Comparative and competitive advantages of nutmeg farming in two regions in Maluku Province, Indonesia
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Abstract. Simanjorang TM, Irham, Waluyati LR, Mulyo JH. 2020. Comparative and competitive advantages of nutmeg farming in two regions in Maluku Province, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 21: 1165-1173. Comparative and competitive advantage is one of the main keys to the development of nutmeg farming in Maluku Province to deal with globalization and market liberalization. Consequently, assessments are needed in developing efforts to improve the comparative and competitive advantage of nutmeg farming. The purposes of this study are to find out the private and social benefits of nutmeg farming, to find out the comparative and competitive advantages of nutmeg farming, and to compare the level of competitiveness of small-scale nutmeg farming in two regions in Maluku Province, Indonesia, namely the Ambon Island region and the Banda Islands region. Data were collected using direct interview techniques to smallholder nutmeg farmers selected purposively. The data was then analyzed using the Policy Analysis Matrix (PAM) and the t-independent test of difference. The results show that nutmeg farming in the Banda Islands region has higher private and social benefits than in the Ambon Island region, because the nutmeg farming system in Banda Islands region is carried out intensively and the price of nutmeg farms received by farmers is higher, The competitive and comparative advantage of nutmeg farming in the Banda Islands region is higher than in the Ambon Island region. All these results suggest that in general nutmeg farming in the Banda Islands region is more competitive than in the Ambon Island region.
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References
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Azizah, N., Elinur., N. Dewi. 2017. Competitiveness Analysis of Liberika Coffee Farming in Kepulauan Meranti Regency, Riau Province with Policy Analysis Matrix (PAM) (Analisis Daya Saing Usahatani Kopi Liberika di Kabupaten Kepulauan Meranti Provinsi Riau Dengan Pendekatan Policy Analysis Matrix (PAM)). Jurnal Agribisnis Vol 19 No. 2
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Jabbar, A., R. Ahmad., I. H. Bhatti., Z. A. Virk, Wasi-U-Din And M. M. Khan. 2009. Assessment Of Yield Advantages, Competitiveness And Economic Benefits Of Diversified Direct-Seeded Upland Rice-Based Intercropping Systems Under Strip Geometry Of Planting. Pak. J. Agri. Sci., Vol. 46(2)
Jambor, A., A. T. Toth., dan D. Koroshegyi. 2018. Competitiveness in The Trade of Spices: A Global Evidence. Bulgarian Journal of Agricultural Science, 24 (No 5), 729–736
Mobasser, H. R., F. Rastegaripour, and A. Tavassoli. 2012. Study of Effects of Policy Analysis Matrix and Relative Advantage of Rapeseed Production (Case Study: Sistan Region). International Journal of Agriculture and Crop Sciences 4 (19): 1421 -1425.
Mohammadi, D. 2004. Determine the comparative advantage and oilseeds review manufacturing problems in Fars Province. J. Agric. Econ.Develop., 47: 125-170.
Monke, E. A. and S. R. Pearson. 1989. Policy Analysis Matrix for Agricultural Development. Cornell University Press. Ithaca. London.
Murtiningrum, F., P. S. Asriani., dan R. Badrudin. 2014. Competitiveness Analysis of Robusta Coffee (Coffea Canephora) Farming in Rejang Lebong District (Analisis Daya Saing Usahatani Kopi Robusta (Coffea Canephora) di Kabupaten Rejang Lebong). Agrisep, Vol. 13 No. Hal: 1 - 14
Najarzadeh, R., M. Rezagholizadeh, S. Saghaian, M. Reed, and M. Aghaie. 2011. The Impact of Trade Liberalization On Persian Rugs: A Policy Analysis Matrix Approach. Journal of Food Distribution Research 42 (1): 91 -95.
