Morphological patterns of oblong slipmouth Photolateralis stercorarius populations in the Makassar Strait, Indonesia
Article Sidebar
Abstract Views: 513
File Views: 95
Main Article Content
Abstract
Abstract. Umar MT, Omar SBA, Amir F, Hidayani AA, Parenrengi A, Moore AM. 2025. Morphological patterns of oblong slipmouth Photolateralis stercorarius populations in the Makassar Strait, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 26: 1675-1690. Slipmouths or ponyfishes (Leiognathidae) are important fisheries commodities in Indonesia. Morphological identification of leiognathids can be challenging, with ongoing taxonomic revisions including recent recognition of the genus Photolateralis. The purpose of this study was to describe and compare (between sites and by sex) the morphological traits of slipmouths (30 males and 30 females per site) from two sites in the Makassar Strait, South Sulawesi, Indonesia. Qualitative and quantitative (morphometric and meristic) morphological traits were recorded. Statistical analyses included Bray-Curtis dissimilarity (PAST v4.17) and discriminant analysis (XLSTAT 2019.2.2.). All specimens were identified as the oblong slipmouth P. stercorarius. The analyses showed that P. stercorarius is sexually dimorphic; males displayed a bluish longitudinal line just below the body midline, and on average females were longer than males (fork length and standard length). Meristic traits did not differ significantly by sex or between sites. Both dissimilarity and discriminant function analyses showed significant differences between the sites and between males and females at each site. The results reveal morph variation in Makassar Strait P. stercorarius populations, indicating the populations at each site may belong to a demographically separated and/or genetically distinct stock. This has implications for fisheries management, as fish stocks should be managed separately, entailing the need to determine stock boundaries.
Article Details
Issue
Section
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
References
Acharya KV, Naik SD. 2015. Morphological characters and morphometric relationship of pony fish, Leiognathus splendens (Cuvier, 1829) off Ratnagiri coast, Maharashtra, India. Intl J Sci Appl Res 2 (7): 115-125.
Ahmadia GN, Tornabene L, Smith DJ, Pezold FL. 2018. The relative importance of regional, local, and evolutionary factors structuring cryptobenthic coral-reef assemblages. Coral Reefs 37 (1): 279-293. DOI: 10.1007/s00338-018-1657-2.
Alavi-Yeganeh MS, Khajavi M, Kimura S. 2021. A new ponyfish, Deveximentum mekranensis (Teleostei: Leiognathidae), from the Gulf of Oman. Ichthyol Res 68: 437-444. DOI: 10.1007/S10228-020-00794-Y.
Andriyono S, Alam MJ, Kim HW. 2020. The Jawa and Bali Island marine fish molecular identification to improve 12S rRNA-tRNA Valin-16S rRNA partial region sequences on the GenBank database. Thalassas 36 (2): 343-356. DOI: 10.1007/s41208-020-00196-x.
Ansai S, Hiraki-Kajiyama T, Ueda R, Seki T, Yokoi S, Katsumura T, Takeuchi H. 2024. The Medaka approach to evolutionary social neuroscience. Neurosci Res 1-10. DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2024.10.005.
Asriyana, Rahardjo MF, Lumbanbatu DF, Kartamihardja ES. 2011. Species composition and size of pony fishes, Family Leiognathidae in Kendari Bay, Southeast Sulawesi. Jurnal Iktiologi Indonesia 11 (1): 11-19. DOI: 10.32491/jii.v11i1.145. [Indonesian]
Ayling J. 2015. A regulatory approach to demand reduction in the illegal wildlife market. SSRN Electron 82: 1-21. DOI: 10.2139/SSRN.2634303.
Azakhrah NW, Kurnia M, Fahrul, Musbir, Hajar MAI. 2022. Differences in catches based on the use of different colour of collector lamp on the boat lift-net in Polewali Mandar District, West Sulawesi. Torani 5 (2): 129-139. DOI: 10.35911/torani.v5i2.19892. [Indonesian]
Banks-Leite C, Ewers RM, Folkard-Tapp H, Fraser A. 2020. Countering the effects of habitat loss, fragmentation, and degradation through habitat restoration. One Earth 3 (6): 672-676. DOI: 10.1016/J.ONEEAR.2020.11.016.
Borah BS, Nirmale VH, Metar SY, Pawar RA, Bhosale BP. 2018. Population characters of silverbelly Photopectoralis bindus (Valenciennes, 1835) along the Ratnagiri coast of India. J Mar Biol Assoc U K 60 (1): 58-61. DOI: 10.6024/JMBAI.2018.60.1.1968-09.
Boulanger E, Benestan L, Guerin PE, Dalongeville A, Mouillot D, Manel S. 2022. Climate differently influences the genomic patterns of two sympatric marine fish species. J Anim Ecol 91 (6): 1180-1195. DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13623.
