Determining the landscape priority and their threats for the Critically Endangered Pongo tapanuliensis population in Indonesia
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DEDE AULIA RAHMAN
♥
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5405-5400
DONES RINALDI
WANDA KUSWANDA
RONDANG SIREGAR
FITRI NOOR CH
FAHMI HAKIM
HARNIOS ARIEF
HARYANTO R. PUTRO
Abstract
Abstract. Rahman DE, Rinaldi D, Kuswanda W, Siregar R, Noor CF, Hakim F, Arief H, Putro HR. 2019. Determining the landscape priority and their threats for the Critically Endangered Pongo tapanuliensis population in Indonesia. Biodiversitas 20: 3584-3592. Understanding the habitat preference and spatial distribution for the management of medium-large primates is important for conserving and enhancing biodiversity in the most isolated and remote Batang Toru landscape, North Sumatra, Indonesia. Based on the first extensive orangutan survey dataset during 2000 and 2007, we aimed to provide microhabitat preference and distribution assessment for the new species of orangutan (Pongo tapanuliensis), a poorly known and threatened primate endemic in Indonesia. To inform future conservation measures, we develop a predictive habitat suitability map and use this map to show the current threat for Tapanuli orangutan in their habitat and as the basis of proposed of the landscape boundary in Batang Toru ecosystem. In order to identify some environmental factors affecting conservation, we analyzed the microhabitat preference of Tapanuli orangutan using maximum entropy modeling (MaxEnt). The modeled orangutan distribution map covers 1.458,06 km2 (58,52% of Batang Toru’s landscape) and reveals three distinct distribution areas. The four most important environmental predictors are the distance from the cultivation area, NDVI, mean precipitation, and distance from the secondary forest edge. The distribution of the orangutan overlap with land-use categories reveals that 42,98% of the distribution lies in protected areas, but that 15,54% lies in natural forest concessions and area for other purposes (APL). Large scale land-use masterplan is needed to provide strategies and control for future development in the possibility of land uses and management are allowed in the landscape including its conservation policies. Moreover, collaborative management strategies are needed to develop a sustainable management system. We confirmed the Batang Toru landscape as the sole of Indonesia’s biodiversity hotspots and a critical area to preserve the Tapanuli orangutan.
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References
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Dutta T, Sharma S, Roy PS, McRae B, DeFries R. 2016. Connecting the dots: mapping habitat connectivity for tiger in Central India. Reg. Environ Change 16(S1): S53-S67. DOI: 10.1007/s10113-015-0877-z.
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Fleishman E, Murphy D, Brussard P. 2000. A new method for selection of umbrella species for conservation planning. Ecol Appl 10: 569–579. DOI: 10.1890/1051-0761(2000)010(0569:ANMFSO)2.0.CO;2.
Fredriksson GM, Usher G (2017) Towards Sustainable Management of the Batang Toru Ecosytem. Yayasan Ekosistem Lestari, Pp. 16.
Graham CH, Elith J, Hijmans RJ, Guisan A, Peterson AT, Loiselle BA, The Nceas Predicting Species Distributions Working Group (2008) The influence of spatial errors in species occurrence data used in distribution models. Journal of Applied Ecology 45: 239-247. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2664.2007.01408. x.
Kashwan P. 2016. Power asymmetries and institutions: landscape conservation in Central India. Regional Environmental Change 16(S1): S97-S109. DOI: 10.1007/s10113-015-0925-8.
Kuswanda W. 2014. Orangutan Batang Toru: Kritis di Ambang Punah. Bogor: Forda Press, Pp. 188.
MacKinnon K, Hatta G, Halim H, Mangalik A. 1996. The ecology of Kalimantan, Indonesian Borneo. Singapore: Periplus Editions. 802p.
Manel S, Williams H, Ormerod SJ. 2001. Evaluating presence-absence models in ecology: the need to account for prevalence. Journal of Applied Ecology 38: 921-931.
Marshall AJ, Ancrenaz M, Brearley FQ, Fredriksson GM, Ghaffar N, Heydon M, Husson SJ, Leighton M, McConkey KR, Morrogh-Bernard HC, Proctor J, van Schaik CP, Yeager CP, Wich SA. 2009. The effects of forest phenology and floristics on populations of Bornean and Sumatran orangutans. In: Wich SA, Utami Atmoko SS, Mitra Setia T, van Schaik CP, editors. Orangutans: Geographic variation in behavioral ecology and conservation. New York: Oxford University Press. 97–118.
Ministry of Environment and Forestry. 2011. Land cover classification. https://webgis.dephut.go.id:8080/kemenhut/index.php/id/.
