Conservation of tropical tree biodiversity through macropropagation by shoot cutting of raru (Cotylelobium melanoxylon), a highly utilized dipterocarp in North Sumatra, Indonesia
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Abstract. Susilowati A, Hartini KS, Elfiati D, Rachmat HH, Kusuma YS, Sinaga MZE, Suhartati T. 2020. Macropropagation by shoot cutting of raru (Cotylelobium melanoxylon), a highly utilized dipterocarp in North Sumatra, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 21: 724-730. Cotylelobium melanoxylon (Hook.f.) Pierre, or locally named raru, is one of native tree species from North Sumatra that has many uses for its wood and medicinal purposes for anti-diabetic, anti laxative and blood coagulation. C. melanoxylon has been experiencing short supply due to its limited natural distribution, forest degradation, illegal harvesting for its wood and bark and uncertain fruiting season of the species. Along with these alterations, C. melanoxylon population has been decreasing. The objective of this research was to determine the effectiveness of C. melanoxylon propagation by shoot cutting. Randomized factorial design with 2 factors was employed in this research. The first factor (factor A) was the cutting media (i.e. topsoil only; topsoil and sand with proportion of 1:1 v/v), and the second factor (factor B) was commercial auxin addition (i.e. 1g/100cuttings; without auxin). The observed parameters were survival percentage, rooted percentage, number of primary and secondary root, length of primary and secondary root and root histology. The results showed that the interaction between media and auxin addition did not have any significant effect on all tested parameters. The average survival percentage was 70-90% and rooting percentage was 50-90%. Adventitious root formation on C. melanoxylon cutting was originated from cell differentiation on wounded area near cambium, followed by root primordia formation and root meristem formation. The success of artificial propagation technique for this species will provide basic practice of C. melanoxylon cultivation and may contribute to the effort of ex situ conservation for valuable and threatened tree species.
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References
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Badan Pusat Statistik 2016 Kabupaten Tapanuli Tengah Dalam Angka Badan Pusat Statistik
Kabupaten Tapanuli Tengah, Pandan [Indonesian]
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Brodie JF. 2003. Factors affecting the rooting ability of Dryobalanops oblongifolia and Shorea splendida (Dipterocarpaceae) stem cuttings. J Trop For Sci 15 (1): 109-116.
Da Costa CT, de Almeida MR, Ruedell CM, Schwambach J, Maraschin FS, Fett-Neto AG (2013) When stress and development go hand in hand: main hormonal controls of adventitious rooting in cuttings. Front Plant Sci 4: 133
Danu, A. Subiakto & K.P. Putri. 2011. Uji stek pucuk damar (Agathis loranthifolia Salisb.) pada berbagai media dan zat pengatur tumbuh. Jurnal Penelitian Hutan dan Konservasi Alam. Volume 8 (3).
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De Klerk GJ, Guan H, Huisman P, Marinova S (2011) Effects of phenolic compounds on adventitious root formation and oxidative decarboxyl- ation of applied indoleacetic acid in Malus ‘Jork 9’. Plant Growth Regul 63: 175–185
Dumroese RK, Davis AS, Jacobs DF. 2011. Nursery response of Acacia koa seedlings to container size, irrigation method, and fertilization rate. J Plant Nutr 34: 877-887.
Garrido G, Guerreo JR, Cano EA, Acosta M, Sánchez-Bravo J. 2002. Origin and basipetal transport of the IAA responsible for rooting of carnation cuttings. Physiologia Plantarum 114: 303– 312.
Hartmann HT, Hansen CJ (1958) Effect of season of collecting, indolebutyric acid, and preplanting storage treatments on rooting of Marianna plum, peach, and quince hardwood cuttings. Proc Amer Soc Hort Sci 71:57–66
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Hasanah U, Riwayanti, Idramsa, Prastya E. 2017. Molecular Identification of Endophytic Fungi from Bark of Raru (Cotylelobium melanoxylon) that Produce the Antibacterial Compound. Biosaintifica: 9 (3) (2017) 380-386
Kontoh IH. 2016. Effect of growth regulators and soil media on the propagation of Voacanga africana stem cuttings. Agrofor Syst 90 (3): 479-488.