Brackenridge RE, Nicholson U, Sapiie B, Stow D, Tappin DR. 2020. Indonesian throughflow as a preconditioning mechanism for submarine landslides in the Makassar Strait. Geol Soc London Spec Publ 500 (1): 195-217. DOI: 10.1144/SP500-2019-171.
Bray DJ. 2022, Photolateralis stercorarius in Fishes of Australia. https://fishesofaustralia.net.au/home/species/5107.
Cadrin SX, Goethel DR, Berger A, Jardim E. 2023. Best practices for defining spatial boundaries and spatial structure in stock assessment. Fish Res 262: 106650. DOI: 10.1016/j.fishres.2023.106650.
Cadrin SX. 2020. Defining spatial structure for fishery stock assessment. Fish Res 221: 105397. DOI: 10.1016/j.fishres.2019.105397.
Caiger PE, Croq C, Clements KD. 2021. Environmentally induced morphological variation in the temperate reef fish, Forsterygion lapillum (F. Tripterygiidae). Mar Biol 168 (8): 131. DOI: 10.1007/s00227-021-03939-3.
Chakrabarty P, Amarasinghe T, Sparks JS. 2009. Redescription of Ponyfishes (Teleostei: Leiognathidae) of Sri Lanka and the Status of Aurigequula Fowler 1918. Ceylon J Sci 37 (2): 143-161. DOI: 10.4038/cjsbs.v37i2.502.
Chakrabarty P, Chu J, Nahar L, Sparks JS. 2010. Geometric morphometrics uncovers a new species of ponyfish (Teleostei: Leiognathidae: Equulites), with comments on the taxonomic status of Equula berbis Valenciennes. Zootaxa 2427 (1): 15-24. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2427.1.2.
Chakrabarty P, Sparks JS. 2015. Formalizing the names of subfamilies and tribes of ponyfishes (Leiognathidae Gill 1893). Zootaxa 3964 (2): 298-299. DOI: 10.11646/ZOOTAXA.3964.2.10.
Chauvin A. 2022. Examining the Symbioses between Bioluminescent Vibrio Species and Ponyfishes in the Indian Ocean and between Vibrio Species and Crassostrea virginica in the Gulf of Mexico. Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, USA.
Chen Y, Shenkar N, Shenkar N, Ni P, Lin Y, Li S, Zhan A. 2018. Rapid microevolution during recent range expansion to harsh environments. BMC Evol Biol 18 (1): 1-13. DOI: 10.1186/S12862-018-1311-1.
Cheng L. 2022. Local overfishing patterns have regional effects on health of coral, and economic transitions can promote its recovery. Bull Math Biol 84: 46. DOI: 10.1007/s11538-022-01000-y.
Coll M, Libralato S, Tudela S, Palomera I, Pranovi F. 2008. Ecosystem overfishing in the ocean. Plos One 3 (12): e3881. DOI: 10.1371/JOURNAL.PONE.0003881.
Connallon T. 2015. The geography of sex-specific selection, local adaptation, and sexual dimorphism. Evolution 69 (9): 2333-2344. DOI: 10.1111/evo.12737.
Cooney CR, Varley ZK, Nouri LO, Moody CJA, Jardine MD, Thomas GH. 2019. Sexual selection predicts the rate and direction of colour divergence in a large avian radiation. Nature Comm 10 (1): 1773. DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-09859-7.
Cortesi F, Musilová Z, Stieb SM, Hart NS, Siebeck UE, Cheney KL, Salzburger W, Marshall NJ. 2016. From crypsis to mimicry: Changes in colour and the configuration of the visual system during ontogenetic habitat transitions in a coral reef fish. J Exp Biol 219 (16): 2545-2558. DOI: 10.1242/jeb.139501.
Cristescu ME, Adamowicz SJ, Vaillant JJ, Haffner DG. 2010. Ancient lakes revisited: From the ecology to the genetics of speciation. Mol Ecol 19 (22): 4837-4851. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2010.04832.x.
Dayi M. 2022. Analysis of positive selection provides insights into lifestyle- and lineage-specific patterns of molecular evolution in insects. Düzce Üniversitesi Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi 10 (2): 764-772. DOI: 10.29130/dubited.955354.
Deyrestani A, Alavi-Yeganeh MS, Sadeghizadeh M. 2015. Length-weight and length-length relationships of six ponyfish species from the Persian Gulf. Croatian J Fish 73: 67-69. DOI: 10.14798/73.2.800.
Donelson JM, Sunday JM, Figueira WF, Gaitán-Espitia JD, Hobday AJ, Johnson CR, Leis JM, Ling SD, Marshall D, Pandolfi JM, Pecl G, Rodgers GG, Booth DJ, Munday PL. 2019. Understanding interactions between plasticity, adaptation and range shifts in response to marine environmental change. Phil Trans Royal Soc B: Biol Sci 374 (1768): 20180186. DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2018.0186.
