Population density, geographical distribution and habitat of Talaud bear cuscus (Ailurops melanotis Thomas, 1898)
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TERRI REPI
♥
BURHANUDDIN MASY’UD
ABDUL HARIS MUSTARI
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9696-2591
LILIK BUDI PRASETYO
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5320-3221
Abstract
Abstract. Repi T, Masy’ud B, Mustari AH, Prasetyo LB. 2020. Population density, geographical distribution and habitat of Talaud bear cuscus (Ailurops melanotis Thomas, 1898). Biodiversitas 21: 5621-5631. The Talaud bear cuscus (Ailurops melanotis) has been reported from Sangihe (the largest island in the Sangihe Island group) and Salibabu (within the Talaud Islands). As an endemic species of Indonesia, this species is rare and there is no certainty regarding its precise geographic distribution or population size. This research aimed to estimate population density and provide the first preliminary data on its geographical distribution, as well as general description of its habitat. Our research shows that A. melanotis occurs on three islands: Salibabu Island, Nusa Island, and Bukide Island, and probably also exists in the Sahandaruman mountain on Sangihe Island. Our population surveys estimate, population density on each island as: Salibabu: 3.69 ± 2.54 ind/km2, with an estimated total population of 28.95 individuals, Nusa Island: was 12.31 ± 2.58 ind/km2, with an estimated population of 19.08 individuals, and Bukide Island: 7.17 ± 1.79/km2, with an estimated population of 10.40 individuals. Information regarding population is a key guiding factor in conservation efforts, where population size is related to extinction risk (threat status) and its geographical distribution, this can help to determine conservation priorities for species or habitats.
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References
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Debinski DM., Holt RD. 2000. A survey and overview of habitat fragmentation experiments. Conserv. Biol 14(2): 342–355. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1739.2000.98081.x
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Okie JG, Brown JH. 2009. Niches, body sizes, and the disassembly of mammal communities on the Sunda Shelf islands. In: Wake DB, Hadly EA, Ackerly DD (eds) Biogeography, changing climates, and niche evolution; Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 106(Supplement_2). 19679–19684. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0901654106.
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Pielou EC. 1966. The measurement of diversity in different types of biological collections. J. Theor. Biol. 13: 131–144. Doi:10.1016/0022-5193(66)90013-0.
Repi T, Masyud B, Mustari AH, Prasetyo LB. 2019. Daily activity and diet of Talaud bear cuscus (Ailurops melanotis Thomas, 1898) on Salibabu Island, North Sulawesi, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 20 (9): 2636-2644. https://smujo.id/biodiv/article/view/4174.Doi: 10.13057/biodiv/d200928.
Riley J. 2002. Mammals on the Sangihe and Talaud Islands, Indonesia, and the impact of hunting and habitat loss. Oryx 36(3): 288–296. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0030605302000510.
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Wowor FM, Kiroh HJ, Rawung V, Wungow RH. 2016. Estimasi kepadatan kuskus beruang (Ailurops ursinus) di Cagar Alam Tangkoko Batuangus Kota Bitung. J. Zootek 36(2): 395–404.
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Connor EF, Courtney AC, Yoder JM. 2000. Individuals-area relationships: The relationship between animal population density and area. Ecology 81(3): 734–748. https://doi.org/10.1890/0012-9658(2000)081[0734:IARTRB]2.0.CO;2
Debinski DM., Holt RD. 2000. A survey and overview of habitat fragmentation experiments. Conserv. Biol 14(2): 342–355. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1739.2000.98081.x
Duncan RP, Forsyth DM. 2006. Modelling population persistence on islands: Mammal introductions in the New Zealand archipelago. Proc. R. Soc. B 273(1604): 2969–2975. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2006.3662.
EDGE. 2018. Talaud Bear Cuscus. Retrieved from http://www.edgeofexistence.org/species/talaud-bear-cuscus/. [accessed 2 Agustus 2020].
