Ecological characterization and conservation strategy of binjai (Mangifera caesia) in South Kalimantan, Indonesia
Article Sidebar
Abstract Views: 323
File Views: 9
Main Article Content
Abstract
Abstract. Malik MA, Leksono AS, Gunawan, Abdullah SA. 2025. Ecological characterization and conservation strategy of binjai (Mangifera caesia) in South Kalimantan, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 26: 3827-3842. Binjai (Mangifera caesia), a member of the Anacardiaceae family native to Southeast Asia, faces severe threats from timber extraction and habitat loss in South Kalimantan, Indonesia, while limited ecological data have hindered targeted conservation. This study assessed the distribution, ecological characteristics, and conservation strategies of binjai through field observations, purposive and snowball sampling, and ecological surveys in 21 plots (20×20 m each). Environmental factors measured included elevation, air temperature, humidity, light intensity, soil temperature, soil moisture, and soil pH, while vegetation data were collected using nested subplots across understory to tree levels and analyzed using Principal Component Analysis (PCA), vegetation analysis, and SWOT analysis. A total of 21 binjai trees were recorded in home yards, rice fields, and mixed gardens, with PCA revealing that air humidity (70.00-82.33%) and soil moisture (52.78-63.89%) were the most influential habitat factors. Vegetation surveys identified 74 associated species from 38 families, with dominant taxa including Cynodon dactylon and Oryza sativa in the understory, Caryota mitis and M. caesia at seedling level, Musa paradisiaca and Bambusa spinosa at sapling and pole levels, and Cocos nucifera and Durio zibethinus at the tree level. Diversity indices (H?=1.53-2.81) indicated moderate diversity across vegetation layers, reflecting ecological stability. The SWOT analysis highlighted weaknesses such as low community awareness and reliance on aged trees, as well as threats from land conversion and limited legal protection. Accordingly, recommended strategies include in situ protection through sustainable management and agroforestry integration, ex situ germplasm preservation in botanical gardens, environmental education to raise awareness, and cross-sector collaboration to enhance the conservation and economic value of binjai
Article Details
Issue
Section
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
References
Agustin IY, Hakim L, Leksono AS. 2023. Mammals and bird conservation strategies through community-based wildlife watching ecotourism development in perhutani area in Poncokusumo, Malang District, East Java. Biotropika J Trop Biol 11 (1): 44-52. DOI: 10.21776/ub.biotropika.2023.011.01.06.
Akhter S, McDonald M, Jashimuddin M, Bashirul-Al-Mamun M, Sarker P. 2022. Agroforestry potential of a wild mango species (Mangifera sylvatica Roxb.). Trees, For People 7: 100194. DOI: 10.1016/j.tfp.2022.100194.
Alamgir M, Campbell MJ, Sloan S, Suhardiman A, Supriatna J, Laurance WF. 2019. High-risk infrastructure projects pose imminent threats to forests in Indonesian Borneo. Sci Rep 9 (1): 1-10. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-36594-8.
Ardoin NM, Bowers AW, Gaillard E. 2020. Environmental education outcomes for conservation: A systematic review. Biol Conserv 241: 108224. DOI: 10.1016/j.biocon.2019.108224.
Austin KG, Schwantes A, Gu Y, Kasibhatla PS. 2019. What causes deforestation in Indonesia? Environ Res Lett 14 (2): 024007. DOI: 10.1088/1748-9326/aaf6db.
Berhanu Y, Dalle G, Sintayehu DW, Kelboro G, Nigussie A. 2023. Land use/land cover dynamics driven changes in woody species diversity and ecosystem services value in tropical rainforest frontier: A 20-year history. Heliyon 9 (2): e13711. DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e13711.
Beveridge FC, Kalaipandian S, Yang C, Adkins SW. 2022. Fruit biology of coconut (Cocos nucifera L.). Plants 11 (23): 3293. DOI: 10.3390/plants11233293.
Borsos É, Bori? E, Patocskai M. 2021. What can be done to increase future teachers’ plant knowledge? J Biol Educ 57 (2): 252-262. DOI: 10.1080/00219266.2021.1909632.
Breman E, Ballesteros D, Castillo-Lorenzo E, Cockel C, Dickie J, Faruk A, O’donnell K, Offord CA, Pironon S, Sharrock S, Ulian T. 2021. Plant diversity conservation challenges and prospects-The perspective of botanic gardens and the millennium seed bank. Plants 20 (11): 2371. DOI: 10.3390/plants10112371.