Leakey RRB. 2004. Physiology of vegetative reproduction. P. 1655–1668 in Encyclopaedia of forest sciences, Burley J., E. Evans, and J.A. Younqist (eds.). Academic Press, London, UK.
Magesa, J. M., Msogoya, T. J. and Rweyemamu, C. L. (2018). Effects of growth media on rooting of stem cuttings of hybrid coffee varieties.African Journal of Agricultural Research 13(2), pp. 41-46.
Matsuda, H., Asao, Y., Nakamura, S., Hamao, M., Sugimoto, S., Hongo, M., and Yoshikawa, M (2009). Antidiabetogenic constituents from the Thai traditional medicine Cotylelobium melanoxylon. Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 57(5), 487-494.
Pasaribu, G., Bonifasius S., dan Gustan P. 2007. Analisis Komponen Kimia Empat Jenis Kayu Asal Sumatera Utara. Jurnal Penelitian Hasil Hutan 25 (4): 327-333, Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Hasil Hutan.
Priadjati, A. and Rayan. (1998). The effect of shading on the growth of Shore cf. Johorensis seeds in the nursery. Buletin Penelitian Kehutanan, Visi & Misi Ilmiah BPK Samarinda 13(1): 55-59.
Rachmat HH, Subiakto A, Susilowati A. 2019. Mass vegetative propagation of rare and endangered tree species of Indonesia by shoot cuttings by KOFFCO method and effect of container type on nursery storage of rooted cuttings. Biodiversitas: 19 (6): 2353-2358
Rachmat HH, Subiakto A and Susilowati A 2018 Mass vegetative propagation of rare and
endangered tree species of Indonesia by shoot cuttings by KOFFCO method and effect of
container type on nursery storage of rooted cuttings Biodiversitas 19: 2353-2358
Rasmussen A, Hosseini SA, Hajirezaei M-R, Druege U, Geelen D (2015) Adventitious rooting declines with the vegetative to reproductive switch and involves a changed auxin homeostasis. J Exp Bot 66: 1437–1452
Sakai C, Subiakto A. 2007. Pedoman Pembuatan Stek Jenis-jenis Dipterokarpa dengan KOFFCO System. Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Hutan dan Konservasi Alam. Bogor. [Indonesian] Subiakto A, Rachmat HH. 2015. Exploration, collection, and conservation of dipterocarps in Riau Islands. Pros Sem Nas Masy Biodiv Indon: 1 (3) 428-433. [Indonesian]
Schilmiller AL, Howe GA (2005) Systemic signaling in the wound response. Curr Opin Plant Biol 8: 369–377
Schwarz Jl, Glocke Pl, Sedgley M. (1999) Adventitious root formation in Acacia baileyana F. Muell. J. Hort. Sci. Bio. 74, 561-565.
Soerianegara, Lemmens RHMJ. 1994. Plant resources of South-East Asia 5. Timber trees major commercial timbers. Bogor
Subiakto A, Rachmat HH. 2015. Exploration, collection, and conservation of dipterocarps in Riau Islands. Pros Sem Nas Masy Biodiv Indon: 1 (3) 428-433. [Indonesian]
Susilowati A, Rachmat H Henti, Elfiati D, Kholibrina R Cut, Kusuma S Yosie and Siregar H 2019
Population structure of Cotylelobium melanoxylon within vegetation community in Bona
lumban Forest, Central Tapanuli, North Sumatra, Indonesia Biodiversitas 20 1681-87
Susilowati A, Rachmat HH, Kholibrina CR, Hartini KS, Rambe HS. 2019. Propagation for conserving endangered taxol producing tree Taxus sumatrana through shoot cuttings technique. Journal of Physics: Conf. Series 1282 (2019) 012110
Susilowati A, Rizlani CR, Rachmat HH, Aswandi, Raeni IM. 2018. Macropropagation – An important tool for conservation of North Sumatran endangered tree species, Dryobalanops aromatica. Biodiversitas 19(5):1672-1675
Susilowati A, Hartini, KS, Rachmat HH, Alvaroby M. 2017. Propagation of valuable North Sumatra benzoin trees (Styrax sp.) using macrocutting technique. IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 180 012046.