Moegenburg S, Levey DJ. 2003. Do frugivores respond to fruit harvest? An experimental study of short-term responses. Ecology 84(10): 2600-2612. DOI: 10.1890/02-0063.
Morales JM, García D, Martínez D, Rodriguez-Pérez J, Herrera JM. 2013. Frugivore behavioural details matter for seed dispersal: A multi-species model for cantabrian thrushes and trees. PLoS ONE 8(6): e65216. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0065216.
Nater A, Mattle-Greminger MP, Nurcahyo A, Nowak MG, de Manuel M, Desai T, Groves C, Pybus M, Sonay TB, Roos C, Lameira AR, Wich SA, Askew J, Davila-Ross M, Fredriksson G, de Valles G, Casals F, Prado-Martinez J, Goossens B, Verschoor EJ, Warren KS, Singleton I, Marques DA, Pamungkas J, Perwitasari-Farajallah D, Rianti P, Tuuga A, Gut IG, Gut M, Orozco-terWengel P, van Schaik CP, Bertranpetit J, Anisimova M, Scally A, Marques-Bonet T, Meijaard E, Krützen M. 2017. Morphometric, behavioural, and genomic evidence for a new orangutan species. Current Biology 27: 3487-3498. DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2017.09.047.
Nowak MG, Rienzi P, Wich SA, Meijaard E, Fredriksson G. 2017. The IUCN red list of threatened species 2017. Pongo tapanuliensis. DOI: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T120588639A120588662.en.
Phillips SJ, Anderson RP, Schapire RE. 2006. Maximum entropy modeling of species geographic distributions. Ecological Modelling 190: 231-259. DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2005.03.026.
Phillips S. 2008. A brief tutorial on Maxent. ATandT Res, 1-38.
Prayogo H, Thohari AM, Solihin D, Prasetyo LB, Sugardjito. 2014. Habitat suitability modeling of Bornean orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus) in Betung Kerihun National Park, Danau Sentarum and corridor, West Kalimantan. Jurnal Manajemen Hutan Tropika 20: 112-120. DOI: 10.7226/jtfm.20.2.112.
Rahman DA, Gonzalez G, Haryono M, Muhtarom A, Firdaus AY, Aulagnier S. 2017. Factors affecting seasonal habitat use, and predicted range of two tropical deer in Indonesian rainforest. Acta Oecologica 82: 41–51. DOI: 10.1016/j.actao.2017.05.008.
Rahman DA, Rianti P, Muhiban M, Muhtarom A, Rahmat UM, Santosa Y, Aulagnier S. 2018. Density and spatial partitioning of endangered sympatric Javan deer (Felidae) and dholes (Canidae) in a tropical forest landscape. Folia Zoologica 67: 207–219. DOI: 10.25225/fozo. v67.i3-4. a8.2018.
Schmidt, F.H., Ferguson, J.H.A., 1951. Rainfall Types Based on Wet and Dry Ratios for Indonesia. Djawatan Meteorologi Dan Geofisika, Verhandelingen, Jakarta, Indonesia.
Seddon PJ, Leech T. 2008. Conservation short cut, or long and winding road? A critique of umbrella species criteria. Oryx 42: 240–245. DOI: 10.1017/S003060530806119X.
Spehar SN, Rayadian Y. 2017. Habitat use of Bornean orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus morio) in an industrial forestry plantation in East Kalimantan, Indonesia. International Journal of Primatology 38: 358-384. DOI:10.1007/s10764-017-9959-8.
Tallis H, Kareiva P, Marvier M, Chang A. 2008. An ecosystem services framework to support both practical conservation and economic development. Proc Natl Acad Sci 105: 9457-9464. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0705797105.
Turvey ST, Crees JJ, Di Fonzo MMI. 2015. Historical data as a baseline for conservation: reconstructing long-term faunal extinction dynamics in Late Imperial– modern China. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 282: 20151299. DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2015.1299.
Volken E, Br?nnimann S. 2011. The thermal zones of the earth according to the duration of hot, moderate and cold periods and to the impact of heat on the organic world. Meteorologische Zeitschrift 35: 351-360. DOI:10.1127/0941-2948/2011/105.
Wich SA, Meijaard E, Marshall AJ, Husson S, Ancrenaz M, Lacy RC, van Schaik CP, Sugardjito J, Simorangkir T, Traylor-Holzer K, Doughty M, Supriatna J, Dennis R, Gumal M, Knott CD, Singleton I. 2008. Distribution and conservation status of the orangutan (Pongo spp.) on Borneo and Sumatra: how many remain?. Oryx 42: 329-339. DOI:10.1017/S003060530800197X.
