Diversity of insect galls associated with Eucalyptus alba & E. urophylla in altitudinal zones in Timor Island, Indonesia
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Abstract. Puspasari LT, Buchori D, Ubaidillah R, Triwidodo H, Hidayat P. 2021. Diversity of insect galls associated with Eucalyptus alba & E. urophylla in altitudinal zones in Timor Island, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 22: 2667-2679. We investigated the galling insects associated with two species of Eucalyptus, namely E. alba Reinw. and E. urophylla S.T. Blake in different altitudinal zones in Timor Island, Indonesia. This is the first report for Indonesia of the diversity patterns and community structures of galling insects in these two species of eucalyptus and the type of galls they produce. Surveys and data collection were carried out between October 2017 and June 2018 at different altitudes of secondary forest in Timor Tengah Selatan district, Timor. We visited five altitudinal zones (± 829 m asl., ± 942 m asl. ± 1,621 m asl., ± 1992 m asl., and ± 2457 m asl.) and selected 25 eucalyptus plants of 3 to 5 m in height in each altitudinal zone from which to collect insect galls. The galls were observed on leaves, upper leaves (shoots), outer leaves, symptomatic twigs and stems. The galls were taken to the laboratory for rearing of the insects they contained. A total number of 12 gall types were found in E. alba and 15 in E. urophylla from which 28 insect morphospecies were identified belonging to 16 families and five orders. The order Hymenoptera was represented by ten families: Bethylidae, Torymidae, Eulophidae, Eupelmidae Eurytomidae, Pteromalidae, Encyrtidae, Mymaridae, Braconidae and Scelinonidae while the order Diptera was represented by three families: Fergusoninidae, Cecidomyiidae and Chaoboridae. Galling species diversity ranged from 1.71 to 2.38 on the Shannon-Wiener index and 0.75 to 0.87 on the Simpson index and showed that the galling-insect communities were species-rich and composed of galling formers and very few inquilines. In the study, communities are categorized and structured according to different types of galling insects, including those that induce galling, those that are parasitoid, and those that are inquiline. Within the category of gall-forming insects in the two species of eucalyptus, Eulophidae is found to be the dominant family. Our field data makes an important contribution to basic knowledge of insect galling patterns in eucalyptus forests and constitutes baseline data for the implementation of pest control.
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References
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Barbosa M, Fernandes GW. 2014. Bottom?up effects on gall distribution BT In Fernandes GW, & Santos JC (Eds.). Neotropical insect galls. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Springer Netherlands, 99–113.
[CABI] Commonwealth Agricultural Bureau International. 2005. Forestry Compendium, 2005 edn., (CD version). Wallingford (UK): CAB International.
Cirimwami L, Doumenge C, Kahindo, JM, & Amani, C. (2019). The effect of elevation on species richness in tropical forests depends on the considered lifeform: results from an East African mountain forest. Tropical Ecology, 1-12.
Cleland EE. 2011. Biodiversity and ecosystem stability. Nature education knowledge, 3(10): 14.
Coelho MS, Almada E, Fernandes GW, Carneiro MAA, Santos RM, Quintino AV, Sanchez-Azofeifa A. 2009. Gall inducing arthropods from a seasonally dry tropical forest in Serra do Cipó, Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Entomologia 53: 404–414
Dreger-Jauffret F, Shorthouse JD. 1992. Diversity of gall-inducing insects and their galls. In: Shorthouse JD and Rohfritsch O (eds) Biology of Insect-Induced Galls. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 8-33.
Espírito-Santo MM, Fernandes GW. 2007. How many species of gall-inducing insects are there on earth, and where are there? Annals of the Entomological Society of America 100: 95-99.
Farida WR, Triono T, Handayani TH, Ismail I. 2005. Feed Plants Selection and Nesting Site of Cuscus (Phalanger sp.) in Nature Reserve of Mount Mutis, East Nusa Tenggara. Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity, 6(1): 50-54.
Fernandes GWA, Julião G R, Araújo RC, Araújo SC, Lombardi JA, Negreiros D, Carneiro MAA. 2001. Distribution and morphology of insect galls of the rio Doce Valley, Brazil.
Fernandes GW, Negreiros D. 2006. A comunidade de insetos galhadores da RPPN fazenda bulcão, Aimorés, Minas Gerais, Brasil. Lundiana. 7(2): 111-120.
Hortal J, Carrascal LM, Triantis KA, Thébault E, Meiri S, Sfenthourakis S. 2013. Species richness can decrease with altitude but not with habitat diversity. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 110(24): E2149-E2150.
Ives AR, Carpenter SR. 2007. Stability and diversity of ecosystems. Science 317: 58–62.