Chabib L, Muhtadi WK, Rizki MI, Rahman RA, Suhendri MR, Hidayat A. 2018. Potential medicinal plants for improve the immune system from Borneo Island and the prospect to be developed as nanomedicine. Matec Web Conf 154: 04006. DOI: 10.1051/matecconf/201815404006.
Damtie BB, Mengistu DA, Waktola DK, Meshesha DT. 2022. Impacts of soil and water conservation practice on soil moisture in Debre Mewi and Sholit Watersheds, Abbay Basin, Ethiopia. Agriculture 12 (3): 417. DOI: 10.3390/agriculture12030417.
Deng J, Fang S, Fang X, Jin Y, Kuang Y, Lin F, Liu J, Ma J, Nie Y, Ouyang S. 2023. Forest understory vegetation study: Current status and future trends. For Res 2023 (3): 6. DOI: 10.48130/FR-2023-0006.
Donnell KO, Sharrock S. 2018. Botanic gardens complement agricultural gene bank in collecting and conserving plant genetic diversity. Biopreserv Biobank 16 (5): 384-390. DOI: 10.1089/bio.2018.0028.
Dookie S, Jaikishun S, Ansari AA. 2024. Comparative analysis of mangrove seedlings in natural, degraded, and restored. Geol Ecol Landsc 1-18. DOI: 10.1080/24749508.2024.2437189.
Duan W, Su N, Jiang Y, Shen J. 2022. Impacts of social trust on rural households’ attitudes towards ecological conservation-Example of the giant panda nature reserves in China. Forests 13 (1): 1-16. DOI: 10.3390/f13010053.
Eshun F, Wotorchie RK, Buahing AA, Harrison-Afful AA, Atiatorme WK, Amedzake G, Adofo-Yeboah Y, Mante V. 2022. A survey of the role of environmental education in biodiversity conservation in the Greater Accra Region of Ghana. Conservation 2 (2): 297-304. DOI: 10.3390/conservation2020021.
Eyasu G, Gebrewahid Y, Darcha G, Kassa H. 2024. Adaptation and growth performance of different bamboo species in dryland areas of Northern Ethiopia. For Sci Technol 20 (2): 136-141. DOI: 10.1080/21580103.2024.2316723.
Fachrul MF. 2007. Metode Sampling Bioekologi 1st Ed. Bumi Aksara, Jakarta. [Indonesian]
Fitriani A, Arifin YF, Hatta GM, Wahdah R, Payung D. 2022. Suitability habitat model of Mangifera rufocostata under different climatic and environmental conditions. Biodiversitas 23 (9): 4570-4577. DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d230924.
Fitriani A, Prihatiningtyas E. 2022. Struktur vegetasi sekitar jenis pohon tandui (Mangifera rufocostata Kosterm.) di Hulu Sungai Selatan. Jurnal Hutan Tropis 9 (2): 464-471. DOI: 10.20527/jht.v9i2.11298. [Indonesian]
Fitriyati U, Insani N, Ridhoi R, Hidajat HG, Aa’rachman FR, Hisyam Baidlowi M, Yozar Amrozi M, Ardiyanti RN. 2024. Boidiversity of asteraceae family in padusan ecotourism and natural laboratory area. BIO Web Conf 117: 01050. DOI: 10.1051/bioconf/202411701050.
Ganesan SK. 2021. Mangifera caesia. The IUCN red list of threatened species 2021: e.t31403a184586784. DOI: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T31403A184586784.en.
Ganguli B, Narkhede1 S, Haldankar P, Bhattacharyya T. 2019. Wild mangoes-An incredible wealth for posterity. Indian J Fertil 15 (11): 1258-1264.
Gerten D, Salma I, Shafie MSM, Shariah U, Brooke P, Wong WWW, Norhayati MH. 2015. Traditional knowledge and practices related to genus Citrus, Garcinia, Mangifera and Nephelium in Malaysia. Oalib 2 (4): 1-11. DOI: 10.4236/oalib.1101453.
Greenacre M, Groenen PJF, Hastie T, D’Enza AI, Markos A, Tuzhilina E. 2022. Principal component analysis. Nat Rev Methods Prim 2 (1): 1-24. DOI: 10.1038/s43586-022-00184-w.
Gunawan, Anafarida O, Mahmudah N, Rizki MI. 2021. Autecology and distribution pattern of Baccaurea macrocarpa in South Kalimantan of Indonesia. Russ J Agric Soc-Econ Sci 117 (9): 117-124. DOI: 10.18551/rjoas.2021-09.13.
Gunawan, Anwar K, Gafur A, Hilaliyah R, Waro AA, Hikmah N, Sakinah, Erwansyah M, Susilawati D, Lestari RD, Triana D. 2023. Predicting the current potential geographical distribution of Baccaurea (B. lanceolata and B. motleyana) in South Kalimantan, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 24 (2): 930-939. DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d240232.