Nurjanah, H., Masyhuri., S. Hardyastuti., and H. Perwitasari. 2018. Competitiveness Analysis of Sugarcane Farming in Bantul. Proceeding of the 1st International Conference on Tropical Agriculture, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-60363-6_9
Ouakli, K., M. Benidir, S. Ikhlef, and H. Ikhlef. 2018. Typological analysis of the sustainability of dairy cattle farming in the Chelif valley (Algeria). Agronomy Research 16(1), 198 211, 2018. https://doi.org/10.15159/AR.18.023
Pearson, S., C. Gotsch., dan Sjaiful Bahri. 2004. Application of Policy Analysis Matrix in Indonesian Agriculture (Aplikasi Policy Analysis Matrix Pada Pertanian Indonesia). Yayasan Obor Indonesia: Jakarta.
Prayuningsih, H dan Oktarina. 2014. Sensitivity of Competitiveness Local Citrus in Jember Regency (Sensitivitas Daya Saing Jeruk Lokal Kabupaten Jember). Agritrop Jurnal Ilmu-Ilmu Pertanian. Volume 12 No 12.
Pusdatin. 2016. Outlook Nutmeg Agriculture Commodity in the Plantation Sector (Outlook Pala Komoditas Pertanian Sektor Perkebunan). Pusat Data dan Sistem Informasi Pertanian. Sekretariat Jenderal Kementerian Pertanian, Jakarta.
Rachman, H. P. S., S. Supriyati, dan B. Rachman. 2004. Efficiency and Competitiveness of Horticultural Farming in: Proceedings of Efficiency and Competitiveness of Farming Systems of Some Agricultural Commodities in Paddy Fields (Efisiensi dan Daya Saing Usahatani Hortikultura Dalam: Prosiding Efisiensi dan Daya Saing Sistem Usahatani Beberapa Komoditas Pertanian di Lahan Sawah). Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Sosial Ekonomi Pertanian, Badan Litbang Pertanian. Departemen Pertanian. Hlm. 50-90.
Raharti, D. P. 2013. Analysis of Competitiveness and Factors Affecting Indonesian Nutmeg Exports (Analisis Dayasaing dan Faktor-Faktor Yang Memengaruhi Ekspor Pala Indonesia). Skripsi. Bogor (ID): Institut Pertanian Bogor
Ruhnayat, A dan E. Martini. 2015. Guidelines for Nutmeg Cultivation in Mixed Gardens (Pedoman Budi Daya Pala pada Kebun Campur). Bogor, Indonesia: World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) Southeast Asia Regional Program.
Santana, A.S., N. S. Soares., and C. A. Schröder. 2018. Competitiveness and Efficient for The Rubber Tree Production System in Southern Bahia (Brazil) Through By The Policy Analysis Matrix (Pam). Rev. Árvore Vol.42 No.6 Viçosa 2018 Http://Dx.Doi.Org/10.1590/1806-90882018000600006
Setiawan, K., S. Hartono, dan A. Suryantini. 2014. Analysis of Competitiveness of Coconut Commodities in Kupang Regency (Analisis Daya Saing Komoditas Kelapa di Kabupaten Kupang). Jurnal Agritech 34: 88-90.
Shahnvshy, N., Dehghanian S., Mohammad G and Azarinfar YA. 2007. Comparative advantage analysis of cereals in Khorasan province. J. Agric. Sci. Nat. Resources, 14: 1-19.
Soetriono. 2009. Improvement Strategy of Competitiveness Robusta Coffee Agribusiness with the Tree-Five Competitiveness Model (Strategi Peningkatan Daya Saing Agribisnis Kopi Robusta dengan Model Daya Saing Tree-Five). Pusat Analisis Sosial Ekonomi dan Kebijakan Pertanian, Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Pertanian. Departemen Pertanian.
Sousa, G.S., Saucer M.M, and Rosy P.L. 2011. Effects of competitiveness and efficiency policies of the palm oil biodiesel production chain in the region from the lower south of Bahia. Jurnal Rev. Árvore Economic of Northeast. Vol. 42 (4): 827-42.
Stephenson, S., and Erwidodo. 1995. The Impact Uruguay round in Indonesia agricultural sector. The Minister of Agriculture, Jakarta.
Suryadi, S. 2017. Restore The glory of Nutmeg (Mengembalikan Kejayaan Pala). USAID Lestari.