Jolivet, P., 1992, Insects and plants parallel evolution and adaptations, Flora and Fauna Handbook No. 2. Sandhill Crane Press, Inc. Gainesville, Florida, 190.
Koneri R. 2010. Keanekaragaman Kumbang Lucanid pada Berbagai Ketinggian Tempat di hutan Konsensi Unocal Gunung Salak Barat, Jawa Barat. Jurnal Matematika dan Sains. 15(2): 77-84
Lara DP, Oliveira LA, Azevedo IFP, et al.. 2008. Relationship between host plant architecture and gall abundance and survival. Revista Brasileira de Entomologia 52: 78-81.
Lawton JH. 1983. Plant architecture and the diversity of phytophagous insects. Annual Review of Entomology 28: 23-29.
Leeuwen-Reijnvaan JDv, Leeuwen WMDv. 1926. Zoocecidia of the Netherlands East Indies. Batavia (ID): Drukkerij de Unie.
Lewinsohn TM, Novotny V, Basset Y. 2005. Insects on plants: diversity of herbivore assemblages revisited. Annu Rev Ecol Evol Syst 36: 597-620.
Ludwig JA, Reynolds JF. 1988. Statistical Ecology: A Primer methods and computing. New York: JohnWiley & Sons.
Magguran AE. 2004. Measuring biological diversity. Maiden: Blackwell Publishing.
Maia VC. 2001. The gall midges (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae) from three restingas of Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil. Revista brasileira de Zoologia 18(2): 583-629.
Maia V, Galvão Magenta MA, Ehlin MS. 2008. Ocorrência e caracterização de galhas de insetos em áreas de restinga de Bertioga (São Paulo, Brasil). Biota Neotrop 8(1): 167-197.
Mani MS (2000).Plant Galls of India.(Second Edition), Science Publishers, Inc., Enfield, New Hampshire. USA. 477 pp.
Miller III DG, & Raman A. 2019. Host–plant relations of gall-inducing insects. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 112(1): 1-19.
Moreira RG, Fernandes GW, Almada ED, Santos JC. 2007. Galling insects as bioindicators of land restoration in an area of Brazilian Atlantic Forest. Lundiana 8: 107–112
Oliveros JC. 2007. VENNY. An interactive tool for comparing lists with Venn Diagrams. Available at: http://bioinfogp.cnb.csic.es/tools/venny/index.html.
Pimenta M, De-Marco P. (2015) Leaf beetle (Chrysomelidae: Coleoptera) assemblages in a mosaic of natural and altered areas in the Brazilian Cerrado. Neotropical Entomology 44: 242–255. Doi:10.1007/s13744-015-0280-y.
Pujiono E, Sadono R, Hartono H, Imron MA. 2019. A three decades assessment of forest cover changes in the mountainous tropical forest of Timor Island, Indonesia. Jurnal Manajemen Hutan Tropika, 25(1): 51-64.
Rachman E, Tihurua EF, Sunaryo S. 2012. Diversity and distribution of gall in the Bogor Botanical Gardens. Buletin Kebun Raya. 15(2): 93-102. [Indonesian]
Rachman E, Tihurua, EF, Sunaryo S. 2014. Research on Gall in Mount Gede Pangrango and Mount Halimun Salak National Parks, West Java, Indonesia. Berita Biologi.13(1): 39-47. [Indonesian].
Reksosoesilo ES. 1985. Biology of the three important parasites of the pest, Orselia oryzae (Wood-Mason) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), as the basis for managing this pest. [Dissertation]. IPB University, Bogor. [Indonesian].
Safitri B. 2019. Insects associated with puru in several eucalyptus clones at Mount Mutis, East Nusa Tenggara. [Thesis]. IPB University, Bogor. [Indonesian]. Available at: http://repository.ipb.ac.id/handle/123456789/100202
Safitri, B., Hidayat, P., and Buchori, D. (2019) ‘Resistance of some new clones of eucalyptus to insects causes gall in Mount Mutis, NTT’, Jurnal Hama Dan Penyakit Tumbuhan Tropika, 19(2): 109-117.
Schluter D, Ricklefs RE. 1993. Species diversity: an introduction to the problem, p.1-10. In Ricklefs R E, Schluter D (eds) Species diversity in ecological communities; historical and geographical perspectives. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
Simbolon, H, dan Sukendar S. 1987. Vegetasi Dan Keadaan Tanah Hutan Lelofui Mount Mutis, Soe-NTT. Berita Biologi 3(7).
Stewart AJA, John EA, Hutchings MJ. 2000. The world is heterogeneous: ecological consequences of living in a patchy environment, p.1-8. In Hutchings MJ, John EA, Stewart AJA (eds) The ecological consequences of environmental heterogeneity. Blackwell, Oxford.
