Prope legitimate rootstocks determine the selection criteria for drought-tolerant cocoa
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Abstract. Zasari M, Wachar A, Susilo AW, Sudarsono. 2020. Prope legitimate rootstocks determine the selection criteria for drought-tolerant cocoa. Biodiversitas 21: 4067-4075. Drought tolerant cocoa seedlings are needed for the success of cocoa cultivation under drought conditions. Prope legitimate rootstock is feasible to be used in the selection of drought-tolerant cocoa seedlings. This objective of this study was to determine the selection criteria and tolerance of prope legitimate cocoa rootstocks in response to drought stress. This study was conducted in the greenhouse of Kaliwining experimental garden, Indonesian Center for Coffee and Cocoa Research, Jember, Indonesia. Plant materials were arranged in a split-plot design with 2 factors and 6 replications. The main plot was the soil moisture content, i.e 100%, and 25%, while the subplots were 13 prope legitimate cocoa rootstocks. The result showed that root fresh weight was the best characters for the selection of drought tolerance in prope legitimate cocoa rootstock. Based on the value of stress susceptible index and clustering analysis divided the tested prope legitimate rootstock into two groups. The group for tolerant genotype was consisted of ICCRI 03, ICS 60, TSH 858, KKM 22, KW 641, KW 516, and MCC 02, while the sensitive genotype group was consisted of Sul 01, Sul 03, Sca 06, KEE 02, KW 617, and Sul 02.
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References
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Anshori MF, Purwoko BS, Dewi IS, Ardie SW, Suwarno WB, Safitri H. 2018b. Heritability, Characterization, and Clustergram Analysis of Doubled Haploid Rice Lines Derived from Anther Culture. Jurnal Agronomi Indonesia. 46(2): 119-125.
Anshori MF, Purwoko BS, Dewi IS, Ardie SW, Suwarno WB, Safitri H. 2019. Selection index based on multivariate analysis for selecting double-haploid rice lines in lowland saline prone area. SABRAO Journal of Breeding and Genetics. 51(2): 161-174.
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Cazares BX, Elenes FF, Medrano RR. 2010. Drought tolerance in crop plants. Amirican Journal of Plant Physiology, 5 (5): 241-256.
De Almeida J, Tezara W, Herrera A. 2016. Physiological responses to drought and experimental water de?cit and waterlogging of four clones of cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) selected for cultivation in Venezuela. Agricultural Water Management, 171: 80–88. Elsevier B.V.
De leon, T.B., S. Linscombe, G. Gregorio, P.K. Subudhi. 2015. Genetic variation in southern USA rice genotypes for Seeding Salinity Tolerance. Frontier in plant science. 8(374): 1-13.
Devy L, Anita-sari I, Susilo AW, Wachjar A, Sobir. 2018. Genetic diversity and indirect selection of fine cacao (Theobroma cacao) based on bean color . Biodiversitas. 19(6): 2385-2392.
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Longenberger PS, Smith CW, Thaxton PS, McMichael BL. 2006. Development of a screening method for drought tolerance in cotton seedlings. Crop Science. 46: 2104–2110.
Lopez-Ortega G, García-Montiel F, Bayo-Canha A, Frutos-Ruiz C, Frutos-Tomás D. 2016. Rootstock effects on the growth, yield and fruit quality of sweet cherry cv. “Newstar” in the growing conditions of the Region of Murcia. Scientica Horticulturae. 198:326–335.
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Medina V, Laliberte B. 2017. A review of research on the effects of drought and temperature stress and increased CO2 on Theobroma cacao L. and the role of genetic diversity to address climate change. Costa Rica: Bioversity International.
Mishraa V, Cherkauer KA. 2010. Retrospective droughts in the crop growing season: Implications to corn and soybean yield in the Midwestern United States. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology. 150: 1030-1045.
Mohammadi R, Abdulahi A. 2017. Evaluation of durum wheat genotiprs based on drought tolerance indices under different levels of drought stress. Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 62(1): 1-14
Ofori A, Padi FK, Acheanpong K, Lowor S. 2015. Genetic variation and relationship of traits related to drought tolerance in cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) under shade and no-shade conditions in Ghana. Euphytica. 201: 411-421.
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Setyawan B, Susilo AW. 2017. Selection of prospective drought-tolerant cocoa hybrids based on additive main effect and multiplicative interaction analyses. Pelita Perkebunan. 33(2): 89-96.
