uthai Thani Province, Thailand. Folia Oecologica 46: 91-100.
Davis M, Faurby S, Svenning JS. 2018. Mammal diversity will take millions of years to recover from the current biodiversity crisis. http://pnas.org/lookup/suppl/doi:10.1073/pnas.1804906115/-/DCSupplemental.
Department of Land Development. 2016. Land Use Map of Khao Ang Rue Nai Wildlife Sanctuary. Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives. Bangkok.
Dou H, Yang H, Smith JLD, Feng L, Wang T, Ge J. 2019. Prey selection of Amur tigers in relation to the spatiotemporal overlap with prey across the Sino–Russian border. Wildlife Biol 1: 1-11.
Estes JA, Danner EM, Doak DF, Konar B. 2004. Complex trophic interaction in kelp forest ecosystem. Bull. Mar. Sci. 74(3): 621–638.
Frey W, Maroon EA, Pendergrass AG, Kay JE. 2017. Do Southern ocean cloud feedbacks matter for 21st century warming?. Geophys. Res. Lett 44: 12,447–12,456.
Gupta S, Mondal K, Sankar K, Qureshi Q. 2009. Estimation of striped hyena Hyaena hyaena population using camera traps in Sariska Tiger Reserve, Rajasthan, India. J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 106(3): 284-288.
Hayward MW, Lyngdoh S, Habib B. 2014. Diet and prey preferences of dholes (Cuon alpinus): dietary competition within Asia's apex predator guild. J. Zool 294(4): 255-266.
Jácomo ATA, Silveira L, Diniz?Filho JAF. 2004. Niche separation between the maned wolf (Chrysocyon brachyurus), the crab?eating fox (Dusicyon thous) and the hoary fox (Dusicyon vetulus) in central Brazil. J. Zool 262(1): 99-106.
Kamler JF, Tatdokkham K, Rostro?García S, Bousa A, Caragiulo A, Crouthers R, Pay VIC, Pin C, Prum S, Vongkhamheng C, Johnson A, Macdonald DW. 2020. Diet and prey selection of dholes in evergreen and deciduous forests of southeast Asia. J. Wildl. Manage 84(7): 1396–1405.
Karanth KU, Sunquist ME. 2000. Behavioural correlates of predation by tiger (Panthera tigris),
leopard (Panthera pardus) and dhole (Cuon alpinus) in Nagarahole, India. J. Zool 250(20): 255-265.
Karanth KU, Chundawat RS, Nichols JD, Kumar NS. 2004. Estimation of tiger densities in the tropical dry forests of Panna, Central India, using photographic capture–recapture sampling. Anim. Conserv. 7(3): 285-290.
Karanth KU, Srivathsa A, Vasudev D, Puri M, Parameshwaran R, Kumar NS. 2017. Spatio-temporal
interactions facilitate large carnivore sympatry across a resource gradient. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2016.1860.
Kerley LL, Mukhacheva AS, Matyukhina DS, Salmanova E, Salkina GP, Miquelle DG. 2015. A comparison of food habits and prey preference of Amur tiger (Panthera tigris altaica) at three sites in the Russian Far East. Integr Zool 10(4): 354 – 364. https://doi.org/10.1111/1749-4877.12135.
Khoewsree N, Charaspet K, Sukmasuang R, Songsasen N, Pla-ard M, Thongbantum J, Kongchaloem W, Srinopawan K. 2020. Abundance, prey, and activity period of dholes (Cuon alpinus) in Khao Yai National Park, Thailand. Biodiversitas 21: 345-354.
Kovach W. 2011. Oriana – Circular Statistics for Windows, ver. 4.02. Pentraeth: Kovach Computing Services.
Kumaraguru A, Saravanamuthu R, Brinda K, Asokan S. 2011. Prey preference of large carnivores in Anamalai Tiger Reserve, India. Eur. J. Wildl. Res. 57: 627–637.
Lekagul B, McNeely JA. 1988. Mammals of Thailand. Darnsutha Press, Bangkok.
Lovari S, Pokheral CP, Jnawali SR, Fusani L, Ferretti F. 2015. Coexistence of the tiger and the common leopard in a prey?rich area: the role of prey partitioning. J. Zool 295(2): 122-131.
Lynam AJ, Jenks KE, Tantipisanuh N, Chutipong W, Ngoprasert D, Gale GA, Steinmetz R, Sukmasuang R, Bhumpakphan N, Grassman LI. 2013. Terrestrial activity patterns of wild cats from camera-trapping. Raffles Bull. Zool. 61(1): 407-415.
Meredith M, Ridout M. 2014. overlap: Estimates of coefficient of overlapping for animal activity patterns R package version 0.2.3. http://CRAN.R-project.org/package=overlap.
Meredith M, Ridout M. 2020. Package ‘Overlap’. R package version 4.0.2. 1-20. http://CRAN.R-project.org/package=overlap.
Network T. 2008. Terrestrial Vertebrate (Camera Trap) Monitoring Protocol Implementation Manual. Arlington, VA., U.S.A.
