Forest cover changes in Indonesia’s terrestrial national parks between 2012 and 2017
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Abstract
Tropical rainforests are among the most important ecosystems on earth. After Brazil, Indonesia has the second largest tropical forest area in the world. Since the 1970s, Indonesia’s forests have decreased from covering 87% to 50% of its land area. With the ever increasing pressures from economic and human development it appears likely that much of the biodiversity and ecosystem services provided by forest in Indonesia will only remain in conservation areas. National parks currently cover around 60% or 16 Mha of the total area of protected areas in Indonesia. Between 2012 and 2017, 42 terrestrial national parks in Indonesia lost 1.07% of their total forest cover. However, primary forest cover increased by 0.07%. National parks in the Jawa Bali bioregion, through their natural mountainous conditions and ecosystem services to the surrounding areas, as well as better management inputs, have contributed to the increase of primary forest covers and keeping total forest loss relatively low in Indonesia’s national parks.
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Allan JR, Venter O, Maxwell S, Bertzky B, Jones K, Shi Y & Watson JEM. 2017Recent increases in human pressure and forest loss threaten many natural world heritage sites. Biological Conservation 206: 47-55.
Amalina P, Prasetyo LB & Rushayati SB. Forest fire vulnerability mapping in Way Kambas National Park. 2016. Procedia Environmental Sciences 33: 239-252.
Anderson E & Mammides C. 2019. The role of protected areas in mitigating human impact in the world’s last wilderness areas. Ambio. DOI: 10.1007/s13280-019-01213-x.
Baier M. 2009. The Kayan Mentarang National Park: Indonesia's new national park in North Central Borneo bordering Northern Sarawak and Sabah. Borneo Research Bulletin 40: 297+.
Brandon K. 2014. Ecosystem services from tropical forests: Review of current science. CGD Working Paper 380. Center for Global Development, Washington DC.
Brun C, Cook AR, Lee JSH, Wich SA, Koh LP & Carrasco LR. 2015. Analysis of deforestation and protected area effectiveness in Indonesia: A comparison of Bayesian spatial models. Global Environmental Change 31: 285-295.
Bruner A, Gullison G, Rice RE, da Fonseca RE & Gustavo AB. 2001. Effectiveness of park in protecting tropical biodiversity. Science 291: 125-128.
Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund. 2014. Ecosystem Profile. Wallacea Biodiversity Hotspot. Burung Indonesia, Bogor.
Damayanti EK. 2008. Legality of National Parks and Involvement of Local People: Case Studies in Java, Indonesia and Kerala, India. [Dissertation]. University of Tsukuba, Japan.
Direktorat Jenderal Perlindungan Hutan dan Konservasi Alam. Statistik PHKA 2012. 2013. Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan Direktorat Jenderal Perlindungan Hutan dan Konservasi Alam, Jakarta. [Indonesian].
Direktorat Jenderal Konservasi Sumber Daya Alam dan Ekosistem. Statistik Direktorat Jenderal KSDAE 2017. 2018. Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan Direktorat Jenderal Konservasi Sumber Daya Alam dan Ekosistem, Jakarta. [Indonesian].
Dwiyahreni, A.A. draft. Model Praktik Pengelolaan Kawasan Konservasi di Indonesia. Analisis Interaksi Tekanan-Kondisi-Respon Taman Nasional Darat di Indonesia dan Hubungannya dengan Efektivitas Pengelolaan Kawasan. [Dissertation]. Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta. [Indonesian].
Dwiyahreni AA, Fuad HAH, Sunaryo, Soesilo TEB, Margules C & Supriatna J. submitted. Changes in the Human Footprint in and around Indonesia’s terrestrial national parks between 2012 and 2017. Scientific Reports.
Grag T. 2019. Ecosystems and human health: The local benefits of forest cover in Indonesia. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 98: 102271.
Hansen MC, Potapov PV, Moore R, Hancher M, Turubanova SA, Tyukavina A, Thau D, Stehman SV, Goetz SJ, Loveland TR, Kommareddy A, Egorov A, Chini L, Justice CO, Townshend JRG. 2013. High-resolution global maps of 21st-century forest cover change. Science 342: 850-853.
Hrdina A & Rompoltl D. 2017. Evaluating global biodiversity hotspots – Very rich and even more endangered. Journal of Landscape Ecology 10: 108-115.