Susilo AW. 2015. Bahan Tanam Kakao: Kakao Sejarah, Botani, Proses Produksi, Pengolahan, Perdagangan. Pusat Penelitian Kopi dan Kakao Indonesia. Gadjah Mada University Press. 728 p.
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Syukur M, Sujiprihati S, Yunianti R, Kusumah DA. 2011. Pendugaan ragam genetik dan heritabilitas karakter komponen hasil beberapa genotipe cabai. Agrivigor. 10(2):148–156.
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Anshori MF, Purwoko BS, Dewi IS, Ardie SW, Suwarno WB, Safitri H. 2019. Selection index based on multivariate analysis for selecting double-haploid rice lines in lowland saline prone area. SABRAO Journal of Breeding and Genetics. 51(2): 161-174.
Amos TT, Thompson TO. 2015. Climate change and the cocoa production in the tropical rain forest ecological zone of Ondo State, Nigeria. Journal of Environment and Earth Science, 5(1): 36-41.
Anjum SA, Wang XXL, Saleem MF, Man C, Lei W. 2011a. Morphological, physiological and biochemical responses of plants to drought stress. Review. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 6(9): 2026-2032.
Anjum SA, Xie Xy, Wang Lc, Saleem MF, Man C, Lei W. 2011b. Review: Morphological, physiological and biochemical responses of plants to drought stress. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 6(9): pp. 2026-2032.
Atayese M., Olaiya A., A.R A, Hammed LA. 2013. Evaluation of the three Cocoa varieties for Drought tolerance in Nigeria. Nigerial Journal of Horticulture Science. 17):117–187.
Bari A, Damania AB, Mackay M, Dayanandan S. 2016. Applied Mathematics and Omics to Assess Crop Genetic Resources for Climate Change Adaptive Traits. CRC Press. 122 p.
Baloch, AW, Bhatti SM., Baloch M, Jogi QD, Kandhro MN. 2016. Correlation analysis of various metric traits with grain yield and heritability estimation in rice genotypes. Pak. J. Agric, Agric. Eng. Vet. Sci. 32:136-142.
Borem A, Ramalho MAP, Fritsche-Neto R. 2012. Abiotic stresses: Challenges for plant breeding in the coming decades: Plant Breeding for Abiotic Stress Tolerance. Fritsche-Neto R, Borem, Aluizio (Eds). ISBN 978-3-642-30553-5, (eBook). Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg. 1-12.
Carr MKV, Lockwood G. 2011. The water relations and irrigation requirements of cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.). Explore Agriculture. 47(4): 653 – 676.
Cazares BX, Elenes FF, Medrano RR. 2010. Drought tolerance in crop plants. Amirican Journal of Plant Physiology, 5 (5): 241-256.
De Almeida J, Tezara W, Herrera A. 2016. Physiological responses to drought and experimental water de?cit and waterlogging of four clones of cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) selected for cultivation in Venezuela. Agricultural Water Management, 171: 80–88. Elsevier B.V.
De leon, T.B., S. Linscombe, G. Gregorio, P.K. Subudhi. 2015. Genetic variation in southern USA rice genotypes for Seeding Salinity Tolerance. Frontier in plant science. 8(374): 1-13.
Devy L, Anita-sari I, Susilo AW, Wachjar A, Sobir. 2018. Genetic diversity and indirect selection of fine cacao (Theobroma cacao) based on bean color . Biodiversitas. 19(6): 2385-2392.
Dobriyal P, Qureshi A, Badola R, Hussain SA. 2012. A review of the methods available for estimating soil moisture and its implications for water resource management. Journal of Hydrology. 458–459:110–117.
Dos Santos EA, de Almeida AAF, Ahnert D, da Silva Branco MC, Valle RR, Baligar VC. 2016. Diallel analysis and growth parameters as selection tools for drought tolerance in young Theobroma cacao plants. Plose ONE. 11(8): 1-22.
Fang Y, Xiong L. 2015. General mechanisms of drought response and their application in drought resistance improvement in plants. Review. Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences, 72: 673 – 689.
Fischer, R.A., R. Maurer. 1978. Drought resistance in spring wheat cultivars. I. Grain yield response. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 29:897-907.
Galmes J, Flexas J, Save R, Medrano H. 2007. Water relations and stomatal characteristics of Mediterranean plants with different growth forms and leaf habits: Responses to water stress and recovery. Plant and Soil, 290:139-155.
