Cross shelf gradients of scleractinian corals in the Spermonde Islands, South Sulawesi, Indonesia
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Abstract. Yusuf S, Beger M, Tassakka ACMAR, Brauwer MD, Pricella A, Rahmi, Umar W, Limmon GV, Moore AM, Jompa J. 2021. Cross shelf gradients of scleractinian corals in the Spermonde Islands, South Sulawesi, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 22: 1415-1423. Coral reef ecosystems around the world have suffered extensive degradation, including the reefs of the Wallacea region within the Coral Triangle global biodiversity hotspot. Anthropogenic and natural threats can reduce the level of coral reef biodiversity differentially across environmental or impact gradients. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the changes in hard coral (Scleractinia) diversity and community structure across an inshore-offshore zonation gradient in the Spermonde Islands, South Sulawesi, Indonesia. Data on coral colony species and abundance as well as live coral cover were collected from 10 m2 belt transects at a depth of 6 to 8 m. A total of 72 transects were placed around the 12 island stations in three zones: the inner mid-shelf zone, outer mid-shelf zone and outer shelf zone. Data were analyzed to determine the species richness, and three ecological indices for the hard coral communities were calculated: the Shannon Diversity Index (H'), Similarity Index (E), and Dominance Index (C). A total of 310 hard coral species belonging to 62 genera were recorded. The coral communities were dominated by the genera Fungia, Montipora and Porites, and coral cover was in the 'moderate' category. The number of species was directly proportional to the number of colonies within each zone. Live coral cover was higher in the inner mid-shelf zone and outer shelf zone than the outer mid-shelf zone; conversely, the species richness and coral colony abundance were higher in the outer mid-shelf zone. However, the differences were not statistically significant. The indices H’, C, and E did not differ significantly between the zones. However, Tambakulu Island in Zone 4 had the lowest values of E and H’ and the highest value of C. Findings suggest that most-hard coral communities in the cross-shelf zones of the Spermonde Islands are stable communities characterized by relatively high diversity and low dominance indices.
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References
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Hoeksema BW (2012b) Distribution patterns of mushroom corals (Scleractinia: Fungiidae) across the Spermonde Shelf, South Sulawesi. Raffles Bull Zool 60:183–212
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Hughes TP, Bellwood DR, Connolly SR, et al (2014) Double Jeopardy and Global Extinction Risk in Corals and Reef Fishes. Curr Biol 24:1–6. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2014.10.037
Humanes A, Fink A, Willis BL, et al (2017) Effects of suspended sediments and nutrient enrichment on juvenile corals. Mar Pollut Bull 125:166–175. doi: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.08.003
Jompa J, Umar W, Yusuf S, et al (2020) Genetic patterns of the corals Euphyllia glabrescens and Lobophyllia corymbosa across the Indonesian Archipelago. Biodiversitas 21:2492–2499. doi: 10.13057/biodiv/d210621
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Moeller M, Nietzer S, Schils T, Schupp PJ (2017) Low sediment loads affect survival of coral recruits: the first weeks are crucial. Coral Reefs 36:39–49. doi: 10.1007/s00338-016-1513-1
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Moore AM, Ndobe S, Jompa J (2017) Fingerprints of the Anthropocene: the 2016 Coral Bleaching Event in an Equatorial Archipelago. In: Proceedings of the 4th International Marine and Fisheries Symposium 2017. Universitas Hasanuddin, Makassar, pp 66–86
Moore AM, Ndobe S, Yasir I, et al (2019) Banggai cardinalfish and its microhabitats in a warming world: A preliminary study. IOP Conf Ser Earth Environ Sci 253:012021. doi: 10.1088/1755-1315/253/1/012021