Ugochukuwu, A. I., and C. I. Ezedinma. 2011. Intensification of rice production system in southeastern Nigeria: A policy analysis matrix approach. International Journal of Agricultural Management and Development 1 (2): 89-100
Zare, A. 2008. Comparative advantage in the production of peanuts. J. Agric. Sci., Volume 18, Number 2, pages 36-27
Zhong, F., Zhigang Xu and Longbo Fu. 2001. Regional comparative advantage in China's main grain crops,http://www.Adelaide,Edu.Au/cies/Cerc/gmp1,pdf.
Antriyandarti, E. 2015. Competitiveness and Cost Efficiency of Rice Farming in Indonesia. Journal of Rural Problems 51(2), 74–85
Aprizal., P. S., Asriani., and Sriyoto. 2013. Analysis of Palm Oil Farming Competitiveness in Mukomuko District (Case Study Village Bumi Mulya) (Analisis Daya Saing Usahatani Kelapa Sawit di Kabupaten Mukomuko (Studi Kasus Desa Bumi Mulya)). Agrisep Vol. 12 No. 2. Hal: 133–146.
Arsanti, I.W and M.H. Böhme. 2008. Evaluation of Profitability and Competitiveness of Vegetable Farming Systems in Upland Areas of Indonesia. Proc. IInd IS on Supply Chains in Transit. Econ. Ed.: P.J. Batt. Acta Hort. 794
Azizah, N., Elinur., N. Dewi. 2017. Competitiveness Analysis of Liberika Coffee Farming in Kepulauan Meranti Regency, Riau Province with Policy Analysis Matrix (PAM) (Analisis Daya Saing Usahatani Kopi Liberika di Kabupaten Kepulauan Meranti Provinsi Riau Dengan Pendekatan Policy Analysis Matrix (PAM)). Jurnal Agribisnis Vol 19 No. 2
Bastaman, S. 2007. Prospects and Strategies for Nutmeg Development in Maluku (Prospek dan Strategi Pengembangan Pala di Maluku). Balai Besar Pengkajian dan Pengembangan Teknologi Pertanian, Bogor.
Bernal, L. E. P., A. L. Herrera, E. R. Rivas, and O. P. Veyna. 2012. Competitiveness, Efficiency, and Environmental Impact of Protected Agriculture in Zacatecas, Mexico. International Food and Agribusiness Management Review 15 (4): 49-64.
Central Maluku BPS. 2018. Central Maluku in Figures 2018 (Maluku Tengah Dalam Angka 2018). Badan Pusat Statistik Maluku Tengah.
Farah, A.B., and Ramos, A.G. 2014. Competitiveness vs. Sustainability: An Assessment of
Profitability as a Component of an Approach on “Sustainable Competitiveness” in Extensive Farming Systems of Central Spain. Journal of Sustainability. 6, 8029-8055; doi:10.3390/su6118029
Fauziyah, E., D. P. Kuswantoro., and Sanudin. 2015 Prospect of Nutmeg Development (Myristica Fragrans Houtt) in Community Forests (Prospek Pengembangan Pala (Myristica Fragrans Houtt) di Hutan Rakyat). Jurnal Ilmu Kehutanan. Vol 9. No. 1.
Gerungan, L.M., Pakasi, C. B. D., Dumais, J. N. K dan Sondak. L. W. Th. 2010. Analysis of Comparative and Competitive Advantages of Nutmeg Commodities in North Minahasa (Analisis Keunggulan Komparatif dan Kompetitif Komoditi Biji Pala di Minahasa Utara). Jurusan Sosial Ekonomi, Fakultas Pertanian. Universitas Samratulangi. Manado.
Hafif, B., R. Mawardi., dan J. S. Utomo. 2017. Analysis of Land Characteristics and Quality of Nutmeg (Myristica Fragrans Houtt) Lampung Region (Analisis Karakteristik Lahan dan Mutu Biji Pala (Myristica Fragrans Houtt) Daerah Lampung). Jurnal Littri 23 (2). Hal.63-71.
Hamka. 2015. Comparison Analysis of Wet and Dry Nutmeg Farmers' Income in Paniti Village, Central Halmahera (Analisis Perbandingan Pendapatan Petani Pala Basah dan Kering di Desa Paniti Halmahera Tengah). Jurnal Ilmiah Agribisnis dan Perikanan (Agrikan Ummu-Ternate). Volume 8 Edisi 1.