Faber-Langendoen D, Gentry AH. 1991. The Structure and Diversity of Rain Forests at Bajo Calima, Choco Region, Western Colombia. Biotropica 23: 2-11. https://doi.org/10.2307/2388682.
Flannery T, Helgen K. 2016. Ailurops melanotis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T136218A21949526. https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T136218A21949526.en. [accessed 2 Agustus 2020].
Hamback PA, Summerville KS, Steffan-Dewenter I, Krauss J, Englund G, Crist TO. 2007. Habitat specialization, body size, and family identity explain lepidopteran density-area relationships in a cross-continental comparison. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A 104(20): 8368–8373. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0611462104.
Gaughan JB, Hogan LA, Andrea W. 2015. Thermoregulation in Marsupials and Monotremes. In: Klieve A, Hogan LA , Johnston S, Murray P (eds). Monotremes and Marsupials: Nature's Enigmatic Mammals. Nova Science Publishers, New York, United States.
Grebner DL, Bettinger P, Siry JP. 2013. Introduction to Forestry and Natural Resources. Academic Press. San Diego.
Hannibal W, Caceres NC. 2010. Use of vertical space by small mammals in gallery forest and woodland savannah in south-western Brazil. Mammalia, 74(3): 247–255. Doi:10.1515/mamm.2010.007.
He J, Yan C, Holyoak M, Wan X, Ren G, Hou Y, Xie Y, Zhang Z. 2018. Quantifying the effects of climate and anthropogenic change on regional species loss in China. PloS One 13(7): 1-12. Doi:10.1371/journal.pone. 0199735.
Heinsohn TE. 2010. Marsupials as introduced species: Long-term anthropogenic expansion of the marsupial frontier and its implications for zoogeographic interpretation. In: Haberle S, Stevenson J, Prebble M (eds.). Altered Ecologies (Terra Australis 32): Fire, climate and human influence on terrestrial landscapes. https://doi.org/10.22459/ta32.11.2010.09, ANU Press, Australia.
Hlôška L, Chovancová B, Chovancová G, Fleischer P. 2016. Influence of climatic factors on the population dynamics of small mammals (Rodentia, Soricomorpha) on the sites affected by windthrow in the High Tatra Mts. Folia Oecologica 43 (1): 12-20
IUCN. 2016. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. https://www.iucnredlist.org/. [accessed 2 Agustus 2020].
Kelly J, Rahman A, Grass I, Tasirin JS, Waltert M. 2017. Avifaunal status updates, range extensions and potential new taxa on the lesser Sangihe and Talaud islands, Indonesia. Raffles Bull. Zool. 65(9): 482–496.
Kusmana C. 1997. Metode Survey Vegetasi. IPB Press, Bogor (Indonesian).
Laurance WF. 2008. Theory meets reality: How habitat fragmentation research has transcended island biogeographic theory. Biol. Conserv 141(7): 1731–1744. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2008.05.011.
Leca JB, Gunst N, Rompis A, Soma G, Putra IGAA, Wandia IN. 2013. Population Density and Abundance of Ebony Leaf Monkeys ( Trachypithecus auratus ) in West Bali National Park, Indonesia Primate Conserv 26(1): 133–144. https://doi.org/10.1896/052.026.0106.
Magurran AE. 1988. Ecological Diversity and its Measurement. Princeton University Press, New Jersey (US).
Magurran AE. 2004. Measuring Biological Diversity. Blackwell Publishing Company, Malden (US).
Medina ES, Vásquez AI, Moreno MP, Torres-González A. 2015. Island effect on diversity, abundance and vegetation structure in the Chocó Region. ACTA BOT BRAS 29(4): 509–515. https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-33062015abb0154.
Mueller-Dombois D, Ellenberg H. 1974. Aims and Methods of Vegetation Ecology. John Wiley & Sons, New York (US).
Mugume S, Isabirye-Basuta G, Otali E, Reyna-Hurtado R, Chapman CA. 2015. How do Human Activities Influence the Status and Distribution of Terrestrial Mammals in Forest Reserves? J Mammal 96(5): 998–1004. https://doi.org/10.1093/jmammal/gyv104.