Morris EK, Caruso T, Buscot F, et al (2014) Choosing and using diversity indices: Insights for ecological applications from the German Biodiversity Exploratories. Ecol Evol 4:3514–3524. doi: 10.1002/ece3.1155
Muslihuddin, Salanggon AI, Ndobe S, et al (2012) Monitoring fish home restoration modules in Central Sulawesi. Mitra Bahari 6:36–52
Obura D (2012) The Diversity and Biogeography of Western Indian Ocean Reef-Building Corals. PLoSONE 7:e45013. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0045013
Oliver ECJ, Burrows MT, Donat MG, et al (2019) Projected Marine Heatwaves in the 21st Century and the Potential for Ecological Impact. Front Mar Sci 6:00734. doi: 10.3389/fmars.2019.00734
Plass-Johnson JG, Bednarz VN, Hill JM, et al (2018a) Contrasting Responses in the Niches of Two Coral Reef Herbivores Along a Gradient of Habitat Disturbance in the Spermonde Archipelago, Indonesia. Front Mar Sci 5:00032. doi: 10.3389/fmars.2018.00032
Plass-Johnson JG, Schwieder H, Heiden J, et al (2015) A recent outbreak of crown-of-thorns starfish (Acanthaster planci) in the Spermonde Archipelago, Indonesia. Reg Environ Chang 15:1157–62. doi: 10.1007/s10113-015-0821-2
Plass-Johnson JG, Teichberg M, Bednarz VN, et al (2018b) Spatio-Temporal Patterns in the Coral Reef Communities of the Spermonde Archipelago, 2012–2014, II: Fish Assemblages Display Structured Variation Related to Benthic Condition. Front Mar Sci 5:1–15. doi: 10.3389/fmars.2018.00036
Rhyne AL, Tlusty MF, Kaufman L (2014) Is sustainable exploitation of coral reefs possible? A view from the standpoint of the marine aquarium trade. Curr Opin Environ Sustain 7:101–107. doi: 10.1016/j.cosust.2013.12.001
Sawall Y, Jompa J, Litaay M, et al (2013) Coral recruitment and potential recovery of eutrophied and blast fishing impacted reefs in Spermonde Archipelago, Indonesia. Mar Pollut Bull 74:374–382. doi: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2013.06.022
Strahl J, Rocker MM, Fabricius KE (2019) Contrasting responses of the coral Acropora tenuis to moderate and strong light limitation in coastal waters. Mar Environ Res 147:80–89. doi: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2019.04.003
Susanto HA, Suraji, Tokeshi M (2015) Management of coral reef ecosystems in Indonesia: past, present, and the future. Coast Ecosyst 2:21–41
Teichberg M, Wild C, Bednarz VN, et al (2018) Spatio-Temporal Patterns in Coral Reef Communities of the Spermonde Archipelago, 2012–2014, I: Comprehensive Reef Monitoring of Water and Benthic Indicators Reflect Changes in Reef Health. Front Mar Sci 5:1–18. doi: 10.3389/fmars.2018.00033
Umar W, Tassakka ACMAR, Jompa J (2019) High genetic connectivity in a scleractinian coral (Lobophyllia corymbosa) around Sulawesi, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 20:3484–3492. doi: 10.13057/biodiv/d201204
Veron J, Stafford-Smith M, DeVantier L, Turak E (2015) Overview of distribution patterns of zooxanthellate Scleractinia. Front Mar Sci 2:1–19. doi: 10.3389/fmars.2014.00081
Veron JEN (2000) Corals of the World. Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville
Veron JEN, Devantier LM, Turak E, et al (2009) Delineating the Coral Triangle. Galaxea, J Coral Reef Stud 11:91–100. doi: 10.3755/galaxea.11.91
von der Heyden S, Beger M, Toonen RJ, et al (2014) The application of genetics to marine management and conservation: Examples from the Indo-Pacific. Bull Mar Sci 90:123–158. doi: 10.5343/bms.2012.1079
Wallace CC (1999) Staghorn Corals of the World: A Revision of the Genus Acropora. CSIRO Publishing, Clayton
Wallace CC, Done BJ, Muir PR (2012) Revision and catalogue of worldwide staghorn corals Acropora and Isopora (Scleractinia: Acroporidae) in the Museum of Tropical Queensland. Mem Queensl Museum 57:1–255
Wallace CC, Pandolfi JM, Young A, Wolstenholme J (1991) Indo-pacific coral biogeography: A case study from the Acropora selago group. Aust Syst Bot 4:199–210. doi: 10.1071/SB9910199
Weijerman M, Veazey L, Yee S, et al (2018) Managing local stressors for coral reef condition and ecosystem services delivery under climate scenarios. Front Mar Sci 9:1–16. doi: 10.3389/fmars.2018.00425