Duarte RC, Flores AAV, Stevens M. 2017. Camouflage through colour change: Mechanisms, adaptive value and ecological significance. Phil Trans Royal Soc B: Biol Sci 372: 20160342. DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2016.0342.
Elliott NG, Haskard K, Koslow JA. 1995. Morphometric analysis of orange roughy (Hoplostethus atlanticus) of the continental slope of southern Australia. J Fish Biol 46 (2): 202-220. DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8649.1995.tb05962.x.
Evermann BW, Seale A. 1907. Fishes of the Philippine Islands. Bulletin of the United States Bureau of Fisheries. DOI: 10.5962/bhl.title.11827.
Fatma U, Kurnia M, Musbir M, Sahil MSR Bin, Putera DP, Al Haq SI. 2022. The effectiveness of underwater LED as a fish aggregating device on a fixed-liftnet in Pangkep Waters. Torani 6 (1): 1-13. DOI: 10.35911/torani.v6i1.22386. [Indonesian]
Folio DM, Gil J, Caudron A, Labonne J. 2021. Genotype-by-environment interactions drive the maintenance of genetic variation in a Salmo trutta L. hybrid zone. Evol Appl 14 (11): 2698-2711. DOI: 10.1111/EVA.13307.
Fricke R, Eschmeyer WN, Fong JD. 2025. Eschmeyer's Catalog of Fishes: Genera/Species by Family/Subfamily. (http://researcharchive.calacademy.org/research/ichthyology/catalog/SpeciesByFamily.asp). Electronic version accessed 01 Apr 2025.
Froese R, Pauly D. 2025. FishBase, The Global Database of Fishes. http://www.fishbase.org.
Froese R. 2006. Cube law, condition factor and weight-length relationships: History, meta-analysis and recommendations. J Appl Ichthyol 22 (4): 241-253. DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0426.2006.00805.x.
Giacomarra M, Crescimanno M, Vrontis D, Miret PL, Galati A. 2021. The ability of fish ecolabels to promote a change in the sustainability awareness. Mar Pol 123: 104292 DOI: 10.1016/J.MARPOL.2020.104292.
Giat SY, Ghaffar MA, Usup G. 2008. Molecular phylogeny of Leiognathidae in the waters of Perhentian Islands, Trengganu, Malaysia. Mar Res Indones 33: 139-144. DOI: 10.14203/mri.v33i2.487.
Gordon AL, Napitu A, Huber BA, Gruenburg LK, Pujiana K, Agustiadi T, Kuswardani A, Mbay N, Setiawan A. 2019. Makassar Strait throughflow seasonal and interannual variability: An overview. J Geophys Res Oceans 124 (6): 3724-3736. DOI: 10.1029/2018JC014502.
Guerreiro MA, Martinho F, Baptista J, Costa F, Pardal MÂ, Primo AL. 2021. Function of estuaries and coastal areas as nursery grounds for marine fish early life stages. Mar Environ Res 170: 105408. DOI: 10.1016/J.MARENVRES.2021.105408.
Gupta S, Banerjee S. 2015. Length-weight relationship of Amblypharyngodon mola (Ham.-Buch., 1822), a freshwater cyprinid fish from West Bengal, India. Zool Ecol 25 (1): 54-58. DOI: 10.1080/21658005.2014.991513.
Halim A, Loneragan NR, Wiryawan B, Hordyk AR, Sondita MFA, Yulianto I. 2020. Evaluating data-limited fisheries for grouper (Serranidae) and snapper (Lutjanidae) in the Coral Triangle, eastern Indonesia. Reg Stud Mar Sci 38: 101388. DOI: 10.1016/j.rsma.2020.101388.
Hammer Ø, Harper DAT, Ryan PD. 2001. PAST: Paleontological Statistics Software Package for Education and Data Analysis. Palaeontol Electron 4: 1-9.
Harrisson KA, Amish SJ, Pavlova A, Narum SR, Telonis-Scott M, Rourke M, Lyon J, Tonkin Z, Gilligan DM, Ingram BA, Lintermans M, Gan HM, Austin CM, Luikart G, Sunnucks P. 2017. Signatures of polygenic adaptation associated with climate across the range of a threatened fish species with high genetic connectivity. Mol Ecol 26 (22): 6253-6269. DOI: 10.1111/mec.14368.
He W, Shi M, Xia XQ, Zhang W, Yao W, Gao T. 2022. The chromosome-level genome assembly of goldstripe ponyfish (Karalla daura) reveals its similarity to Chinese sillago on contracted immune gene families. Front Mar Sci 9 (12): 1049138. DOI: 10.3389/fmars.2022.1049138.