Wiegel K, Horn H, Hock B (1984) Endogenous auxin levels in terminal stem cuttings of Chrysanthemum morifolium during adventitious rooting. Physiol Plant 61:422–428
Ahkami AH, Melzer M, Ghaffari MR, Pollmann S, Ghorbani Javid M, Shahinnia F, Hajirezaei MR, Druege U (2013) Distribution of indole-3- acetic acid in Petunia hybrida shoot tip cuttings and relationship be- tween auxin transport, carbohydrate metabolism and adventitious root formation. Planta 238: 499–517
Appanah S, Turnbull JM. 1998. A review of Dipterocarps: taxonomy, ecology and silviculture. Center for International Forestry Research. Bogor.
Aminah H, Nor Hasnita RMN, Hamzah M (2006). Effects of indole butyric acid concetrations and media on rooting of leafy stem cuttings of Shorea Parvifolia and Shorea macroptera. J Trop Forest Sci 18(1):1-7
Aminah, H. 1990. A note on the rooting of Shorea bracteolata stem cuttings. J. Trop. For. Sci. 3:187–188
Badan Pusat Statistik 2016 Kabupaten Tapanuli Tengah Dalam Angka Badan Pusat Statistik
Kabupaten Tapanuli Tengah, Pandan [Indonesian]
Barstow M. 2019. Cotylelobium melanoxylon. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2019: e.T33070A68069829. DOI: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T33070A68069829.en.
Brodie JF. 2003. Factors affecting the rooting ability of Dryobalanops oblongifolia and Shorea splendida (Dipterocarpaceae) stem cuttings. J Trop For Sci 15 (1): 109-116.
Da Costa CT, de Almeida MR, Ruedell CM, Schwambach J, Maraschin FS, Fett-Neto AG (2013) When stress and development go hand in hand: main hormonal controls of adventitious rooting in cuttings. Front Plant Sci 4: 133
Danu, A. Subiakto & K.P. Putri. 2011. Uji stek pucuk damar (Agathis loranthifolia Salisb.) pada berbagai media dan zat pengatur tumbuh. Jurnal Penelitian Hutan dan Konservasi Alam. Volume 8 (3).
Davies TD, Haissig BE. 1990. Chemical control of adventitious root formation on cuttings. Bulletin of Plant Growth Regulators of Society American: 18(1-7).
De Klerk GJ, Guan H, Huisman P, Marinova S (2011) Effects of phenolic compounds on adventitious root formation and oxidative decarboxyl- ation of applied indoleacetic acid in Malus ‘Jork 9’. Plant Growth Regul 63: 175–185
Dumroese RK, Davis AS, Jacobs DF. 2011. Nursery response of Acacia koa seedlings to container size, irrigation method, and fertilization rate. J Plant Nutr 34: 877-887.
Garrido G, Guerreo JR, Cano EA, Acosta M, Sánchez-Bravo J. 2002. Origin and basipetal transport of the IAA responsible for rooting of carnation cuttings. Physiologia Plantarum 114: 303– 312.
Hartmann HT, Hansen CJ (1958) Effect of season of collecting, indolebutyric acid, and preplanting storage treatments on rooting of Marianna plum, peach, and quince hardwood cuttings. Proc Amer Soc Hort Sci 71:57–66
Hartmann HT, Kester DE, Davies FT, Geneve RL. 2002. Plant Propagation Principles and Practices. Prentice Hall. New Jersey.
Hasanah U, Riwayanti, Idramsa, Prastya E. 2017. Molecular Identification of Endophytic Fungi from Bark of Raru (Cotylelobium melanoxylon) that Produce the Antibacterial Compound. Biosaintifica: 9 (3) (2017) 380-386
Kontoh IH. 2016. Effect of growth regulators and soil media on the propagation of Voacanga africana stem cuttings. Agrofor Syst 90 (3): 479-488.
Leakey RRB. 2004. Physiology of vegetative reproduction. P. 1655–1668 in Encyclopaedia of forest sciences, Burley J., E. Evans, and J.A. Younqist (eds.). Academic Press, London, UK.