Williams SL, Sur C, Janetski N, et al (2019) Large-scale coral reef rehabilitation after blast fishing in Indonesia. Restor Ecol 27:447–456. doi: 10.1111/rec.12866
Yentsch CS, Yentsch CM, Cullen JJ, et al (2002) Sunlight and water transparency: Cornerstones in coral research. J Exp Mar Bio Ecol 268:171–183. doi: 10.1016/S0022-0981(01)00379-3
Yusuf S, Jompa J (2012) First Quantitative Assessment of Coral Bleaching on Indonesian Reefs. Icrs2012Com 6
Yusuf S, Zamani NP, Jompa J, Junior MZ (2019) Larvae of the Coral Acropora tenuis (Dana 1846) Settle under Controlled Light Intensity. IOP Conf Ser Earth Environ Sci 253:012023. doi: 10.1088/1755-1315/253/1/012023
Andradi-Brown DA, Banaszak AT, Frazer TK, et al (2020) Coral Reefs in the Anthropocene – Reflecting on 20 Years of Reef Conservation UK. Front Mar Sci 7:00364. doi: 10.3389/fmars.2020.00364
Barber PH, Cheng SH, Erdmann M V, et al (2011) Evolution and conservation of marine biodiversity in the Coral Triangle: insights from stomatopod Crustacea. In: Held C, Koenemann S, Schubar CD (eds) Phylogeography and Population Genetics in Crustacea, 1st edn. CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp 1–32
Berry TE, Saunders BJ, Coghlan ML, et al (2019) Marine environmental DNA biomonitoring reveals seasonal patterns in biodiversity and identifies ecosystem responses to anomalous climatic events. PLoS Genet 15:1–19. doi: 110.1371/ journal.pgen.1007943
Best MB, Hoeksema BW, Moka W, et al (1989) Recent Scleractinian coral species collected during the Snellius-II expedition in Eastern Indonesia. Netherlands J Sea Res 23:107–115. doi: 10.1016/0077-7579(89)90005-7
Bourlat SJ, Borja A, Gilbert J, et al (2013) Genomics in marine monitoring: New opportunities for assessing marine health status. Mar Pollut Bull 74:19–31. doi: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2013.05.042
Bowen BW, Yasuda N, Malay MCMD, et al (2014) Phylogeography unplugged: comparative surveys in the genomic era. Bull Mar Sci 90:13–46. doi: 10.5343/bms.2013.1007
Burke L, Reytar K, Spalding M, et al (2012) Reefs at risk: Revisited in the coral triangle. World Resources Institute, Washington DC
Cabral RB, Geronimo RC (2018) How important are coral reefs to food security in the Philippines? Diving deeper than national aggregates and averages. Mar Policy 91:136–141. doi: 10.1016/j.marpol.2018.02.007
Crandall ED, Riginos C, Bird CE, et al (2019) The molecular biogeography of the Indo?Pacific: Testing hypotheses with multispecies genetic patterns. Glob Ecol Biogeogr 28:943–960. doi: 10.1111/geb.12905
CRITC (2012) Ekosistem pesisir perairan Pangkajene Kepulauan dan sekitarnya Provinsi Sulawesi Selatan. CRITC-Puslit Oseanografi LIPI, Jakarta
Cullen LC (2010) Marine Resource Dependence and Natural Resource Use Patterns in The Wakatobi. In: Clifton J, Unsworth RRK, Smith DJ (eds) Marine Research and Conservation in the Coral Triangle. Nova Science Publishers, Inc., New York, pp 162–182
Decarlo TM, Cohen AL, Wong GTF, et al (2017) Mass coral mortality under local amplification of 2 ° C ocean warming. Nat Publ Gr 7:44586. doi: 10.1038/srep44586
Edinger EN, Jompa J, Limmon G V, et al (1998) Reef Degradation and Coral Biodiversity in Indonesia. Effects of Land-based Pollution, Destructive Fishing Practices and Changes Over Time. Mar Pollut Bull 36:617–630. doi: 10.1016/S0025-326X(98)00047-2
Ferse S, Knittweis L, Krause G, et al (2012) Livelihoods of Ornamental Coral Fishermen in South Sulawesi/Indonesia: Implications for Management. Coast Manag 40:525–555. doi: 10.1080/08920753.2012.694801
Ferse SCA, Glaser M, Neil M, Schwerdtner Máñez K (2014) To cope or to sustain? Eroding long-term sustainability in an Indonesian coral reef fishery. Reg Environ Chang 14:2053–2065. doi: 10.1007/s10113-012-0342-1
Gittenberger A, Reijnen BT, Hoeksema BW (2011) A molecularly based phylogeny reconstruction of mushroom corals (Scleractinia?: Fungiidae) with taxonomic consequences and evolutionary implications for life history traits. Contrib to Zool 80:107–132
