Selection of stain fungi on rubberwood (Hevea brasiliensis) and its growth response against chitosan
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Abstract. Salman ABA, Sudirman LI, Nandika D. 2020. Selection of stain fungi on rubberwood (Hevea brasiliensis) and its growth response against chitosan. Biodiversitas 21: 4501-4508. Rubberwood (Hevea brasiliensis Muell. Arg.) is one of the most important raw materials in furniture industry in South East Asian countries, particularly in Indonesia, Thailand and Malaysia. However, due to its susceptibility to stain fungi attack, wood preservative is needed to processing this material, which has both significant cost and environmental implications. A laboratory study was conducted to identify the seasoned rubberwood attacking stain fungi and to evaluate the bioactivity of chitosan in inhibiting the stain fungi’s growth. Isolation fungi from seasoned rubberwood were obtained firstly then selection isolates were conducted in the rubberwood test samples. Isolates with the highest percentage growth on wood test samples would identify based on internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region. Chitosan were prepared in four concentration 0, 0.5, 1 and 2% (w/v). Two isolates were showed the highest percentage growth on wood test samples after six weeks, which were 90.6% for isolate code I4 and 96.2% for II4 and both isolates gained scores 5. The two isolates were identified as Aspergillus foetidus for I4 and Aspergillus aflatoxiformans for II4. Aspergillus foetidus and A. aflatoxiformans would be the newly recorded species and this is the first report about species description from rubberwood in Indonesia. The inhibition rate was increased when chitosan concentration was increased from 0 to 2%. Chitosan concentration 2% inhibited the growth of A. foetidus in 20.28%, but there is no inhibition showed on A. aflatoxiformans. The addition of chitosan in medium can increase the growth of A. aflatoxiformans and forming clear zone around the colony.
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References
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Da Silva LP, Bitencourt TA, Saltoratto ALF, Seleghim MHR, Assis OBG. 2018. Antifungal activity of chitosan and its quaternized derivative in gel form and as an edible coating on cut cherry tomatoes. J Agr Sci 63(3): 271-285.
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Divya K, Vijayan S, Jisha MS. 2018. Antifungal, antioxidant and cytotoxic activities of chitosan nanoparticles and its use as an edible coating on vegetables. Int J Biol Macromol 114: 572-577.
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Waewthongrak W, Pisuchpen S, Leelasuphakul W. 2015. Effect of Bacillus subtilis and chitosan applications on green mold (Penicilium digitatum Sacc.) decay in citrus fruit. Postharv Bio Technol 99: 44-49.
White TJ, Bruns T, Lee S, Taylor J. 1990. Amplification and direct sequencing of fungal ribosomal RNA genes for phylogenetics. In: Innis MA, Gelfand DH, Sninsky JJ, White TJ (eds) PCR Protocols: A Guide to Methods and Applications. Academic Press, New York.
Wilson ER, Smalling KL, Reilly TJ, Gray E, Bond L, Steele L, Kandel P, Chamberlin A, Gause J, Reynolds N, Robertson I, Novak S, Feris K, White MW. 2014. Assessing the potential effects of fungicides on nontarget gut fungi (Trichomycetes) and their associated larval black fly hosts. J Am Water Resour Assoc 50(2): 420-433.
Zhang J, Cao H, Li S, Zhao Y, Wang W, Xu Q, Du Y, Yin H. 2015. Characterization of a new family 75 chitosanase from Aspergillus sp. W-2. Int J Biol Macromol 81: 362-369.
Zivanovic S, Davis RH, Golden DA. 2015. Chitosan as an Antimicrobial in Food Products. In: Taylor TM (ed). Handbook of Natural Antimicrobials for Food Safety and Quality. Woodhead Publishing, Cambridge
Zu G, Chen M, Zhang C. 2012. Screening, identification of a marine fungal strain producing chitosanase. Adv Mat Res 581-582: 1189-1192.
Al-tememe Z, Lahuf AA, Kareem AA, Kadhim AA, Al-mosawy M. 2019. A survey and molecular identification of Aspergillus versicolor causing brown rot on imported spruce (Picea canadensis) wood in Karbala province, Iraq and control it using copper boron chromate. IOP Conf Ser: Earth Environ Sci 388: 1-12.