Hellberg ME. 2007. Footprints on water: The genetic wake of dispersal among reefs. Coral Reefs 26: 463-473. DOI: 10.1007/s00338-007-0205-2.
Higham TE, Seamone SG, Arnold A, Toews D, Janmohamed Z, Smith SJ, Rogers SM. 2018. The ontogenetic scaling of form and function in the spotted ratfish, Hydrolagus colliei (Chondrichthyes: Chimaeriformes): Fins, muscles, and locomotion. J Morphol 279 (10): 1408-1418. DOI: 10.1002/jmor.20876.
Hohenlohe PA, Funk WC, Rajora OP. 2021. Population genomics for wildlife conservation and management. Mol Ecol 30 (1): 62-82. DOI: 10.1111/mec.15720.
Hossain MY, Rahman MA, Rahman MA, Islam MA, Khan MN, Chowdhury AA, Hasan MR, Mawa Z. 2022. The Hooghly croaker, Panna heterolepis Trewavas, 1977: Identification through morphometric and meristic characteristics. Indian J Geo-Mar Sci 50 (6): 502-506. DOI: 10.56042/ijms.v50i06.66573.
Ihsan I, Jamal M, Asbar A, Wamnebo MI, Kasnir M. 2022. Studying the composition of types and productivity of trap net fishing equipment in the coastal waters of Pangkep Regency, South Sulawesi Indonesian. Egypt J Aquat Biol Fish 26 (6): 1361-1374. DOI: 10.21608/ejabf.2022.298780.
Jhariya MK, Banerjee A, Meena RS. 2022. Importance of natural resources conservation: Moving toward the sustainable world. In: Jhariya KM, Meena RS, Banerjee A, Meena SN (eds). Natural Resources Conservation and Advances for Sustainability. Elsevier, The Netherlands. DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-12-822976-7.00027-2.
Kazara-Belja E. 2023. Chapter 10: Conservation of living marine resources. In: Borg S, Attard FG, de Fremeaux PMV (eds). Research Handbook on Ocean Governance Law. Elgaronline, USA. DOI: 10.4337/9781839107696.00023.
Khaerah N, Hartaman N, Rahman M. 2021. Impact of sustainable development of coastal areas and small islands in Makassar. E3S Web Conf 277: 01006. DOI: 10.1051/E3SCONF/202127701006.
Khumaera N, Fahruddin A, Zulbainarni N. 2019. Analysis of opportunity loss of lift net operation in Makassar Water. IOP Conf Ser: Earth Environ Sci 241: 012028. DOI: 10.1088/1755-1315/241/1/012028.
Kimura S, Cabasan JP, Santos M, Carpenter, KE, Bucol A. 2024 Photolateralis stercorarius, slender ponyfish. IUCN Red List Threat Species 2024: e.T68397428A68400669. DOI: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2024-1.RLTS.T68397428A68400669.en.
Kimura S, Dunlap PV, Peristiwady T, Lavilla-Pitogo CR. 2003. The Leiognathus aureus complex (Perciformes: Leiognathidae) with the description of a new species. Ichthyol Res 50: 221-232. DOI: 10.1007/s10228-003-0160-z.
Kimura S, Motomura H, Iwatsuki Y. 2008. Equulites Fowler 1904, a senior synonym of Photoplagios Sparks, Dunlap, and Smith 2005 (Perciformes: Leiognathidae). Ichthyol Res 55 (2): 204-205. DOI: 10.1007/s10228-008-0041-6.
Klangnurak W, True JD. 2022. Spatial-temporal shifts of ponyfish (Perciformes: Leiognathidae) diversity in by?catch of trawl fishery, including morph variation of Photopectoralis bindus. J Appl Ichthyol 38: 34-43. DOI: 10.1111/jai.14290.
Kurnia M, Musbir M, Jaya I, Aulia AE, Saragih P, Adam A, Jumsurizal J. 2023. Characteristic species caught by fixed lift-nets based on moon phase in the Makassar Strait, Pangkep Regency. Jurnal Akuatiklestari 6: 77-84. DOI: 10.31629/akuatiklestari.v6i.5026. [Indonesian]
Leadbitter D, de Mitcheson SY, Macfarlane NBW. 2024. Unselective, Unsustainable, and Unmonitored Trawl Fisheries? Situation Analysis with Case Studies from Southeast and East Asia. International Union for Conservation of Nature, Gland, Switzerland.
Lehnen L, Jan PL, Besnard AL, Fourcy D, Kerth G, Biedermann M, Nyssen P, Schorcht W, Petit EJ, Puechmaille SJ. 2021. Genetic diversity in a long-lived mammal is explained by the past’s demographic shadow and current connectivity. Mol Ecol 30 (20): 5048-5063. DOI: 10.1111/MEC.16123.