Natus IR. 2005. Biodiversity and Endemic Centres. [Dissertation]. Universität Trier, Trier. [German].
Norton-Griffiths M. 1978. Counting animals Handbook No.1 (second ed). African Wildlife Leadership Foundation, Nairobi.
Nowak RM. 2018. Walker’s Mammals of the World: Monotremes, Marsupials, Afrotherians, Xenarthrans, and Sundatherians. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland (US).
Nugraha R, Mustari AH. 2017. Karakteristik habitat dan jenis pakan kuskus beruang (Ailurops ursinus) di suaka margasatwa tanjung peropa, sulawesi tenggara. J. Wasian 4(2): 55–68. Retrieved from http://oaji.net/articles/2017/4944-1515977393.pdf
Ogutu JO, Bhola N, Piepho HP, Reid R. 2006. Efficiency of strip- and line-transect surveys of African savanna mammals. J. Zool. 269(2): 149–160. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.2006.00055.x
Okie JG, Brown JH. 2009. Niches, body sizes, and the disassembly of mammal communities on the Sunda Shelf islands. In: Wake DB, Hadly EA, Ackerly DD (eds) Biogeography, changing climates, and niche evolution; Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 106(Supplement_2). 19679–19684. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0901654106.
Owens, I.P.F., & Bennett, P.M. (2000) Ecological basis of extinction risk in birds: Habitat loss versus human persecution and introduced predators. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A 97(22): 12144–12148. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.200223397.
Pearson SM. 2002. The conservation of habitat and landscape. In: Dyke FV (ed). Conservation Biology; Foundations, Concepts, Applications. (Second edition). Springer. Illinois.
Pielou EC. 1966. The measurement of diversity in different types of biological collections. J. Theor. Biol. 13: 131–144. Doi:10.1016/0022-5193(66)90013-0.
Repi T, Masyud B, Mustari AH, Prasetyo LB. 2019. Daily activity and diet of Talaud bear cuscus (Ailurops melanotis Thomas, 1898) on Salibabu Island, North Sulawesi, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 20 (9): 2636-2644. https://smujo.id/biodiv/article/view/4174.Doi: 10.13057/biodiv/d200928.
Riley J. 2002. Mammals on the Sangihe and Talaud Islands, Indonesia, and the impact of hunting and habitat loss. Oryx 36(3): 288–296. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0030605302000510.
Smith RJ, Veríssimo D, Isaac NJB, Jones KE. 2012. Identifying Cinderella species: Uncovering mammals with conservation flagship appeal. Conserv. Lett 5(3): 205–212. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-263X.2012.00229.x.
Subcommittee on Conservation of Natural Population. 1981. TechniquesFor the Study of Primate Population Ecology. National Academic Press, Washington DC (US).
Taylor-Brown A, Booth R, Gillett A, Mealy E, Ogbourne SM, Polkinghorne A, Conroy GC. 2019. The impact of human activities on Australian wildlife. PLoS One 14(1): 1–28. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0206958.
Tucker G. 2005. Biodiversity evaluation methods. In: Hill D, Fasham M, Tucker G, Shewry M, Shaw P (eds) Handbook of Biodiversity Methods Survey, Evaluation and Monitoring. Cambridge University Press, UK.
Whittaker RJ, Fernandez-Palacios JM. 2007. Island Biogeography (Second Ed). Oxford University Press, Oxford. UK.
Wowor FM, Kiroh HJ, Rawung V, Wungow RH. 2016. Estimasi kepadatan kuskus beruang (Ailurops ursinus) di Cagar Alam Tangkoko Batuangus Kota Bitung. J. Zootek 36(2): 395–404.
Yackulic, CB, Sanderson EW, Uriarte M. 2011. Anthropogenic and environmental drivers of modern range loss in large mammals. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A 108(10), 4024–4029. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1015097108.
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