Aranda-Martinez A, Lopez-Moya F, Lopez-Liorca. 2016. Cell wall composition plays a key role on sensitivity of filamentous fungi to chitosan. J Basic Microbiol 56: 1-12.
Daniel G. 2016. Fungal degradation of wood cell walls. In: Kim YS, Funada R, Singh AP (eds) Secondary Xylem Biology: Origins, Functions, and Applications. Academic Press, London.
Da Silva LP, Bitencourt TA, Saltoratto ALF, Seleghim MHR, Assis OBG. 2018. Antifungal activity of chitosan and its quaternized derivative in gel form and as an edible coating on cut cherry tomatoes. J Agr Sci 63(3): 271-285.
Dewi R, Nur RM. 2017. Antifungal activity of chitosan on Aspergillus spp. Int J Bioengineer Biotechnol 2(4): 24-30.
Divya K, Vijayan S, Jisha MS. 2018. Antifungal, antioxidant and cytotoxic activities of chitosan nanoparticles and its use as an edible coating on vegetables. Int J Biol Macromol 114: 572-577.
El-Guilli M, Hamza A, Clement C, Ibriz M, Barka EA. 2015. Effectiveness of postharvest treatment with chitosan to control citrus green mold. Agricul 6(12): 1-15.
Emoghene AO, Okungbowa OC, Obayagbona ON, Jaboro AG. 2014. Cellulolytic activities of wild type fungi isolated from decayed wood cuttings. Nig J Biotech 27: 41-48.
European Standard 152. 1984. Test methods for wood preservatives - Laboratory method for determining the protective effectiveness of a preservative treatment against blue stain in service. Part 1: Brushing procedure, Part 2: Application by methods other than brushing.
Fawzya YN, Trisdayanti, Wibowo S, Noriko N. 2019. Antifungal acitvity of chitosan oligomer prepared using chitosanase of Aeromonas media KLU 11.16. IOP Conf Ser: Earth Environ Sci 278: 1-10.
Feng J, Shi Q, Chen Y, Huang X. 2014. Bluestain resistance and water absorption of wood/HDPE and bamboo/HDPE. J Appl Sci 14(8): 776-783.
Frisvad JC, Hubka V, Ezekiel CN, Hong SB, Nováková A, Chen AJ, Arzanlou M, Larsen TO, Sklenar F, Mahakarnchanakul W, Samson RA, Houbraken J. 2019. Taxonomy of Aspergillus section flavi and their production of aflatoxins, ochratoxins and other mycotoxins. Stud Mycol 93: 1-63.
Hernández-téllez CN, Rodríguez-córdova FJ, Rosas-burgos EC, Cortez-rocha MO, Burgos-hernández, Lizardi-mendoza, Torres-arreola W, Martínez-higuera A, Plascencia-jatomea M. 2017. Activity of chitosan-lysozyme nanoparticles on the growth, membrane integrity, and ?-1,3-glucanase production by Aspergillus parasiticus. Biotech 7(279): 1-13.
Hirano K, Arayaveersid A, Seki K. 2012. Characterization of a chitosanase from Aspergillus fumigatus ATCC13073. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 76(8): 1523-1528.
Hughes KA, Misiak M, Ulaganathan Y, Newsham KK. 2018. Important of psychrotolerant fungi to Antartica associated with wooden cargo packaging. Antarctic Sci 30(5): 298-305.
Ing LY, Zin NM, Sarwar A, Katas H. 2012. Antifungal activity of chitosan nanoparticles and correlation with their physical properties. Int J Biomater 2012: 1-9.
Jantamas S, Matan N, Matan N. 2013. Effect of tangerine oil against Aspergillus niger identified from raw and boron treated rubber wood. Int J Environment Sci Develop 4(4): 408-411.
Ketkakomol S, Lerksomlan T, Clement-Vidal A, Chantuma P, Sriroth K, Liengprayoon S, Thaler P, Drevet P, Kasemsap P, Piyachomkwan K, Gohet E, Lacote R. 2014. Starch synthesis and mobilization on wood and bark of rubber tree, in relation with latek production, (1) methodological approach. Adv Mat Res 844: 15-19.