Lindsay WR, Andersson S, Bererhi B, Höglund J, Johnsen A, Kvarnemo C, Leder EH, Lifjeld JT, Ninnes CE, Olsson M, Parker GA, Pizzari T, Qvarnström A, Safran RJ, Svensson O, Edwards S V. 2019. Endless forms of sexual selection. PeerJ 7: e7988. DOI: 10.7717/peerj.7988.
Lu X, Hu S, Guan C, Li M, Sprintall J, Wang F. 2023. Quantifying the contribution of salinity effect to the seasonal variability of the Makassar Strait throughflow. Geophys Res Lett 50: e2023GL105991. DOI: 10.1029/2023GL105991.
Ma Z, Zhang N, Qin JG, Fu M, Jiang S. 2016. Water temperature induces jaw deformity and Bone Morphogenetic Proteins (BMPs) gene expression in golden pompano Trachinotus ovatus larvae. SpringerPlus 5: 1475. DOI: 10.1186/s40064-016-3142-0.
Malvarosa L, Basilone G, Carbonara P, Carpentieri P, Cozzolino M, Follesa MC, Gambino M, Gancitano V, Parreno D, Pesci P, Vielmini I, Scarcella G. 2023. Data availability and participatory approach: The right mix for enhancing Mediterranean fisheries’ sustainability. Front Mar Sci 10: 1155762. DOI: 10.3389/fmars.2023.1155762.
Manna LR, Villéger S, Rezende CF, Mazzoni R. 2019. High intraspecific variability in morphology and diet in tropical stream fish communities. Ecol Freshw Fish 28 (1): 41-52. DOI: 10.1111/eff.12425.
Mendoza?Portillo V, de León GFJ, von der Heyden S. 2023. Responses of population structure and genomic diversity to climate change and fishing pressure in a pelagic fish. Glob Change Biol 29 (14): 16732. DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16732.
MFS. 2019. South Sulawesi Marine and Fisheries Annual Report 2018. Marine and Fisheries Service of South Sulawesi Province, Makassar. [Indonesian]
Midrar A. 2020. Optimizing the utilization of potential fisheries resources in coastal communities. J La Lifesci 1 (1): 24-27. DOI: 10.37899/JOURNALLALIFESCI.V1I1.44.
Millette KL, Gonzalez A, Cristescu ME. 2020. Breaking ecological barriers: Anthropogenic disturbance leads to habitat transitions, hybridization, and high genetic diversity. Sci Total Environ 740: 140046. DOI: 10.1016/J.SCITOTENV.2020.140046.
Mitu NR, Alam MM, Hussain MA, Hasan MR, Chandra Singha A. 2019. Length-weight and length-length relationships, sex ratio and condition factors of the Asian striped dwarf catfish Mystus tengara (Hamilton, 1822) (Siluriformes: Bagridae) in the Ganges River, Northwestern Bangladesh. Iranian J Ichthyol 6 (1): 21-30. DOI: 10.22034/iji.v6i1.334.
MMAF. 2015. Peraturan Menteri Kelautan dan Perikanan Republik Indonesia Nomor 25/Permen-Kp/2015 tentang Rencana Strategis Kementerian Kelautan dan Perikanan Tahun 2015-2019. Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries of the Republic of Indonesia, Jakarta. [Indonesian]
MMAF. 2021. Keputusan Menteri Kelautan dan Perikanan Republik Indonesia Nomor 37 Tahun 2021 tentang Struktur Basis Data Ikan dan Data Induk Ikan. Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries of the Republic of Indonesia, Jakarta. [Indonesian]
Muawanah U, Yusuf G, Adrianto L, Kalther J, Pomeroy R, Abdullah H, Ruchimat T. 2018. Review of national laws and regulation in Indonesia in relation to an ecosystem approach to fisheries management. Mar Pol 91: 150-160. DOI: 10.1016/j.marpol.2018.01.027.
Nadiarti N, Moore A, Abu N, Rahim SW, Chasanah M. 2021. Ecosystems Approach to Fisheries Management (EAFM) assessment for grouper and snapper fisheries in Bontang, East Kalimantan, Indonesia. IOP Conf Ser Earth Environ Sci 763: 012031. DOI: 10.1088/1755-1315/763/1/012031.
Ndobe S, Rusaini, Masyahoro A, Serdiati N, Madinawati, Moore AM. 2019. Meristic characters and length-weight relation of climbing perch (Anabas testudineus) from wetlands in Sigi District, Central Sulawesi, Indonesia. IOP Conf Ser Earth Environ Sci 370: 012001. DOI: 10.1088/1755-1315/370/1/012001.