Gunawan, Muhamat, Fadhila S, Farida OA. 2022. Habitat characteristics of Mangifera casturi Kosterm. in Banjar District of South Kalimantan, Indonesia. Russ J Agric Soc-Econ Sci 10 (130): 83-90. DOI: 10.18551/rjoas.2022-10.10.
Gunawan, Muhamat, Maghfiroh. 2024. Ethnobotany and conservation of kasturi (Mangifera casturi Koesterm.) by Banjar Tribe in South Kalimantan, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 25 (4): 1420-1426. DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d250410.
Hartoyo APP, Mosa SA, Winata B, Rusniarsyah L, Peniwidiyanti, Izzbilhaq. 2024. Tree species diversity and management in agroforestry pohpohan (Pilea Melastomoides): The case in the traditional zone of Gunung Halimun Salak National Park, Indonesia. Biotropia-Southeast Asian J Trop Biol 31 (3): 380-390. DOI: 10.11598/btb.2024.31.3.2281.
Irawan B, Partasasmita R, Rahayu N, Setiawati T, Iskandar J. 2019. Indigenous knowledge of bamboos by naga community, Tasikmalaya District, West Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 20 (5): 1423-1434. DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d200535.
Itani M, Al Zein M, Nasralla N, Talhouk SN. 2020. Biodiversity conservation in cities: Defining habitat analogues for plant species of conservation interest. Plos One 15 (6): 1-25. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0220355.
Jahanifar K, Amirnejad H, Abedi Z, Vafaeinejad A. 2017. Estimation of the value of forest ecosystem services to develop conservational strategy management (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats). J For Sci 63 (7): 300-312. DOI: 10.17221/137/2016-JFS.
Kamran MA Al, Sharif MO, Deb B, Prova SJ, Uddin MS. 2023. Homestead agroforestry and tree species diversity in Cumilla District of Bangladesh. J Agrofor Environ 16 (2): 80-86. DOI: 10.55706/jae1632.
Ketsa S, Wisutiamonkul A, Palapol Y, Paull RE. 2020. The Durian: Botany, Horticulture, and Utilization. Wiley, New York. DOI: 10.1002/9781119625407.ch4.
Kim KJ, Jung E, Han MK, Sohn JH. 2020. The power of garden-based curriculum to promote scientific and nature-friendly attitudes in children through a cotton project. J Res Child Educ 34 (4): 538-550. DOI: 10.1080/02568543.2020.1718251.
Kour S, Bakshi P, Sharma A, Wali VK, Jasrotia A, Kumari S. 2018. Strategies on conservation, improvement and utilization of underutilized fruit crops. Intl J Curr Microbiol Appl Sci 7 (3): 638-650. DOI: 10.20546/ijcmas.2018.703.075.
Lahon D, Sahariah D. 2022. Physico-chemical properties of water and its impacts on the species diversity of aquatic plants at Disangmukh wetland of Assam, India. Ecol Environ Conserv 28 (1): 203-207. DOI: 10.53550/eec.2022.v28i01.026.
Ledesma N. 2019. Distribution and use of Mangifera caesia Jack. in Bali, Indonesia. Acta Hortic 1244: 29-32. DOI: 10.17660/ActaHortic.2019.1244.4.
Ledesma N, Campbell RJ, Hass M, Campbell TB. 2017. Interspecific hybrids between Mangifera indica and related species. Acta Hortic 1183: 83-88. DOI: 10.17660/ActaHortic.2017.1183.12.
Lobo MG, Sidhu JS. 2017. Biology, postharvest physiology, and biochemistry of mango. In: Siddiq M, Brecht JK, Sidhu JS (eds). Handbook of Mango Fruit: Production, Postharvest Science, Processing Technology and Nutrition. Wiley, New York. DOI: 10.1002/9781119014362.ch3.
Mandal AK, Dheebakaran G, Banik M, Kumar A, Arul PS, Ajit KMC. 2017. Response of bermuda grass (Cynodon dactylon) growth under elevated temperature and moisture stress condition. Pharm Innov J 6 (12): 83-87.
Mandea AR, Parjanto, Yuniastuti E, Nandariyah, Melati R. 2024. The vegetation analysis of natural habitat of wild nutmeg (Myristica spp.) in Halmahera Forest, North Maluku. Intl J Adv Sci Eng Inf Technol 14 (6): 2053-2058. DOI: 10.18517/ijaseit.14.6.19085.