Haryanto, L. I., Masyhuri, dan Irham. (2018), Competitiveness and Sensitivity of Corn Farm in Pacitan Regency (Daya Saing dan Sensitivitas Usahatani Jagung
di Kabupaten Pacitan). Jurnal Kawistara. Vol 8. Hal 213-309
Hasibuan, A. Muis., B Sudjarmoko dan D. Listyati. 2012. Analisis Keunggulan Komparatif dan Kompetitif Usahatani Pala (Studi Kasus: Kabupaten Bogor dan Sukabumi) Comparative and Competitive Advantage Analysis of Nutmeg Farming System (Case Study: Bogor and Sukabumi District). Buletin RISTRI 3 (3): 223-230 November, 2012.
International Trade Center (ITC). 2010. Grenada Nutmeg Sector Strategy. International Trade Center.
International Trade Statistics. 2019a. List of Exporters for The Selected Product. Product: 090811 Nutmeg, Neither Crushed Nor Ground Https://Www.Trademap.Org/Country_Selproduct_TS.Aspx?Nvpm. Diakses Tanggal 17 Agustus 2019.
International Trade Statistics. 2019b.List of Exporters for The Selected Product. Product: 090821 Mace, Neither Crushed Nor Ground. Https://Www.Trademap.Org/Country_Selproduct_TS.Aspx?Nvpm. Diakses Tanggal 17 Agustus 2019.
Jabbar, A., R. Ahmad., I. H. Bhatti., Z. A. Virk, Wasi-U-Din And M. M. Khan. 2009. Assessment Of Yield Advantages, Competitiveness And Economic Benefits Of Diversified Direct-Seeded Upland Rice-Based Intercropping Systems Under Strip Geometry Of Planting. Pak. J. Agri. Sci., Vol. 46(2)
Jambor, A., A. T. Toth., dan D. Koroshegyi. 2018. Competitiveness in The Trade of Spices: A Global Evidence. Bulgarian Journal of Agricultural Science, 24 (No 5), 729–736
Mobasser, H. R., F. Rastegaripour, and A. Tavassoli. 2012. Study of Effects of Policy Analysis Matrix and Relative Advantage of Rapeseed Production (Case Study: Sistan Region). International Journal of Agriculture and Crop Sciences 4 (19): 1421 -1425.
Mohammadi, D. 2004. Determine the comparative advantage and oilseeds review manufacturing problems in Fars Province. J. Agric. Econ.Develop., 47: 125-170.
Monke, E. A. and S. R. Pearson. 1989. Policy Analysis Matrix for Agricultural Development. Cornell University Press. Ithaca. London.
Murtiningrum, F., P. S. Asriani., dan R. Badrudin. 2014. Competitiveness Analysis of Robusta Coffee (Coffea Canephora) Farming in Rejang Lebong District (Analisis Daya Saing Usahatani Kopi Robusta (Coffea Canephora) di Kabupaten Rejang Lebong). Agrisep, Vol. 13 No. Hal: 1 - 14
Najarzadeh, R., M. Rezagholizadeh, S. Saghaian, M. Reed, and M. Aghaie. 2011. The Impact of Trade Liberalization On Persian Rugs: A Policy Analysis Matrix Approach. Journal of Food Distribution Research 42 (1): 91 -95.
Nurjanah, H., Masyhuri., S. Hardyastuti., and H. Perwitasari. 2018. Competitiveness Analysis of Sugarcane Farming in Bantul. Proceeding of the 1st International Conference on Tropical Agriculture, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-60363-6_9
Ouakli, K., M. Benidir, S. Ikhlef, and H. Ikhlef. 2018. Typological analysis of the sustainability of dairy cattle farming in the Chelif valley (Algeria). Agronomy Research 16(1), 198 211, 2018. https://doi.org/10.15159/AR.18.023
Pearson, S., C. Gotsch., dan Sjaiful Bahri. 2004. Application of Policy Analysis Matrix in Indonesian Agriculture (Aplikasi Policy Analysis Matrix Pada Pertanian Indonesia). Yayasan Obor Indonesia: Jakarta.