Wich SA, Vogel ER, Larsen MD, Fredriksson G, Leighton M, Yeager CP, Brearley FQ, van Schaik CP, Marshall AJ. 2011. Forest fruit production is higher on Sumatra than on Borneo. PLoS ONE 6: e21278.
Wich SA, Gaveau D, Abram N, Ancrenaz M, Baccini A, Brend S, Curran L, Delgado R, Erman A, Fredriksson GM, Goossens B, Husson SJ, Lackman I, Marshall AJ, Naomi A, Molidena E, Nardiyono, Nurcahyo A, Odom K, Panda A, Purnomo, Rafiastanto A, Ratnasari D, Santana AH, Sapari I, van Schaik CP, Sihite J, Spehar S, Santoso E, Suyoko A, Tiju A, Usher G, Utami-Atmoko SS, Willems EP, Meijaard E. 2012. Understanding the Impacts of Land-Use Policies on a Threatened Species: Is There a Future for the Bornean Orang-utan? PLoS ONE 7(11): e49142. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0049142.
Wich SA, Singleton I, Nowak MG, Utami-Atmoko SS, Nisam G, Mhd. Arif S, Putra RH, Ardi R, Fredriksson G, Usher G, Gaveau DLA, Kuhl HS. 2016. Land-cover changes predict steep declines for the Sumatran orangutan (Pongo abelii). Science Advance 2: e1500789. DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1500789.
Wisz MS, Hijmans RJ, Li J, Peterson AT, Graham CH, Guisan A, NCEAS Predicting Species Distributions Working Group. 2008. Effects of sample size on the performance of species distribution models. Diversity and Distributions 14: 763-773. DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-4642.2008.00482. x.
Yi Y-j, Cheng X, Yang Z-F, Zhang S-H. 2006. Maxent modeling for predicting the potential distribution of endangered medicinal plant (H. riparia Lour) in Yunnan, China. Ecological Engineering 92: 260-269. DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoleng.2016.04.010.
Young N, Carter L, Evangelista PA. 2011. Maxent Model v3.3.3e Tutorial (ArcGIS v7). Colorado State University, USA.
Boisvenue C, Running SW. 2006. Impacts of climate change on natural forest productivity – evidence since the middle of the 20th century. Glob Change Biol 12: 862–882.
Branton M, and Richardson JS. 2011. Assessing the value of the umbrella-species concept for conservation planning with meta-analysis. Conserv Biol 25: 9–20. DOI: 10.1111/j.1523-1739.2010.01606.x.
Brown S, Lugo AE. 1990. Tropical secondary forests. J. Trop. Ecol. 6: 1-32.
Chapron G, Kaczensky P, Linnell JD, von Arx M, Huber D, Andrén H, López-Bao JV, Adamec M, Álvares F, Anders O, Bal?iauskas L, Balys V, Bed? P, Bego F, Blanco JC, Breitenmoser U, Brøseth H, Bufka L, Bunikyte R, Ciucci P, Dutsov A, Engleder T, Fuxjäger C, Groff C, Holmala K, Hoxha B, Iliopoulos Y, Ionescu O, Jeremi? J, Jerina K, Kluth G, Knauer F, Kojola I, Kos I, Krofel M, Kubala J, Kunovac S, Kusak J, Kutal M, Liberg O, Maji? A, Männil P, Manz R, Marboutin E, Marucco F, Melovski D, Mersini K, Mertzanis Y, Mys?ajek RW, Nowak S, Odden J, Ozolins J, Palomero G, Paunovi? M, Persson J, Poto?nik H, Quenette PY, Rauer G, Reinhardt I, Rigg R, Ryser A, Salvatori V, Skrbinšek T, Stojanov A, Swenson JE, Szemethy L, Trajçe A, Tsingarska-Sedefcheva E, Vá?a M, Veeroja R, Wabakken P, Wölfl M, Wölfl S, Zimmermann F, Zlatanova D, Boitani L. 2014. Recovery of large carnivores in Europe’s modern human-dominated landscapes. Science, 346, 1517–1519. DOI: 10.1126/science.1257553.
Dutta T, Sharma S, Roy PS, McRae B, DeFries R. 2016. Connecting the dots: mapping habitat connectivity for tiger in Central India. Reg. Environ Change 16(S1): S53-S67. DOI: 10.1007/s10113-015-0877-z.