Syawaluddin S, Hidayat P, Maryana N. 2019. Serangga yang berasosiasi dengan puru daun eukaliptus di Kabupaten Humbang Hasundutan dan Samosir, Provinsi Sumatra Utara. Jurnal Entomologi Indonesia, 16(1): 9-17.
Ubaidillah R. 2011. Gall Insect Problem in Eucalyptus of Toba Pulp Lestari Plantation. Survey Report Toba Pulp Lestari, North Sumatra.
Uechi N, Yukawa J, Tokuta M, Maryana N, Kikumura TG. Kim W. 2016. Description of the Asian chili pod gall midge, Asphondylia capsicicola sp. n., with comparative notes on Asphondylia gennadii (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) that induces the same sort of pod gall on the same host plant species in the Mediterranean region. Appl Entomol Zool. Doi:10.1007/s13355-016-0461-0.
Van Leeuwen-Reijnvaan J and Van Leeuwen WM. 1926. Zoocecidia of the Netherlands East Indies. Batavia (Indonesia): Drukkerij de Unie.
Barbosa M, Fernandes GW. 2014. Bottom?up effects on gall distribution BT In Fernandes GW, & Santos JC (Eds.). Neotropical insect galls. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Springer Netherlands, 99–113.
[CABI] Commonwealth Agricultural Bureau International. 2005. Forestry Compendium, 2005 edn., (CD version). Wallingford (UK): CAB International.
Cirimwami L, Doumenge C, Kahindo, JM, & Amani, C. (2019). The effect of elevation on species richness in tropical forests depends on the considered lifeform: results from an East African mountain forest. Tropical Ecology, 1-12.
Cleland EE. 2011. Biodiversity and ecosystem stability. Nature education knowledge, 3(10): 14.
Coelho MS, Almada E, Fernandes GW, Carneiro MAA, Santos RM, Quintino AV, Sanchez-Azofeifa A. 2009. Gall inducing arthropods from a seasonally dry tropical forest in Serra do Cipó, Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Entomologia 53: 404–414
Dreger-Jauffret F, Shorthouse JD. 1992. Diversity of gall-inducing insects and their galls. In: Shorthouse JD and Rohfritsch O (eds) Biology of Insect-Induced Galls. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 8-33.
Espírito-Santo MM, Fernandes GW. 2007. How many species of gall-inducing insects are there on earth, and where are there? Annals of the Entomological Society of America 100: 95-99.
Farida WR, Triono T, Handayani TH, Ismail I. 2005. Feed Plants Selection and Nesting Site of Cuscus (Phalanger sp.) in Nature Reserve of Mount Mutis, East Nusa Tenggara. Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity, 6(1): 50-54.
Fernandes GWA, Julião G R, Araújo RC, Araújo SC, Lombardi JA, Negreiros D, Carneiro MAA. 2001. Distribution and morphology of insect galls of the rio Doce Valley, Brazil.
Fernandes GW, Negreiros D. 2006. A comunidade de insetos galhadores da RPPN fazenda bulcão, Aimorés, Minas Gerais, Brasil. Lundiana. 7(2): 111-120.
Hortal J, Carrascal LM, Triantis KA, Thébault E, Meiri S, Sfenthourakis S. 2013. Species richness can decrease with altitude but not with habitat diversity. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 110(24): E2149-E2150.
Ives AR, Carpenter SR. 2007. Stability and diversity of ecosystems. Science 317: 58–62.
Jolivet, P., 1992, Insects and plants parallel evolution and adaptations, Flora and Fauna Handbook No. 2. Sandhill Crane Press, Inc. Gainesville, Florida, 190.
Koneri R. 2010. Keanekaragaman Kumbang Lucanid pada Berbagai Ketinggian Tempat di hutan Konsensi Unocal Gunung Salak Barat, Jawa Barat. Jurnal Matematika dan Sains. 15(2): 77-84
Lara DP, Oliveira LA, Azevedo IFP, et al.. 2008. Relationship between host plant architecture and gall abundance and survival. Revista Brasileira de Entomologia 52: 78-81.
Lawton JH. 1983. Plant architecture and the diversity of phytophagous insects. Annual Review of Entomology 28: 23-29.
Leeuwen-Reijnvaan JDv, Leeuwen WMDv. 1926. Zoocecidia of the Netherlands East Indies. Batavia (ID): Drukkerij de Unie.
Lewinsohn TM, Novotny V, Basset Y. 2005. Insects on plants: diversity of herbivore assemblages revisited. Annu Rev Ecol Evol Syst 36: 597-620.