Maroyi A. 2023. Medicinal uses of the asteraceae family in Zimbabwe: A historical and ecological perspective. Ethnobot Res Appl 25: 1-30. DOI: 10.32859/era.25.46.1-30.
Mathewos M, Hundera K, Biber-Freudenberger L. 2018. Planting fruits and vegetables in homegarden as a way to improve livelihoods and conserve plant biodiversity. Agriculture 8 (12): 190. DOI: 10.3390/agriculture8120190.
Meena NK, Asrey R. 2018. Tree age affects postharvest attributes and mineral content in amrapali mango (Mangifera indica) fruits. Hortic Plant J 4 (2): 55-61. DOI: 10.1016/j.hpj.2018.01.005.
Meena VS, Gora JS, Singh A, Ram C, Meena NK, Pratibha A, Rouphael Y, Basile B, Kumar P. 2022. Underutilized fruit crops of Indian arid and semi-arid regions: Importance, conservation and utilization strategies. Horticulturae 8 (2): 1-29. DOI: 10.3390/horticulturae8020171.
Ministry of Health Republic Indonesia. 2025. Informasi Kategori Usia. https://ayosehat.kemkes.go.id/kategori-usia. [Indonesian]
Mirfat AHS, Salma I, Razali M. 2016. Natural antioxidant properties of selected wild Mangifera species in Malaysia. J Trop Agric Food Sci 44: 63-72. DOI: 10.5958/0976-1926.2015.00010.8.
Mitchell JD, Pell SK, Bachelier JB, Warschefsky EJ, Joyce EM, Canadell LC, da Silva-Luz CL, Coiffard C. 2022. Neotropical Anacardiaceae (cashew family). Rev Bras Bot 45 (1): 139-180. DOI: 10.1007/s40415-022-00793-5.
Negi VS, Pathak R, Sekar KC, Rawal RS, Bhatt ID, Nandi SK, Dhyani PP. 2018. Traditional knowledge and biodiversity conservation: A case study from Byans valley in Kailash sacred landscape, India. J Environ Plan Manag 61 (10): 1722-1743. DOI: 10.1080/09640568.2017.1371006.
Noor A, Ningsih RD, Hasbianto A, Sabur A. 2015. Sebaran dan keragaman plasma nutfah mangga di Kalimantan Selatan. Prosiding Seminar Nasional Sumber Daya Genetik. Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Pertanian, Kementerian Pertanian, Jakarta. [Indonesian]
Nurrahman AD, Khusaini M, Leksono AS, Tarno H. 2024. Models for sustainable open access land management that integrate economic, social, and environmental balance. Trans Chinese Soc Agric Mach 55 (5): 1-13. DOI: 10.62321/issn.1000-1298.2024.05.01.
Paembonan SA, Bachtiar B, Ridwan M. 2020. Sustainable forest management through natural mangrove regeneration on Pannikiang Island, South Sulawesi. IOP Conf Ser Earth Environ Sci 486 (1): 012082. DOI: 10.1088/1755-1315/486/1/012082.
Quek ZBR, Chui SX, Lam WN, Fung TK, Sivasothi N. 2020. Autecology of the common fishtail palm, Caryota mitis (Arecaceae), in Singapore. Bot Lett 167 (2): 265-275. DOI: 10.1080/23818107.2020.1717612.
Rafaai NH, Abdullah SA. 2024. Developing a composite index of conservation value to determine the conservation status of protected areas: The case of the Krau Wildlife Reserve and Tasek Bera Ramsar Site, Peninsular Malaysia. J Nat Conserv 82: 126758. DOI: 10.1016/j.jnc.2024.126758.
Rambey R, Rahmawaty, Suratman MN, Gandaseca S, Rauf A, Nababan ESM, Delvian, Aththorick TA, Ismail MH, Saputra MH. 2024. Habitat preferences of Amorphopahllus sp. Silaiya Village, Sayur Matinggi District, North Sumatra, Indonesia. E3S Web Conf 519: 03020. DOI: 10.1051/e3sconf/202451903020.
Rao NKS, Shivashankara KS, Laxman RH. 2016. Abiotic Stress Physiology of Horticultural Crops. Springer India, Bengaluru. DOI: 10.1007/978-81-322-2725-0.
Rathnayake WMUK, De Silva RP, Dayawansa NDK. 2016. Assessment of the suitability of temperature and relative humidity for rice cultivation in rainfed lowland paddy fields in Kurunegala District. Trop Agric Res 27 (4): 370-388. DOI: 10.4038/tar.v27i4.8214.
Resida E, Chikmawati T, Ariyanti NS, Fitmawati. 2023. Mangifera kemanga Blume (Anacardiaceae) taxonomic assessment for genetic diversity based on molecular substantiation. Sabrao J Breed Genet 55 (1): 175-186. DOI: 10.54910/sabrao2023.55.1.17.