Elith J, Graham CH, Anderson RP, Dudík M, Ferrier S, Guisan A, Hijmans RJ, Huettmann F, Leathwick JR, Lehmann A, Li J, Lohmann LG, Loiselle BA, Manion G, Moritz C, Nakamura M, Nakazawa Y, Overton JMM, Peterson AT, Phillips SJ, Richardson K, Scachetti-Pereira R, Schapire RE, Soberón J, Williams S, Wisz MS, Zimmermann NE. 2006. Novel methods improve prediction of species' distributions from occurrence data. Ecography 29: 129-151. DOI: 10.1111/j.2006.0906-7590.04596. x.
Fleishman E, Murphy D, Brussard P. 2000. A new method for selection of umbrella species for conservation planning. Ecol Appl 10: 569–579. DOI: 10.1890/1051-0761(2000)010(0569:ANMFSO)2.0.CO;2.
Fredriksson GM, Usher G (2017) Towards Sustainable Management of the Batang Toru Ecosytem. Yayasan Ekosistem Lestari, Pp. 16.
Graham CH, Elith J, Hijmans RJ, Guisan A, Peterson AT, Loiselle BA, The Nceas Predicting Species Distributions Working Group (2008) The influence of spatial errors in species occurrence data used in distribution models. Journal of Applied Ecology 45: 239-247. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2664.2007.01408. x.
Kashwan P. 2016. Power asymmetries and institutions: landscape conservation in Central India. Regional Environmental Change 16(S1): S97-S109. DOI: 10.1007/s10113-015-0925-8.
Kuswanda W. 2014. Orangutan Batang Toru: Kritis di Ambang Punah. Bogor: Forda Press, Pp. 188.
MacKinnon K, Hatta G, Halim H, Mangalik A. 1996. The ecology of Kalimantan, Indonesian Borneo. Singapore: Periplus Editions. 802p.
Manel S, Williams H, Ormerod SJ. 2001. Evaluating presence-absence models in ecology: the need to account for prevalence. Journal of Applied Ecology 38: 921-931.
Marshall AJ, Ancrenaz M, Brearley FQ, Fredriksson GM, Ghaffar N, Heydon M, Husson SJ, Leighton M, McConkey KR, Morrogh-Bernard HC, Proctor J, van Schaik CP, Yeager CP, Wich SA. 2009. The effects of forest phenology and floristics on populations of Bornean and Sumatran orangutans. In: Wich SA, Utami Atmoko SS, Mitra Setia T, van Schaik CP, editors. Orangutans: Geographic variation in behavioral ecology and conservation. New York: Oxford University Press. 97–118.
Ministry of Environment and Forestry. 2011. Land cover classification. https://webgis.dephut.go.id:8080/kemenhut/index.php/id/.
Moegenburg S, Levey DJ. 2003. Do frugivores respond to fruit harvest? An experimental study of short-term responses. Ecology 84(10): 2600-2612. DOI: 10.1890/02-0063.
Morales JM, García D, Martínez D, Rodriguez-Pérez J, Herrera JM. 2013. Frugivore behavioural details matter for seed dispersal: A multi-species model for cantabrian thrushes and trees. PLoS ONE 8(6): e65216. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0065216.
Nater A, Mattle-Greminger MP, Nurcahyo A, Nowak MG, de Manuel M, Desai T, Groves C, Pybus M, Sonay TB, Roos C, Lameira AR, Wich SA, Askew J, Davila-Ross M, Fredriksson G, de Valles G, Casals F, Prado-Martinez J, Goossens B, Verschoor EJ, Warren KS, Singleton I, Marques DA, Pamungkas J, Perwitasari-Farajallah D, Rianti P, Tuuga A, Gut IG, Gut M, Orozco-terWengel P, van Schaik CP, Bertranpetit J, Anisimova M, Scally A, Marques-Bonet T, Meijaard E, Krützen M. 2017. Morphometric, behavioural, and genomic evidence for a new orangutan species. Current Biology 27: 3487-3498. DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2017.09.047.
Nowak MG, Rienzi P, Wich SA, Meijaard E, Fredriksson G. 2017. The IUCN red list of threatened species 2017. Pongo tapanuliensis. DOI: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T120588639A120588662.en.
Phillips SJ, Anderson RP, Schapire RE. 2006. Maximum entropy modeling of species geographic distributions. Ecological Modelling 190: 231-259. DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2005.03.026.
Phillips S. 2008. A brief tutorial on Maxent. ATandT Res, 1-38.
Prayogo H, Thohari AM, Solihin D, Prasetyo LB, Sugardjito. 2014. Habitat suitability modeling of Bornean orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus) in Betung Kerihun National Park, Danau Sentarum and corridor, West Kalimantan. Jurnal Manajemen Hutan Tropika 20: 112-120. DOI: 10.7226/jtfm.20.2.112.