Oetama D, Lawelle SA, Mokodongan DF, Takwir A, Arsal LOM, Hasuba TF, Permatahati YI. 2020. Distribution map and first record of Nomorhamphus sp. (Beloniformes, Zenarchopteridae) in Southeastern Sulawesi, Indonesia. IOP Conf Ser Earth Environ Sci 584: 012068. DOI: 10.1088/1755-1315/584/1/012068.
Ogilby JD. 1912. On Some Queensland Fishes. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/48185978.
Omar SB, Hidayani AA, Yanuarita D, Umar MT, Andriyono S. 2021. Phylogenetic analysis of endemic fish from the Maros Karst Region, South Sulawesi, Indonesia. Intl J Agric Biol 26 (6): 1880. DOI: 10.17957/IJAB/15.1880.
Ottenburghs J, Lavretsky P, Peters JL, Kawakami T, Kraus RHS. 2019. Population genomics and phylogeography. In: Kraus R (eds). Avian Genomics in Ecology and Evolution. Springer, Cham. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-16477-5_8.
Parés-Casanova PM, Cala DL, Carreno AS. 2022. Evident sexual dimorphism in the shape of subadults of Astyanax altiparanae (Teleostei, Characidae). Intl J Zool Anim Biol 5 (2): 1-5. DOI: 10.23880/izab-16000366.
Pasisingi N, Suci D, Panigoro C, Kadim MK. 2024. Morphological characteristic and truss morphometric analysis of amphidromous goby (‘nike’) (Teleostei: Gobiiformes) in Bone River, Gorontalo, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 25 (1): 223-231. DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d250125.
Pauly D. 2018a. The Leiognathidae (Teleosts): An hypothesis relating their mean depth occurrence to the intensity of their countershading bioluminescence. Mar Res Indones 19: 137-146. DOI: 10.14203/mri.v19i0.377.
Pauly D. 2018b. The Leiognathus (Teleostei): Their species, stocks, and fisheries in Indonesia, with notes of the biology of Leiognathus splendens (Cuvier). Mar Res Indones 19: 73-93 DOI: 10.14203/mri.v19i0.373.
Pélabon C, Høyvik HC, Einum S, Gamelon M. 2020. On the use of the coefficient of variation to quantify and compare trait variation. Evol Lett 4 (3): 180-188. DOI: 10.1002/EVL3.171.
Permatasari SD, Solichin A, Saputra SW. 2022. Growth and reproductive aspects of Ponyfish (Leiognathus equulus) landed at Tanggul Malang Fish Auction Site in Kendal. Jurnal Pasir Laut 6: 43-49. DOI: 10.14710/jpl.2022.52487. [Indonesian]
Rahman MA, Islam MS, Hossain MY, Hasan MR, Khatun D, Rahman O, Parvin M, Mawa Z, Chowdhury AA. 2019. Morphometric and meristic characteristics of the banded gourami, Trichogaster fasciata (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) in a wetland ecosystem from northwestern Bangladesh. Jordan J Biol Sci 12 (5): 561-566.
Riley IJ, DiBattista JD, Stewart J, Schilling HT, Suthers IM. 2023. Using integrative taxonomy to distinguish cryptic halfbeak species and interpret distribution patterns, fisheries landings, and speciation. Mar Freshw Res 74 (2): 125-143. DOI: 10.1071/MF22048.
Rochmatika E, Darmanto W, Mufasirin M, Ramadhana R. 2023. Morphometric and meristic diversity in Eel (Anguilla bicolor) in South Coast of Java. J Aquac Fish Health 12 (1): 57-69. DOI: 10.20473/jafh.v12i1.36634.
Rodriguez-Dominguez A, Connell SD, Leung JYS, Nagelkerken I. 2019. Adaptive responses of fishes to climate change: Feedback between physiology and behaviour. Sci Total Environ 692: 1242-1249. DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.07.226.
Rustam MF. 2022. Cantrang Fishing Productivity on Makassar South Sulawesi. [Thesis]. Universitas Hasanuddin, Makassar. [Indonesian]
Saruran FL. 2023. Population Dynamics of the ponyfish (Leiognathus equulus) in Barru Regency Waters. [Thesis]. Universitas Hasanuddin, Makassar. [Indonesian]
Seah YG, Abdullah S, Zaidi CC, Mazlan AG. 2009. Systematic accounts and some aspects of feeding and reproductive biology of ponyfishes (Perciformes: Leiognathidae). Sains Malaysiana 38 (1): 47-56.
Seah YG, Usup G, Mohamed CAR, Arshad AB, Mazlan AG. 2012. Phylogeny and morphological delineation of leiognathids in the waters of Peninsular Malaysia. Coast Mar Sci 35: 91-95.