Glaser M, Plass-Johnson JG, Ferse SCA, et al (2018) Breaking Resilience for a Sustainable Future: Thoughts for the Anthropocene. Front Mar Sci 5:1–7. doi: 10.3389/fmars.2018.00034
Green AL, Fernandes L, Almany G, et al (2014) Designing Marine Reserves for Fisheries Management, Biodiversity Conservation, and Climate Change Adaptation. Coast Manag 42:37–41. doi: 10.1080/08920753.2014.877763
Heery EC, Hoeksema BW, Browne NK, et al (2018) Urban coral reefs: Degradation and resilience of hard coral assemblages in coastal cities of East and Southeast Asia. Mar Pollut Bull 135:654–681. doi: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.07.041
Hoegh-guldberg O, Kennedy E V, Beyer HL, et al (2018) Securing a Long-term Future for Coral Reefs. Trends Ecol Evol 33:936–944. doi: 10.1016/j.tree.2018.09.006
Hoeksema BW (2012a) Evolutionary trends in onshore-offshore distribution patterns of mushroom coral species (Scleractinia: Fungiidae). Contrib to Zool 81:199–221. doi: 10.1163/18759866-08104002
Hoeksema BW (2012b) Distribution patterns of mushroom corals (Scleractinia: Fungiidae) across the Spermonde Shelf, South Sulawesi. Raffles Bull Zool 60:183–212
Hoey AS, Howells E, Johansen JL, et al (2016) Recent Advances in Understanding the Effects of Climate Change on Coral Reefs. Diversity 8:1–22. doi: 10.3390/d8020012
Hughes TP, Bellwood DR, Connolly SR, et al (2014) Double Jeopardy and Global Extinction Risk in Corals and Reef Fishes. Curr Biol 24:1–6. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2014.10.037
Humanes A, Fink A, Willis BL, et al (2017) Effects of suspended sediments and nutrient enrichment on juvenile corals. Mar Pollut Bull 125:166–175. doi: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.08.003
Jompa J, Umar W, Yusuf S, et al (2020) Genetic patterns of the corals Euphyllia glabrescens and Lobophyllia corymbosa across the Indonesian Archipelago. Biodiversitas 21:2492–2499. doi: 10.13057/biodiv/d210621
Kondo M, Hashimoto S (2010) Coral Reef Biodiversity. In: McIntyre AD (ed) Life in the World’s Oceans: Diversity, Distribution, and Abundance. Blackwell Publishing Ltd, Wiley Online Library, pp 65–77
Kutti T, Johnsen IA, Skaar KS, et al (2020) Quantification of eDNA to Map the Distribution of Cold-Water Coral Reefs. Front Mar Sci 7:1–12. doi: 10.3389/fmars.2020.00446
Lohman DJ, de Bruyn M, Page T, et al (2011) Biogeography of the Indo-Australian Archipelago. Annu Rev Ecol Evol Syst 42:205–226. doi: 10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-102710-145001
Moeller M, Nietzer S, Schils T, Schupp PJ (2017) Low sediment loads affect survival of coral recruits: the first weeks are crucial. Coral Reefs 36:39–49. doi: 10.1007/s00338-016-1513-1
Moll H (1983) Zonation and Diversity of Scleractinia on Reefs Off S. W. Sulawesi, Indonesia. Leiden University
Moore AM, Ndobe S, Jompa J (2017) Fingerprints of the Anthropocene: the 2016 Coral Bleaching Event in an Equatorial Archipelago. In: Proceedings of the 4th International Marine and Fisheries Symposium 2017. Universitas Hasanuddin, Makassar, pp 66–86
Moore AM, Ndobe S, Yasir I, et al (2019) Banggai cardinalfish and its microhabitats in a warming world: A preliminary study. IOP Conf Ser Earth Environ Sci 253:012021. doi: 10.1088/1755-1315/253/1/012021
Morris EK, Caruso T, Buscot F, et al (2014) Choosing and using diversity indices: Insights for ecological applications from the German Biodiversity Exploratories. Ecol Evol 4:3514–3524. doi: 10.1002/ece3.1155
Muslihuddin, Salanggon AI, Ndobe S, et al (2012) Monitoring fish home restoration modules in Central Sulawesi. Mitra Bahari 6:36–52
Obura D (2012) The Diversity and Biogeography of Western Indian Ocean Reef-Building Corals. PLoSONE 7:e45013. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0045013
Oliver ECJ, Burrows MT, Donat MG, et al (2019) Projected Marine Heatwaves in the 21st Century and the Potential for Ecological Impact. Front Mar Sci 6:00734. doi: 10.3389/fmars.2019.00734