Rahman DA, Gonzalez G, Haryono M, Muhtarom A, Firdaus AY, Aulagnier S. 2017. Factors affecting seasonal habitat use, and predicted range of two tropical deer in Indonesian rainforest. Acta Oecologica 82: 41–51. DOI: 10.1016/j.actao.2017.05.008.
Rahman DA, Rianti P, Muhiban M, Muhtarom A, Rahmat UM, Santosa Y, Aulagnier S. 2018. Density and spatial partitioning of endangered sympatric Javan deer (Felidae) and dholes (Canidae) in a tropical forest landscape. Folia Zoologica 67: 207–219. DOI: 10.25225/fozo. v67.i3-4. a8.2018.
Schmidt, F.H., Ferguson, J.H.A., 1951. Rainfall Types Based on Wet and Dry Ratios for Indonesia. Djawatan Meteorologi Dan Geofisika, Verhandelingen, Jakarta, Indonesia.
Seddon PJ, Leech T. 2008. Conservation short cut, or long and winding road? A critique of umbrella species criteria. Oryx 42: 240–245. DOI: 10.1017/S003060530806119X.
Spehar SN, Rayadian Y. 2017. Habitat use of Bornean orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus morio) in an industrial forestry plantation in East Kalimantan, Indonesia. International Journal of Primatology 38: 358-384. DOI:10.1007/s10764-017-9959-8.
Tallis H, Kareiva P, Marvier M, Chang A. 2008. An ecosystem services framework to support both practical conservation and economic development. Proc Natl Acad Sci 105: 9457-9464. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0705797105.
Turvey ST, Crees JJ, Di Fonzo MMI. 2015. Historical data as a baseline for conservation: reconstructing long-term faunal extinction dynamics in Late Imperial– modern China. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 282: 20151299. DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2015.1299.
Volken E, Br?nnimann S. 2011. The thermal zones of the earth according to the duration of hot, moderate and cold periods and to the impact of heat on the organic world. Meteorologische Zeitschrift 35: 351-360. DOI:10.1127/0941-2948/2011/105.
Wich SA, Meijaard E, Marshall AJ, Husson S, Ancrenaz M, Lacy RC, van Schaik CP, Sugardjito J, Simorangkir T, Traylor-Holzer K, Doughty M, Supriatna J, Dennis R, Gumal M, Knott CD, Singleton I. 2008. Distribution and conservation status of the orangutan (Pongo spp.) on Borneo and Sumatra: how many remain?. Oryx 42: 329-339. DOI:10.1017/S003060530800197X.
Wich SA, Vogel ER, Larsen MD, Fredriksson G, Leighton M, Yeager CP, Brearley FQ, van Schaik CP, Marshall AJ. 2011. Forest fruit production is higher on Sumatra than on Borneo. PLoS ONE 6: e21278.
Wich SA, Gaveau D, Abram N, Ancrenaz M, Baccini A, Brend S, Curran L, Delgado R, Erman A, Fredriksson GM, Goossens B, Husson SJ, Lackman I, Marshall AJ, Naomi A, Molidena E, Nardiyono, Nurcahyo A, Odom K, Panda A, Purnomo, Rafiastanto A, Ratnasari D, Santana AH, Sapari I, van Schaik CP, Sihite J, Spehar S, Santoso E, Suyoko A, Tiju A, Usher G, Utami-Atmoko SS, Willems EP, Meijaard E. 2012. Understanding the Impacts of Land-Use Policies on a Threatened Species: Is There a Future for the Bornean Orang-utan? PLoS ONE 7(11): e49142. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0049142.
Wich SA, Singleton I, Nowak MG, Utami-Atmoko SS, Nisam G, Mhd. Arif S, Putra RH, Ardi R, Fredriksson G, Usher G, Gaveau DLA, Kuhl HS. 2016. Land-cover changes predict steep declines for the Sumatran orangutan (Pongo abelii). Science Advance 2: e1500789. DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1500789.
Wisz MS, Hijmans RJ, Li J, Peterson AT, Graham CH, Guisan A, NCEAS Predicting Species Distributions Working Group. 2008. Effects of sample size on the performance of species distribution models. Diversity and Distributions 14: 763-773. DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-4642.2008.00482. x.
Yi Y-j, Cheng X, Yang Z-F, Zhang S-H. 2006. Maxent modeling for predicting the potential distribution of endangered medicinal plant (H. riparia Lour) in Yunnan, China. Ecological Engineering 92: 260-269. DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoleng.2016.04.010.
Young N, Carter L, Evangelista PA. 2011. Maxent Model v3.3.3e Tutorial (ArcGIS v7). Colorado State University, USA.
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