Meijer M, Houbraken JAMP, Dalhuijsen S, Samson RA, de Vries RP. 2011. Growth and hydrolase profiles can be used as characteristics to distinguish Aspergillus niger and other black aspergilli. Stud Mycol 69: 19-30.
Nampally M, Rajulu MBG, Gillet D, Suryanarayanan TS, Moerschbacher B. 2015. A high diversity in chitinolytic and chitosanolytic species and enzymes and their oligomeric products exist in soil with a history of chitin and chitosan exposure. Biomed Res Int 2015: 1-8.
OldertrØen K, H-Kittikun A, Phongpaichit S, Riyajan S, Teanpaisal R. 2016. Treatment of rubber wood (Hevea brasiliensis) (willd. ex. a juss) mull. arg. with maleic anhydride to prevent moulds. J For Sci 62(7): 314-321.
Pratheesh KPM, Bharathi HBD, Sivaprasad V. 2017. Antifungal effect of chitosan on certain soil borne fungal pathogens of mulberry (Morus spp.). Int j sci 4(11): 4-11.
Riyaphan J, Phumichai T, Neimsuwan T, Witayakran S, Sungsing K, Kaveeta R, Phumichai C. 2015. Variability in chemical and mechanical properties of Pará rubber (Hevea brasiliensis) trees. Sci Asia 41: 251-258.
Samson RA, Visagie CM, Houbraken J, Hong SB, Hubka V, Klaassen CHW, Perrone G, Seifert KA, Susca A, Tanney JB, Varga J, Kocsube S, Szigeti G, Yaguchi T, Frisvad JC. 2014. Phylogeny, identification and nomenclature of the genus Aspergillus. Stud Mycol 78: 141-183.
Schmidt O, Magel E, Frühwald A, Glukhykh L, Erdt K, Kaschuro S. 2016. Influence of sugar and starch content of palm wood on fungal development and prevention of fungal colonization by acid treatment. Holzforschung 70(8): 783-791.
Silva DM, Batista LR, Rezende EF, Fungaro MHP, Sartori D, Alves E. 2011. Identification of fungi of the genus Aspergillus section nigri using polyphasic taxonomy. Brazilian J Microbiol 42: 761-773.
Singh T, Vesentini D, Singh AP, Daniel G. 2008. Effect of chitosan on physiological, morphological and ultrastructural characteristics of wood-degrading fungi. Int Biodeterior Biodegradation 62: 116-124.
Waewthongrak W, Pisuchpen S, Leelasuphakul W. 2015. Effect of Bacillus subtilis and chitosan applications on green mold (Penicilium digitatum Sacc.) decay in citrus fruit. Postharv Bio Technol 99: 44-49.
White TJ, Bruns T, Lee S, Taylor J. 1990. Amplification and direct sequencing of fungal ribosomal RNA genes for phylogenetics. In: Innis MA, Gelfand DH, Sninsky JJ, White TJ (eds) PCR Protocols: A Guide to Methods and Applications. Academic Press, New York.
Wilson ER, Smalling KL, Reilly TJ, Gray E, Bond L, Steele L, Kandel P, Chamberlin A, Gause J, Reynolds N, Robertson I, Novak S, Feris K, White MW. 2014. Assessing the potential effects of fungicides on nontarget gut fungi (Trichomycetes) and their associated larval black fly hosts. J Am Water Resour Assoc 50(2): 420-433.
Zhang J, Cao H, Li S, Zhao Y, Wang W, Xu Q, Du Y, Yin H. 2015. Characterization of a new family 75 chitosanase from Aspergillus sp. W-2. Int J Biol Macromol 81: 362-369.
Zivanovic S, Davis RH, Golden DA. 2015. Chitosan as an Antimicrobial in Food Products. In: Taylor TM (ed). Handbook of Natural Antimicrobials for Food Safety and Quality. Woodhead Publishing, Cambridge
Zu G, Chen M, Zhang C. 2012. Screening, identification of a marine fungal strain producing chitosanase. Adv Mat Res 581-582: 1189-1192.
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