Selkoe KA, Aloia CCD, Crandall ED, Iacchei M, Liggins L, Puritz JB, von der Heyden S, Toonen RJ. 2016. A decade of seascape genetics: Contributions to basic and applied marine connectivity. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 554: 1-19. DOI: 10.3354/meps11792.
Servedio MR, Boughman JW. 2017. The role of sexual selection in local adaptation and speciation. Ann Rev Ecol Evol Syst 48 (1): 85-109. DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-110316-022905.
Seth JK, Barik TK, Mishra SS. 2019. Geometric morphometric approach to understand the body shape variation in the ponyfishes (Leiognathidae) of Odisha Coast, India. Iran J Ichthyol 6 (3): 208-217. DOI: 10.22034/IJI.V6I3.281.
Setianto T, Rosmaladewi R, Suharyanto S. 2019. Study on set net, sero fish trap and fixed lift-net gears in Bone Regency waters. Agrominansia 4: 39-48. DOI: 10.34003/284776. [Indonesian]
Sharif TA, Yonvitner, Fahrudin A. 2018. Reproductive biology of ponyfish (Gazza minuta Bloch, 1795) landed at PPN Palabuhanratu, Sukabumi, West Java. Trop Fish Manag J 2 (2): 1-8. DOI: 10.29244/jppt.v2i2.26316.
Sharifuzzaman SM, Rubby IA, Habib KA, Kimura S, Rasid MH, Islam MJ, Neogi AK, Hossain MS. 2021. Annotated checklist of ponyfishes (Perciformes: Leiognathidae) from Bangladesh, the northern Bay of Bengal. J Fish Biol 99: 2044-2051. DOI: 10.1111/jfb.14890.
Sibly RM, Baker J, Grady JM, Luna SM, Kodric-Brown A, Venditti C, Brown JH. 2015. Fundamental insights into ontogenetic growth from theory and fish. Proc Natl Acad Sci 112 (45): 13934-13939. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1518823112.
Sparks JS, Chakrabarty P. 2015. Description of a new genus of ponyfishes (Teleostei: Leiognathidae), with a review of the current generic-level composition of the family. Zootaxa 3947 (2): 181-190. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3947.2.2.
Sparks JS, Chakrabarty P. 2019. Description of a new species of ponyfish (Teleostei: Leiognathidae: Equulitini: Photolateralis) from the Gulf of Oman. Am Mus Novit 3929: 1-16. DOI:10.1206/3929.1.
Sparks JS, Dunlap PV. Smith WL. 2005. Evolution and diversification of a sexually dimorphic luminescent system in ponyfishes (Teleostei: Leiognathidae), including diagnoses for two new genera. Cladistics 21 (4): 305-327. DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-0031.2005.00067.x.
Sparks JS. 2006. A new species of ponyfish (Teleostei: Leiognathidae: Photoplagios) from Madagascar, with a phylogeny for Photoplagios and comments on the status of Equula lineolata Valenciennes. Am. Mus. Nov. 3526:1-20. DOI: 10.1206/0003-0082(2006)3526[1:ANSOPT]2.0.CO;2
SPC. 2011. Vulnerability of Tropical Pacific Fisheries and Aquaculture to Climate Change. Secretariat of the Pacific Community, Noumea.
Sudirman, Musbir, Kurnia M. 2020. Utilization of Light Emitting Diode (LED) lamp with difference color as attractor for fixed lift net as small-scale fisheries in Makassar Strait, Indonesia. IOP Conf Ser Earth Environ Sci 564: 012075. DOI: 10.1088/1755-1315/564/1/012075.
Suprapto. 2014. Biodiversity indices of demersal fish in Tarakan Waters. Bawal 6 (1): 47-53. DOI: 10.15578/bawal.6.1.2014.47-53.
Suuronen P, Pitcher CR, McConnaughey RA, Kaiser MJ, Hiddink JG, Hilborn R. 2020. A path to a sustainable trawl fishery in Southeast Asia. Rev Fish Sci Aquac 28 (2): 1-19. DOI: 10.1080/23308249.2020.1767036.
Suyatna I, Bratawinata AA, Sidik AS, Ruchaemi A. 2010. Demersal fishes and their distribution in estuarine waters of Mahakam Delta, East Kalimantan. Biodiversitas 11 (4): 204-210. DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d110407.
Suyatna I, Sidik AS, Almadi IF, Rizal S, Sukarti K. 2016. Fish community structure in high water temperature around Bontang industrial estate, East Kalimantan, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 17 (2): 558-564. DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d170224.
Suzuki H, Kimura S. 2017. Taxonomic revision of the Equulites elongatus (Günther 1874) species group (Perciformes: Leiognathidae) with the description of a new species. Ichthyol Res 643: 339-352. DOI: 10.1007/S10228-017-0572-9.