Gateau-Rey,L, Tanner EVJ, Rapidel B, Marelli J-P, Royaert S. 2018. Climate change could threaten cocoa production: Effects of 2015–16 El Nino-related drought on cocoa agroforests in Bahia, Brazil. Plos ONE, 13: 1–17.
Ghobadi M, Khosravi S, Kahrizi D, Shirvani F. 2011. Study of water relations, chlorophyll and their correlations with grain yield in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes. International Journal of Biological, Biomolecular, Agricultural, Food and Biotechnological Engineering, 5(6): 353-356.
Goenaga R, Guiltinan M, Maximova S, Seguine E, Irizarry H. 2015. Yield performance and bean quality traits of cacao propagated by grafting and somatic embryo-derived cuttings. HortScience. 50(3):358–362.
Islam MA, Raffi SA, Hossain MA, Hasan AK. 2015. Analysis of genetic variability, heritability, and genetic advance for yield and yield associated traits in some promising advanced lines of rice. Progressive Agric. 26:26-31.
Kishor PBK, Sreenivasulu N. 2014. Is proline accumulation per se correlated with stress tolerance or is proline homeostasis a more critical issue?. Mini Review. Plant, Cell and Environment, 37: 300-311.
Khayatnezhad, M, Gholamin R. 2012. The effect of drought stress on leaf chlorophyll content and stress resistance in maize cultivars (Zea mays). African Journal of Microbiology Research. 6(12): 2844-2848.
Kyei-Mensah C, Kyerematen R, Adu-Acheampong S. 2019. Impact of Rainfall Variability on Crop Production within the Worobong Ecological Area of Fanteakwa District, Ghana. Hindawi Advances in Agriculture. Vol. 2019: 1-7.
Lahive F, Hadley P, Daymond AJ. 2018. The impact of elevated CO2 and water deficit stress on growth and photosynthesis of juvenile cacao (Theobroma cacao L.). Photosynthetica. 56(3):911–920.
Lee, JE, Recker M, Bowers AJ, Yuan M. 2016. Hierarchical cluster analysis heatmaps and pattern analysis: an approach for visualizing learning management system intercation data. Proceeding of The 9th International Conference on Educational Data Mining. North Corolina. USA 29 June-2 July 2016.
Longe OA, Oyekale AS. 2013. Assessment of climate change vulnerability and adaptation among smallholder cocoa farmers in Osun State, Nigeria. Life Science Journal. 10(2): 757-763.
Longenberger PS, Smith CW, Thaxton PS, McMichael BL. 2006. Development of a screening method for drought tolerance in cotton seedlings. Crop Science. 46: 2104–2110.
Lopez-Ortega G, García-Montiel F, Bayo-Canha A, Frutos-Ruiz C, Frutos-Tomás D. 2016. Rootstock effects on the growth, yield and fruit quality of sweet cherry cv. “Newstar” in the growing conditions of the Region of Murcia. Scientica Horticulturae. 198:326–335.
Lugojan C, Ciulca S. 2011. Analysis of excised leaves water loss in winter wheat. Journal of Horticulture, Forestry and Biotechnology. 15(2): 178-182.
Mayo O. 1980. The Theory of Plant Breeding. Oxford University Press. New York. 293 p.
Medeiros DB, Ciriaco E, Rafael H, Santos B, Pacheco CM, Musser S, Jurema R, Custôdio M. 2012. Physiological and biochemical responses to drought stress in Barbados Cherry. Brazilian Society of Plant Physiology. 24: 181–192.
Medina V, Laliberte B. 2017. A review of research on the effects of drought and temperature stress and increased CO2 on Theobroma cacao L. and the role of genetic diversity to address climate change. Costa Rica: Bioversity International.
Mishraa V, Cherkauer KA. 2010. Retrospective droughts in the crop growing season: Implications to corn and soybean yield in the Midwestern United States. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology. 150: 1030-1045.
Mohammadi R, Abdulahi A. 2017. Evaluation of durum wheat genotiprs based on drought tolerance indices under different levels of drought stress. Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 62(1): 1-14
Ofori A, Padi FK, Acheanpong K, Lowor S. 2015. Genetic variation and relationship of traits related to drought tolerance in cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) under shade and no-shade conditions in Ghana. Euphytica. 201: 411-421.
Ostonen I, Püttsepp Ü, Biel C, Alberton O, Bakker MR, Lõhmus K, Metcalfe D, Olsthoorn AFM, Pronk A, Vanguelova E, Weih M, Brunner I. 2007. All aspects of plant biology: specific root length as an indicator of environmental change. Plant Biosystem.141: 426–442.