Plass-Johnson JG, Bednarz VN, Hill JM, et al (2018a) Contrasting Responses in the Niches of Two Coral Reef Herbivores Along a Gradient of Habitat Disturbance in the Spermonde Archipelago, Indonesia. Front Mar Sci 5:00032. doi: 10.3389/fmars.2018.00032
Plass-Johnson JG, Schwieder H, Heiden J, et al (2015) A recent outbreak of crown-of-thorns starfish (Acanthaster planci) in the Spermonde Archipelago, Indonesia. Reg Environ Chang 15:1157–62. doi: 10.1007/s10113-015-0821-2
Plass-Johnson JG, Teichberg M, Bednarz VN, et al (2018b) Spatio-Temporal Patterns in the Coral Reef Communities of the Spermonde Archipelago, 2012–2014, II: Fish Assemblages Display Structured Variation Related to Benthic Condition. Front Mar Sci 5:1–15. doi: 10.3389/fmars.2018.00036
Rhyne AL, Tlusty MF, Kaufman L (2014) Is sustainable exploitation of coral reefs possible? A view from the standpoint of the marine aquarium trade. Curr Opin Environ Sustain 7:101–107. doi: 10.1016/j.cosust.2013.12.001
Sawall Y, Jompa J, Litaay M, et al (2013) Coral recruitment and potential recovery of eutrophied and blast fishing impacted reefs in Spermonde Archipelago, Indonesia. Mar Pollut Bull 74:374–382. doi: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2013.06.022
Strahl J, Rocker MM, Fabricius KE (2019) Contrasting responses of the coral Acropora tenuis to moderate and strong light limitation in coastal waters. Mar Environ Res 147:80–89. doi: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2019.04.003
Susanto HA, Suraji, Tokeshi M (2015) Management of coral reef ecosystems in Indonesia: past, present, and the future. Coast Ecosyst 2:21–41
Teichberg M, Wild C, Bednarz VN, et al (2018) Spatio-Temporal Patterns in Coral Reef Communities of the Spermonde Archipelago, 2012–2014, I: Comprehensive Reef Monitoring of Water and Benthic Indicators Reflect Changes in Reef Health. Front Mar Sci 5:1–18. doi: 10.3389/fmars.2018.00033
Umar W, Tassakka ACMAR, Jompa J (2019) High genetic connectivity in a scleractinian coral (Lobophyllia corymbosa) around Sulawesi, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 20:3484–3492. doi: 10.13057/biodiv/d201204
Veron J, Stafford-Smith M, DeVantier L, Turak E (2015) Overview of distribution patterns of zooxanthellate Scleractinia. Front Mar Sci 2:1–19. doi: 10.3389/fmars.2014.00081
Veron JEN (2000) Corals of the World. Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville
Veron JEN, Devantier LM, Turak E, et al (2009) Delineating the Coral Triangle. Galaxea, J Coral Reef Stud 11:91–100. doi: 10.3755/galaxea.11.91
von der Heyden S, Beger M, Toonen RJ, et al (2014) The application of genetics to marine management and conservation: Examples from the Indo-Pacific. Bull Mar Sci 90:123–158. doi: 10.5343/bms.2012.1079
Wallace CC (1999) Staghorn Corals of the World: A Revision of the Genus Acropora. CSIRO Publishing, Clayton
Wallace CC, Done BJ, Muir PR (2012) Revision and catalogue of worldwide staghorn corals Acropora and Isopora (Scleractinia: Acroporidae) in the Museum of Tropical Queensland. Mem Queensl Museum 57:1–255
Wallace CC, Pandolfi JM, Young A, Wolstenholme J (1991) Indo-pacific coral biogeography: A case study from the Acropora selago group. Aust Syst Bot 4:199–210. doi: 10.1071/SB9910199
Weijerman M, Veazey L, Yee S, et al (2018) Managing local stressors for coral reef condition and ecosystem services delivery under climate scenarios. Front Mar Sci 9:1–16. doi: 10.3389/fmars.2018.00425
Williams SL, Sur C, Janetski N, et al (2019) Large-scale coral reef rehabilitation after blast fishing in Indonesia. Restor Ecol 27:447–456. doi: 10.1111/rec.12866
Yentsch CS, Yentsch CM, Cullen JJ, et al (2002) Sunlight and water transparency: Cornerstones in coral research. J Exp Mar Bio Ecol 268:171–183. doi: 10.1016/S0022-0981(01)00379-3
Yusuf S, Jompa J (2012) First Quantitative Assessment of Coral Bleaching on Indonesian Reefs. Icrs2012Com 6
Yusuf S, Zamani NP, Jompa J, Junior MZ (2019) Larvae of the Coral Acropora tenuis (Dana 1846) Settle under Controlled Light Intensity. IOP Conf Ser Earth Environ Sci 253:012023. doi: 10.1088/1755-1315/253/1/012023
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