Suzuki H, Kimura S. 2024. Taxonomic revision of the genus Equulites Fowler 1904 (Acanthuriformes: Leiognathidae). Ichthyol Res 71 (2): 213-259. DOI: 10.1007/s10228-023-00935-z.
Syahailatua A, Taufik M, Wagiyo K, Sugeha HY, Simanjuntak CPH, Wouthuyzen S, Miller MJ, Aoyama J. 2023. A century of ichthyoplankton research in Indonesian waters: Lessons from the past, challenges for the future. Rev Fish Biol Fish 2023: 0123456789. DOI: 10.1007/s11160-023-09802-6.
Thorson JT. 2023. Identifying direct and indirect associations among traits by merging phylogenetic comparative methods and structural equation models. Methods Ecol Evol 14 (5): 1259-1275. DOI: 10.1111/2041-210x.14076.
To M, Anumudu CI. 2015. Advanced techniques for morphometric analysis in fish. J Aquac Res Dev 6 (8): 1-6 DOI: 10.4172/2155-9546.1000354.
Trail PW. 2021. Morphological analysis: A powerful tool in wildlife forensic biology. Forensic Sci Intl Anim Environ 1: 100025. DOI: 10.1016/J.FSIAE.2021.100025.
Umar MT, Omar SBA, Hidayani AA, Al Ashad AN, Gazali M, Umar W, Andriyono S, Tenriulo A, Moore AM. 2024. Morphological analysis of the endemic freshwater halfbeak Dermogenys orientalis (Weber, 1894) in Maros-Pangkep Karst Area, South Sulawesi, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 25 (9): 3056-3066. DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d250927.
Umar W, Tassakka ACMAR, Barber PH, Jompa J. 2019. Unexpected patterns of genetic connectivity in Lobophyllia corymbosa (Forskål, 1775) around Sulawesi, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 20 (9): 2744-2749. DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d200940.
Verba JT, Stow AJ, Bein B, Pennino MG, Lopes PFM, Ferreira BP, Mortier M, Lima SMQ, Pereira R. 2022. Low population genetic structure is consistent with high habitat connectivity in a commercially important fish species (Lutjanus jocu). Mar Biol 170: 5. DOI: 10.1007/s00227-022-04149-1.
Wainwright BJ, Arlyza IS, Karl SA. 2018. Population genetics of the collector urchin, Tripneustes gratilla, in the Indonesian archipelago. Mar Ecol 39: e12530. DOI: 10.1111/maec.12530.
Wardhani DK, Omar SBA, Tresnati J, Umar MT. 2024. Sex ratio and length at first maturity of berber ponyfish, Leiognathus berbis, at Takalar waters, South Sulawesi, Indonesia. AACL Bioflux 17 (4): 1673-1685.
Wedjatmiko W, Ernawati T, Sukarniaty. 2017. Composition and distribution of ponyfish (Leiognathidae) in the Makassar Strait. J Indones Fish Res 13: 53. DOI: 10.15578/jppi.13.1.2007.53-60. [Indonesian]
White WT, Last PR, Dharmadi, Faizah R, Chodrijah U, Prisantoso BI, Pogonoski JJ, Puckridge M, Blaber SJM. 2013. Market Fishes of Indonesia. Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, Canberra.
Wiadnya DGR, Widodo, Setyohadi D, Soemarno. 2015. Intra-species variations of Photopectoralis bindus (Family: Leiognathidae) collected from two geographical areas in East Java, Indonesia. J Biol Environ Sci 6 (1): 160-168.
Winkler NS, Paz?Goicoechea M, Lamb RW, Pérez?Matus A. 2017. Diet reveals links between morphology and foraging in a cryptic temperate reef fish. Ecol Evol 7 (24): 11124-11134. DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3604.
Woodland DJ, Premcharoen S, Cabanban AS. 2001. Leiognathidae. In: Carpenter KE, Niem VH (eds). The Living Marine Resources of the Western Central Pacific. Food and Aquaculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome.
WoRMS Editorial Board. 2025. World Register of Marine Species. http://www.marinespecies.org.
Yusfiandayani R, Purbayanto A, Nuraini B. 2023. Productivity and fishing season patterns of ponyfish (Leiognathus spp.) in Banten Bay. J Indones Agric Sci 28 (3): 457-464. DOI: 10.18343/jipi.28.3.457. [Indonesian]
Zagorodniuk S. 2022. Preventive measures to ensure the sea fishing regime. Sci Bull Uzhhorod Natl Univ 68: 216-219. DOI: 10.24144/2307-3322.2021.68.37. [Ukrainian]
Zhang C. 2023. Assessing the impact of overfishing on Africa and sustainable fishing practices. Intl J Soc Sci Econ Res 8 (4): 641-649. DOI: 10.46609/ijsser.2023.v08i04.006.