Salles DM, Do Carmo FF, Jacobi CM. 2019. Habitat loss challenges the conservation of endemic plants in mining-targeted Brazilian Mountains. Environ Conserv 46 (2): 140-146. DOI: 10.1017/S0376892918000401.
Salma I, Shariah U, Pearlycia B, Wong WW, Shukor A, Norhayati H, Camellia NAN. 2015. Community contribution towards conservation of tropical fruit trees in Malaysia. Oalib 2 (1): 1-7. DOI: 10.4236/oalib.1101146.
Sarkingobir Y, Miya YY. 2025. Nutritional (health) and other values of plants: Overview of conservation and strategies for protecting. Kashf J Multidiscip Res 3 (3): 1-13. DOI: 10.71146/kjmr338.
Satriani I, Panjaitan D, Sunariyati S. 2024. Keanekaragaman jenis mangga (Mangifera spp.) di Tumbang Talaken Kecamatan Manuhing Kabupaten Gunung Mas Kalimantan Tengah. J Biotrop Res Nat Technol 2 (2): 69-78. DOI: 10.52850/borneo.v2i2.11387. [Indonesian]
Schrieber K, Lachmuth S. 2017. The genetic paradox of invasions revisited: The potential role of inbreeding×environment interactions in invasion success. Biol Rev 92 (2): 939-952. DOI: 10.1111/brv.12263.
Setyawati T, Narulita S, Bahri IP, Raharjo GT. 2015. A Guide Book to Invasive Alien Plant Species in Indonesia. Research, Development and Innovation Agency, Ministry of Environment and Forestry, Republic of Indonesia, Jakarta.
Shrestha N. 2021. Factor analysis as a tool for survey analysis. Am J Appl Math Stat 9 (1): 4-11. DOI: 10.12691/ajams-9-1-2.
Suryatinah Y, Budiarti MS, Wijaya RN, Tjandrarini DH. 2020. Exploration and inventory of local medicinal plants with potential as anti-inflammatory in three dayak tribes, South Kalimantan. Buletin Plasma Nutfah 26 (1): 63-67. DOI: 10.21082/blpn.v26n1.2020.p63-76.
Suwardi AB, Navia ZI, Harmawan T, Syamsuardi S, Mukhtar E. 2022. Importance and local conservation of wild edible fruit plants in the East Aceh Region, Indonesia. Intl J Conserv Sci 13 (1): 221-232.
Tanbuda C, Sulaiman M, Yong PLP, Rusdi NA, Sathiya SJ, Yeaw NS, Hasnidah SF, Rajagopal M, Pang TPN, Garcia MM. 2025. Medicinal plants of Sabah (North Borneo): Lest we forget. Pharm Biol 63 (1): 288-332. DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2025.2487557.
Thirupathaiah G, Bhagwan A, Kumar AK, Kumar KA, Vijaya D. 2020. Response of irrigation and mulching on yield, water use efficiency, nutrient use efficiency and economy of mango Cv. Banganpalli in (semiarid region) Southern Telangana Region. Intl Res J Pure Appl Chem 21 (23): 215-224. DOI: 10.9734/irjpac/2020/v21i2330320.
Tjitrosoepomo G. 2018. Morfologi Tumbuhan 21st Ed. Universitas Gadjah Mada Press, Yogyakarta. [Indonesian]
Trisdayanti NPE, Pujawan AAKA, Putu N. 2021. Organoleptic and nutritional quality of wani fruit (Mangifera caesia) sorbet. J Gastron Tour 8 (1): 12-20. DOI: 10.17509/gastur.v8i1.35843.
Veldkamp JF, Duistermaat H, Wong KM, Middleton DJ. 2019. Poaceae (gramineae). Flora Singap 7: 219-501. DOI: 10.26492/fos7.2019-07.
Wahyuningtyas RS, Humaida N, Hani A, Aziza LN, Gunawan, Fitriani A. 2024. Potential and challenges of utilizing Artocarpus odoratissimus (binturung) fruit in Kalimantan. IOP Conf Ser Earth Environ Sci 1315 (1): 012026. DOI: 10.1088/1755-1315/1315/1/012026.
Yunus SNM, Abas F, Jaafar AH, Azizan A, Zolkeflee NKZ, Ghafar SZA. 2021. Antioxidant and a-glucosidase inhibitory activities of eight neglected fruit extracts and uhplc-ms/ms profile of the active extracts. Food Sci Biotechnol 30 (2): 195-208. DOI: 10.1007/s10068-020-00856-x.