Magesa, J. M., Msogoya, T. J. and Rweyemamu, C. L. (2018). Effects of growth media on rooting of stem cuttings of hybrid coffee varieties.African Journal of Agricultural Research 13(2), pp. 41-46.
Matsuda, H., Asao, Y., Nakamura, S., Hamao, M., Sugimoto, S., Hongo, M., and Yoshikawa, M (2009). Antidiabetogenic constituents from the Thai traditional medicine Cotylelobium melanoxylon. Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 57(5), 487-494.
Pasaribu, G., Bonifasius S., dan Gustan P. 2007. Analisis Komponen Kimia Empat Jenis Kayu Asal Sumatera Utara. Jurnal Penelitian Hasil Hutan 25 (4): 327-333, Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Hasil Hutan.
Priadjati, A. and Rayan. (1998). The effect of shading on the growth of Shore cf. Johorensis seeds in the nursery. Buletin Penelitian Kehutanan, Visi & Misi Ilmiah BPK Samarinda 13(1): 55-59.
Rachmat HH, Subiakto A, Susilowati A. 2019. Mass vegetative propagation of rare and endangered tree species of Indonesia by shoot cuttings by KOFFCO method and effect of container type on nursery storage of rooted cuttings. Biodiversitas: 19 (6): 2353-2358
Rachmat HH, Subiakto A and Susilowati A 2018 Mass vegetative propagation of rare and
endangered tree species of Indonesia by shoot cuttings by KOFFCO method and effect of
container type on nursery storage of rooted cuttings Biodiversitas 19: 2353-2358
Rasmussen A, Hosseini SA, Hajirezaei M-R, Druege U, Geelen D (2015) Adventitious rooting declines with the vegetative to reproductive switch and involves a changed auxin homeostasis. J Exp Bot 66: 1437–1452
Sakai C, Subiakto A. 2007. Pedoman Pembuatan Stek Jenis-jenis Dipterokarpa dengan KOFFCO System. Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Hutan dan Konservasi Alam. Bogor. [Indonesian] Subiakto A, Rachmat HH. 2015. Exploration, collection, and conservation of dipterocarps in Riau Islands. Pros Sem Nas Masy Biodiv Indon: 1 (3) 428-433. [Indonesian]
Schilmiller AL, Howe GA (2005) Systemic signaling in the wound response. Curr Opin Plant Biol 8: 369–377
Schwarz Jl, Glocke Pl, Sedgley M. (1999) Adventitious root formation in Acacia baileyana F. Muell. J. Hort. Sci. Bio. 74, 561-565.
Soerianegara, Lemmens RHMJ. 1994. Plant resources of South-East Asia 5. Timber trees major commercial timbers. Bogor
Subiakto A, Rachmat HH. 2015. Exploration, collection, and conservation of dipterocarps in Riau Islands. Pros Sem Nas Masy Biodiv Indon: 1 (3) 428-433. [Indonesian]
Susilowati A, Rachmat H Henti, Elfiati D, Kholibrina R Cut, Kusuma S Yosie and Siregar H 2019
Population structure of Cotylelobium melanoxylon within vegetation community in Bona
lumban Forest, Central Tapanuli, North Sumatra, Indonesia Biodiversitas 20 1681-87
Susilowati A, Rachmat HH, Kholibrina CR, Hartini KS, Rambe HS. 2019. Propagation for conserving endangered taxol producing tree Taxus sumatrana through shoot cuttings technique. Journal of Physics: Conf. Series 1282 (2019) 012110
Susilowati A, Rizlani CR, Rachmat HH, Aswandi, Raeni IM. 2018. Macropropagation – An important tool for conservation of North Sumatran endangered tree species, Dryobalanops aromatica. Biodiversitas 19(5):1672-1675
Susilowati A, Hartini, KS, Rachmat HH, Alvaroby M. 2017. Propagation of valuable North Sumatra benzoin trees (Styrax sp.) using macrocutting technique. IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 180 012046.
Wiegel K, Horn H, Hock B (1984) Endogenous auxin levels in terminal stem cuttings of Chrysanthemum morifolium during adventitious rooting. Physiol Plant 61:422–428
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