Nurvianto S, Eprilurahman R, Imron MA, Herzog S. 2016. Feeding habits of pack living dhole (Cuon alpinus) in a dry deciduous forest of east Java, Indonesia. Taprobanica 8(1): 10-20.
O’Brien TG, Kinnaird MF, Wibisono HT. 2003. Crouching tigers, hidden prey: Sumatran tiger and Prey populations in a tropical forest landscape. Anim. Conserv. 6: 131-139. http://doi: 10.1017/S1367943003003172.
Pianka ER. 1973. The structure of lizard communities. Annu Rev Ecol Evol Syst 4: 53-77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.es.04.110173.000413.
Phetdee. 2000. Food Habits of the Tiger (Pantera tigris Linnaeus) in Huai Kha Khaeng Wildlife Sanctuary by Fecal Analysis. [Dissertation]. Kasetsart University, Thailand. [Thai]
Prugh LR, Stoner CJ, Epps CW, Bean WT. 2009. The rise of the mesopredator. BioScience 59(9): 779–791.
Ramesh. 2010. Prey Selection and Food Habits of Large Carnivores: Tiger Panthera tigris, Leopard Panthera pardus and Dhole Cuon alpinus in Mudumalai Tiger Reserve, Tamil Nadu. [Dissertation]. Saurashtra University, India.
Ramesh T, Kalle R, Sankar K, Qureshi Q. 2012. Dietary partitioning in sympatric large carnivores in a tropical forest of Western Ghats, India. Mammal Study 37: 313-321.
Rasphone A, Kamler JF, Macdonald DW. 2020. Temporal partitioning by felids, dholes and their potential prey in northern Laos. Mammal Res. 65: 679–689. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13364-020-00524-9.
Ripple WJ, Larsen EJ, Renkin RA, Smith DW. 2001. Trophic cascades among wolves, elk and aspen on Yellowstone National Park’s northern range. Biol. Conserv. 102: 227–234.
Saisamorn A, Duengkae P, Pattanavibool A, Duangchantrasiri S, Simcharoen A, Smith JLD. 2019. Spatial and temporal analysis of leopards (Panthera pardus), their prey and tigers (Panthera tigris) in Huai Kha Khaeng Wildlife Sanctuary, Thailand. Folia Oecologica 46(2):73-82. https://doi.org/10.2478/foecol-2019-0010.
Selvan KM, Veeraswami GG, Hussain SA. 2013. Dietary preference of the Asiatic wild dog (Cuon alpinus). Mamm. Biol. 78: 486-489.
Simcharoen . 2008. Ecology of the Leopard (Panthera Pardus Linn.) in Huai Kha Khaeng Wildlife Sanctuary. [Dissertation]. Kasetsart University, Thailand. [Thai]
Simcharoen S, Duangchantrasiri S. 2008. Monitoring of the leopard population at Khao Nang Rum in Huai Kha Khaeng Wildlife Sactuary. Thai Journal of Forestry 27: 68–80.
Simcharoen S, Barlow AC, Simcharoen A, Smith JLD. 2008. Home range size and daytime habitat selection of leopards in Huai Kha Khaeng Wildlife Sanctuary, Thailand. Biol. Conserv. 141(9): 2242-2250.
SPSS. 2007. SPSS. Version. 13.0. SPSS, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
van Schaik CP, Griffiths M. 1996. Activity periods of Indonesian rain forest mammals. Biotropica 28(1): 105-112.
Vinitpornsawan S. Fuller TK. 2020. Spatio-temporal correlations of large predators and their prey in western Thailand. Raffles Bull. Zool. 68: 118–131.
Vinitpornsawan. 2013. Population and Spatial Ecology of Tigers and Leopards Relative to Prey Availability and Human Activity in Thung Yai Naresuan (East) Wildlife Sanctuary, Thailand. [Dissertation]. University of Massachusetts, USA.
Weckel M, Giuliano W, Silver S. 2006. Jaguar (Panthera onca) feeding ecology: distribution of predator and prey through time and space. J. Zool 270(1): 25-30.
Western Forest Complex. 2004. GIS Database and Its Applications for Ecosystem Management. The Western Forest Complex Ecosystem Management Project, Department of National Park, Wildlife, and Plant Conservation, Bangkok, Thailand.
Weller SH, Bennet CL. 2001. Twenty-four hour activity budgets and patterns of behaviour in captive ocelots (Leopardus pardalis). Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 71: 67-79.
Zaragozí B, Belda A, Giménez P, Navarro JT, Bonet A, et al. 2015. Advances in integration with GIS. Ecol Inform 30: 6-11.
Zhang J. 2016. Package ‘spaa’. www.cran.r-project.org/web/packages/spaa/spaa.pdf.
Zhou Z, Wang C, Luo Y. 2020. Meta-analysis of the impacts of global change factors on soil microbial diversity and functionality. Nat. Commun. 11: 3072. www.nature.com/naturecommunications.
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