Padi FK, Adu-Gyamfi P, Akpertey A, Arthur A, Ofori A. 2013. Differential response of cocoa (Theobroma cacao) families to field establishment stress. Plant Breeding. 132(2):229–236.
Paez-garcia A, Motes CM, Chen R, Blancafor EB, Monteros MJ, Samuel T, Noble R, Parkway SN. 2015. Root traits and phenotyping strategies for plant improvement. Plants. 4: 334–355.
Pirzad A, Shakiba MR, Zehtab-Salmasi S, Mohammadi SA, Darvishzadeh R, Samadi A. 2011. Effect of water stress on leaf relative water content, chlorophyll, proline and soluble carbohydrates in Matricaria chamomilla L. Medicinal Plants Research. 5(12):2483–2488.
Placide R, Hirut GB, Stephan N, Fekadu B. 2014. Assessment of drought stress tolerance in root and tuber crops. African Journal Plant Science. 8(4):214–224.
Polavarapu B. Kishor K, Sreenivasulu N. 2014. Review: Is proline accumulation per se correlated with stress tolerance or is proline homeostasis a more critical issue?. Plant, Cell and Environment. 37: 300–311.
Rubiyo, Sudarsono. 2011. Pendugaan Parameter Genetik Ketahanan Tanaman Kakao terhadap penyakit busuk buah. Buletin RISTRI, 2 (3) : 391-404.
Rukundu P, Betaw HG, Ngailo S, Balcha F. 2014. Assessment of drought stress tolerance in root and tuber crops. Review. African Journal of Plants Science. 8(4): 214-224.
Santos IC, de Almeida AAF, Anhert D, da Conceic AS, Pirovani CP, Pires JL, Valle RR, Baligar VC. 2014. Physiological and biochemical responses of Theobroma cacao L. genotypes to soil water deficit. Plos ONE. 0115746. 1-31.
Santhyami, A. Basukriadi, M.P. Patria, R. Abdulhadi. 2018. The comparison of aboveground C-stock between cacao-based agroforestry system and cacao monoculture practice in West Sumatra, Indonesia. Biodiveritas. 19(2): 472-479.
Setyawan B, Puspitasari N, Susilo AW, Anita-Sari I. 2018. Rootstock Characteristics of Three Combinations of Theobroma cacao L. Crosses on Different Water Availability. Pelita Perkebunan. 34(3): 137-145.
Setyawan B, Susilo AW. 2017. Selection of prospective drought-tolerant cocoa hybrids based on additive main effect and multiplicative interaction analyses. Pelita Perkebunan. 33(2): 89-96.
Susilo AW. 2015. Bahan Tanam Kakao: Kakao Sejarah, Botani, Proses Produksi, Pengolahan, Perdagangan. Pusat Penelitian Kopi dan Kakao Indonesia. Gadjah Mada University Press. 728 p.
Syukur M, Sujiprihati S, Yunianti R, Nida K. 2010. Pendugaan komponen genetik, heritabilitas dan korelasi untuk menentukan kriteria seleksi cabai (Capsinum annum L.) populasi 15. J. Hort. Indonesia. 1(2):74-80.
Syukur M, Sujiprihati S, Yunianti R, Kusumah DA. 2011. Pendugaan ragam genetik dan heritabilitas karakter komponen hasil beberapa genotipe cabai. Agrivigor. 10(2):148–156.
Wang H, Tang X, Wang H, Shao H-B. 2015. Proline accumulation and metabolism-related genes expression pro?les in Kosteletzkya virginica seedlings under salt stress. Frontiers in Plant Science, 6: article 792: 1-9.
Warschefsky EJ, Klein LL, Frank MH, Chitwood DH, Londo JP, von Wettberg EJB, Miller AJ. 2016. Rootstocks: Diversity, domestication, and impacts on shoot phenotypes. Trends in Plant Science. 21(5): 418-437.
Waseem M, Ali A, Tahir M, Nadeem A, Ayub M, Tanveer A, Ahmad R, Hussain M. 2011. Mechanism of drought tolerance in plant and its management through different methods. Agricultural Science. 5(1): 10-25.
Xu Z, Zhou G. 2008. Responses of leaf stomatal density to water status and its relationship with photosynthesis in a grass. Journal of Experimental Botany. 59(12): 3317-3325.
Yang F, Miao LF (2010). Adaptive responses to progressive drought stress in two poplar species originating from different altitudes. Silva Fennica, 44: 23-37.
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