Jones KR, Venter O, Fuller RA, Allan JR, Maxwell SL, Negret PJ & Watson JEM. 2018. One-third of global protected land is under intense human pressure. Science 360: 788–91.
KLHK. 2020. Hutan dan Deforestasi Indonesia Tahun 2019. [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Oct 1]. Available from: http://ppid.menlhk.go.id/siaran_pers/browse/2435#:~:text=Berdasarkan%20data%20Direktorat%20Jenderal%20Planologi,%2C1%25%20dari%20total%20daratan.
Laurance et al. 2012. Averting biodiversity collapse in tropical forest protected areas. Nature 00: 1-5.
Lewis SL, Edwards DP & Galbraith D. 2015. Increasing human dominance of tropical forests. Science 349: 827-832.
Mackey B., Prentice IC, Steffen W, House JI, Lindenmayer D, Keith H & Berry S. 2013. Untangling the confusion around land carbon science and climate change mitigation policy. Nature Climate Change 3: 552-557.
Mackey B, DellaSala DA, Kormos C, Lindenmayer D, Kumpel N, Zimmerman B, Hugh S, Young V, Foley S, Arsenis K & Watson JEM. 2015. Policy options for the world’s primary forests in multilateral environmental agreements. Conservation Letters 8: 139–147.
Margono BA, Potapov PV, Turubanova S, Stolle F & Hansen MC. 2014. Primary forest cover loss in Indonesia over 2000–2012. Nature Climate Change 4: 730-735.
Mariati S, Kusnoputranto H, Supriatna J & Koestoer RH. 2014. Habitat loss of Sumatran elephants (Elephas maximus sumatranus) in Tesso Nilo forest, Riau, Indonesia. Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences; 8: 248-255.
Miettinen J, Shi C & Liew SC. Deforestation rates in insular Southeast Asia between 2000 and 2010. Global Change Biology 17: 2261-2270.
Miller GT & Spoolman SE. 2016. Environmental Science 5th ed. Cencage Learning, Australia.
Morales-Hidalgo D, Oswalt SN & Somanathan E. 2015. Status and trends in global primary forest, protected areas, and areas designated for conservation of biodiversity from the Global Forest Resources Assessment 2015. Forest Ecology and Management 352: 68-77.
Mulyana A, Moeliono M, Minnigh P, Indriatmoko Y, Limberg G, Utomo NA, Iwan R, Saparuddin & Hamzah. 2010. Kebijakan pengelolaan zona khusus. Dapatkah meretas kebuntuan dalam menata ruang taman nasional di Indonesia? Brief 1: 0-0. [Indonesian].
R Development Core Team. 2014. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing; Vienna.
Roslinda, E. 2019. Economic valuation of the Danau Sentarum National Park, West Kalimantan, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 20: 1983-1989.
Sayer J & Margules C. 2017. Biodiversity in locally managed lands. Land 6: 41. DOI: 10.3390/land6020041.
Sloan S, Campbell MJ, Alamgir M, Lechner AM, Engert J, Laurance WF. 2019. Transnational conservation and infrastructure development in the Heart of Borneo. PLoS ONE 14: e0221947. DOI: 10.1371/journal. pone.0221947.
Smiet AC. 1992. Forest ecology on Java: human impact and vegetation of montane forest. Journal of Tropical Ecology 8: 129-152.
Supriatna J. 2018. Konservasi Biodiversitas. Teori dan Praktik di Indonesia. Yayasan Pustaka Obor, Jakarta. [Indonesian].
Supriatna J, Dwiyahreni AA, Winarni N, Mariati S & Margules C. 2017. Deforestation of primate habitat on Sumatra and adjacent islands, Indonesia. Primate Conservation 31.
Tsujino R, Yumoto T, Kitamura S, Djamaluddin I & Darnaedi D. 2016. History of forest loss and degradation in Indonesia. Land Use Policy 57: 335-347.
Turubanova S, Potapov PV, Tyukavina A & Hansen MC. 2018. Ongoing primary forest loss in Brazil, Democratic Republic of the Congo, and Indonesia. Environment Research Letter 13: 1-15.
World Commission on Environment and Development. 1987. Our common future. University Press, Oxford.
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