Ludwig JA, Reynolds JF. 1988. Statistical Ecology: A Primer methods and computing. New York: JohnWiley & Sons.
Magguran AE. 2004. Measuring biological diversity. Maiden: Blackwell Publishing.
Maia VC. 2001. The gall midges (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae) from three restingas of Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil. Revista brasileira de Zoologia 18(2): 583-629.
Maia V, Galvão Magenta MA, Ehlin MS. 2008. Ocorrência e caracterização de galhas de insetos em áreas de restinga de Bertioga (São Paulo, Brasil). Biota Neotrop 8(1): 167-197.
Mani MS (2000).Plant Galls of India.(Second Edition), Science Publishers, Inc., Enfield, New Hampshire. USA. 477 pp.
Miller III DG, & Raman A. 2019. Host–plant relations of gall-inducing insects. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 112(1): 1-19.
Moreira RG, Fernandes GW, Almada ED, Santos JC. 2007. Galling insects as bioindicators of land restoration in an area of Brazilian Atlantic Forest. Lundiana 8: 107–112
Oliveros JC. 2007. VENNY. An interactive tool for comparing lists with Venn Diagrams. Available at: http://bioinfogp.cnb.csic.es/tools/venny/index.html.
Pimenta M, De-Marco P. (2015) Leaf beetle (Chrysomelidae: Coleoptera) assemblages in a mosaic of natural and altered areas in the Brazilian Cerrado. Neotropical Entomology 44: 242–255. Doi:10.1007/s13744-015-0280-y.
Pujiono E, Sadono R, Hartono H, Imron MA. 2019. A three decades assessment of forest cover changes in the mountainous tropical forest of Timor Island, Indonesia. Jurnal Manajemen Hutan Tropika, 25(1): 51-64.
Rachman E, Tihurua EF, Sunaryo S. 2012. Diversity and distribution of gall in the Bogor Botanical Gardens. Buletin Kebun Raya. 15(2): 93-102. [Indonesian]
Rachman E, Tihurua, EF, Sunaryo S. 2014. Research on Gall in Mount Gede Pangrango and Mount Halimun Salak National Parks, West Java, Indonesia. Berita Biologi.13(1): 39-47. [Indonesian].
Reksosoesilo ES. 1985. Biology of the three important parasites of the pest, Orselia oryzae (Wood-Mason) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), as the basis for managing this pest. [Dissertation]. IPB University, Bogor. [Indonesian].
Safitri B. 2019. Insects associated with puru in several eucalyptus clones at Mount Mutis, East Nusa Tenggara. [Thesis]. IPB University, Bogor. [Indonesian]. Available at: http://repository.ipb.ac.id/handle/123456789/100202
Safitri, B., Hidayat, P., and Buchori, D. (2019) ‘Resistance of some new clones of eucalyptus to insects causes gall in Mount Mutis, NTT’, Jurnal Hama Dan Penyakit Tumbuhan Tropika, 19(2): 109-117.
Schluter D, Ricklefs RE. 1993. Species diversity: an introduction to the problem, p.1-10. In Ricklefs R E, Schluter D (eds) Species diversity in ecological communities; historical and geographical perspectives. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
Simbolon, H, dan Sukendar S. 1987. Vegetasi Dan Keadaan Tanah Hutan Lelofui Mount Mutis, Soe-NTT. Berita Biologi 3(7).
Stewart AJA, John EA, Hutchings MJ. 2000. The world is heterogeneous: ecological consequences of living in a patchy environment, p.1-8. In Hutchings MJ, John EA, Stewart AJA (eds) The ecological consequences of environmental heterogeneity. Blackwell, Oxford.
Syawaluddin S, Hidayat P, Maryana N. 2019. Serangga yang berasosiasi dengan puru daun eukaliptus di Kabupaten Humbang Hasundutan dan Samosir, Provinsi Sumatra Utara. Jurnal Entomologi Indonesia, 16(1): 9-17.
Ubaidillah R. 2011. Gall Insect Problem in Eucalyptus of Toba Pulp Lestari Plantation. Survey Report Toba Pulp Lestari, North Sumatra.
Uechi N, Yukawa J, Tokuta M, Maryana N, Kikumura TG. Kim W. 2016. Description of the Asian chili pod gall midge, Asphondylia capsicicola sp. n., with comparative notes on Asphondylia gennadii (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) that induces the same sort of pod gall on the same host plant species in the Mediterranean region. Appl Entomol Zool. Doi:10.1007/s13355-016-0461-0.
Van Leeuwen-Reijnvaan J and Van Leeuwen WM. 1926. Zoocecidia of the Netherlands East Indies. Batavia (Indonesia): Drukkerij de Unie.
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