Prayuningsih, H dan Oktarina. 2014. Sensitivity of Competitiveness Local Citrus in Jember Regency (Sensitivitas Daya Saing Jeruk Lokal Kabupaten Jember). Agritrop Jurnal Ilmu-Ilmu Pertanian. Volume 12 No 12.
Pusdatin. 2016. Outlook Nutmeg Agriculture Commodity in the Plantation Sector (Outlook Pala Komoditas Pertanian Sektor Perkebunan). Pusat Data dan Sistem Informasi Pertanian. Sekretariat Jenderal Kementerian Pertanian, Jakarta.
Rachman, H. P. S., S. Supriyati, dan B. Rachman. 2004. Efficiency and Competitiveness of Horticultural Farming in: Proceedings of Efficiency and Competitiveness of Farming Systems of Some Agricultural Commodities in Paddy Fields (Efisiensi dan Daya Saing Usahatani Hortikultura Dalam: Prosiding Efisiensi dan Daya Saing Sistem Usahatani Beberapa Komoditas Pertanian di Lahan Sawah). Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Sosial Ekonomi Pertanian, Badan Litbang Pertanian. Departemen Pertanian. Hlm. 50-90.
Raharti, D. P. 2013. Analysis of Competitiveness and Factors Affecting Indonesian Nutmeg Exports (Analisis Dayasaing dan Faktor-Faktor Yang Memengaruhi Ekspor Pala Indonesia). Skripsi. Bogor (ID): Institut Pertanian Bogor
Ruhnayat, A dan E. Martini. 2015. Guidelines for Nutmeg Cultivation in Mixed Gardens (Pedoman Budi Daya Pala pada Kebun Campur). Bogor, Indonesia: World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) Southeast Asia Regional Program.
Santana, A.S., N. S. Soares., and C. A. Schröder. 2018. Competitiveness and Efficient for The Rubber Tree Production System in Southern Bahia (Brazil) Through By The Policy Analysis Matrix (Pam). Rev. Árvore Vol.42 No.6 Viçosa 2018 Http://Dx.Doi.Org/10.1590/1806-90882018000600006
Setiawan, K., S. Hartono, dan A. Suryantini. 2014. Analysis of Competitiveness of Coconut Commodities in Kupang Regency (Analisis Daya Saing Komoditas Kelapa di Kabupaten Kupang). Jurnal Agritech 34: 88-90.
Shahnvshy, N., Dehghanian S., Mohammad G and Azarinfar YA. 2007. Comparative advantage analysis of cereals in Khorasan province. J. Agric. Sci. Nat. Resources, 14: 1-19.
Soetriono. 2009. Improvement Strategy of Competitiveness Robusta Coffee Agribusiness with the Tree-Five Competitiveness Model (Strategi Peningkatan Daya Saing Agribisnis Kopi Robusta dengan Model Daya Saing Tree-Five). Pusat Analisis Sosial Ekonomi dan Kebijakan Pertanian, Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Pertanian. Departemen Pertanian.
Sousa, G.S., Saucer M.M, and Rosy P.L. 2011. Effects of competitiveness and efficiency policies of the palm oil biodiesel production chain in the region from the lower south of Bahia. Jurnal Rev. Árvore Economic of Northeast. Vol. 42 (4): 827-42.
Stephenson, S., and Erwidodo. 1995. The Impact Uruguay round in Indonesia agricultural sector. The Minister of Agriculture, Jakarta.
Suryadi, S. 2017. Restore The glory of Nutmeg (Mengembalikan Kejayaan Pala). USAID Lestari.
Ugochukuwu, A. I., and C. I. Ezedinma. 2011. Intensification of rice production system in southeastern Nigeria: A policy analysis matrix approach. International Journal of Agricultural Management and Development 1 (2): 89-100
Zare, A. 2008. Comparative advantage in the production of peanuts. J. Agric. Sci., Volume 18, Number 2, pages 36-27
Zhong, F., Zhigang Xu and Longbo Fu. 2001. Regional comparative advantage in China's main grain crops,http://www.Adelaide,Edu.Au/cies/Cerc/gmp1,pdf.
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