Bird community structure as a function of habitat heterogeneity: A case of Mardi Himal, Central Nepal
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NARESH PANDEY
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0599-648X
LAXMAN KHANAL
♥
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2411-3627
NEETI CHAPAGAIN
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8781-3722
K. DEEPAK SINGH
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2275-698X
BISHNU P. BHATTARAI
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5741-6179
MUKESH KUMAR CHALISE
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1417-6053
Abstract
Abstract. Pandey N, Khanal L, Chapagain N, Singh KD, Bhattarai BP, Chalise MK. 2021. Bird community structure as a function of habitat heterogeneity: A case of Mardi Himal, Central Nepal. Biodiversitas 22: 262-271. Community structure of birds at different habitat types is underexplored in the montane environment of the central Himalaya. Therefore, this study explored bird community structure in different habitat types in Mardi Himal of the Annapurna Conservation Area, central Nepal, and tested association of different feeding guilds with the habitats. Data on the avian richness and abundance were collected in the winter and the summer of 2019 by point count method along the elevational gradient in every 100 m rise and analyzed using ordination methods. A total of 673 individuals of 112 bird species from 35 families under 13 orders were recorded. Among the observed orders and families, the order Passeriformes (77 species) and family Muscicapidae (16 species) were the most dominant. A linear species accumulation curve was obtained in both seasons. Species richness and abundance were found higher at forest edges of mid-elevations and insectivores were the most abundant birds. Frugivorous and carnivorous birds showed no specific association with habitat types, whereas, insectivores and omnivores were more abundant in pastureland and forest, respectively. Our results revealed that the community composition of birds varies with the habitat types and their feeding specialization is one of the major determinants.
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References
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Chettri A., Sharma K., Dewan S., Acharya B. K. 2018. Bird diversity of tea plantations in Darjeeling Hills, Eastern Himalaya, India. Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity 19 (3): 1066-1073. DOI:10.13057/biodiv/d190339
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Flaspohler D. J., Temple S. A., Rosenfield R. N. 2001. Species?specific edge effects on nest success and breeding bird density in a forested landscape. Ecological Applications 11 (1): 32-46.
Girma Z., Mamo Y., Mengesha G., Verma A., Asfaw T. 2017. Seasonal abundance and habitat use of bird species in and around Wondo Genet Forest, south?central Ethiopia. Ecology and Evolution 7 (10): 3397-3405. DOI: 10.1002/ece3.2926
Gove A. D., Hylander K., Nemomisa S., Shimelis A. 2008. Ethiopian coffee cultivation—Implications for bird conservation and environmental certification. Conservation Letters 1 (5): 208-216.
Grimmett R., Inskipp C., Inskipp T., Baral H. S. (2016). Birds of Nepal: Bloomsbury Publishing. New York, USA.
He X., Wang X., DuBay S., Reeve A. H., Alström P., Ran J., . . . Wu Y. 2019. Elevational patterns of bird species richness on the eastern slope of Mt. Gongga, Sichuan Province, China. Avian Research 10 (1). DOI: 10.1186/s40657-018-0140-7
Herzog F., Dreier S., Hofer G., Marfurt C., Schüpbach B., Spiess M., Walter T. 2005. Effect of ecological compensation areas on floristic and breeding bird diversity in Swiss agricultural landscapes. Agriculture, ecosystems & environment 108 (3): 189-204.
Inskipp C., Inskipp T. 2003. Bird conservation priorities of the Annapurna Conservation Area. Report submitted to UNEP-WCMC/King Mahendra Trust for Nature Conservation/Annapurna Conservation Area Project.
Jokimäki J., Suhonen J., Inki K., Jokinen S. 1996. Biogeographical comparison of winter bird assemblages in urban environments in Finland. Journal of biogeography 23 (3): 379-386.
Kandel P., Thapa I., Chettri N., Pradhan R., Sharma E. 2018. Birds of the Kangchenjunga Landscape, the Eastern Himalaya: status, threats and implications for conservation. Avian Research 9 (1). DOI:10.1186/s40657-018-0100-2
Kawamura K., Yamaura Y., Senzaki M., Ueta M., Nakamura F. 2019. Seasonality in spatial distribution: Climate and land use have contrasting effects on the species richness of breeding and wintering birds. Ecology and evolution 9 (13): 7549-7561. DOI: 10.5061/dryad.7n404q0
Kissling W. D., Rahbek C., Böhning-Gaese K. 2007. Food plant diversity as broad-scale determinant of avian frugivore richness. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 274 (1611): 799-808. DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2006.0311
Li L., Wang Z., Zerbe S., Abdusalih N., Tang Z., Ma M., . . . Fang J. 2013. Species richness patterns and water-energy dynamics in the drylands of Northwest China. PLoS One 8 (6): e66450. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0066450
Mahiga S. N., Webala P., Mware M. J., Ndang’Ang’A P. K. 2019. Influence of Land-Use Type on Forest Bird Community Composition in Mount Kenya Forest. International Journal of Ecology 8248270. DOI: 10.1155/2019/8248270
Marcum H. A. (2006). The effects of human disturbance on birds in Bastrop State Park. A&M University, Texas USA.
McCain C. M. 2009. Global analysis of bird elevational diversity. Global Ecology and Biogeography 18 (3): 346-360. DOI: 10.1111/j.1466-8238.2008.00443.x
Neupane J., Khanal L., Chalise M. K. 2020. Avian diversity in Kaligandaki River basin, Annapurna Conservation Area, Nepal. International Journal of Ecology and Environmental Sciences 46 (2): 99-110.
Nilsson S. G. 1979. Density and species richness of some forest bird communities in South Sweden. Oikos: 392-401.
Norvell R. E., Howe F. P., Parrish J. R. 2003. A seven-year comparison of relative-abundance and distance-sampling methods. The Auk 120 (4): 1013-1028. DOI: 10.1093/auk/120.4.1013
Pandey N., Khanal L., Chalise M. K. 2020. Correlates of avifaunal diversity along the elevational gradient of Mardi Himal in Annapurna Conservation Area, Central Nepal. Avian Research 11 (1). DOI:10.1186/s40657-020-00217-6
Sauer J. R., Link W. A. 2002. Hierarchical modeling of population stability and species group attributes from survey data. Ecology 83 (6): 1743-1751. DOI: 10.1890/0012-9658(2002)083[1743:HMOPSA]2.0.CO;2
Seoane J., Villen-Perez S., Carrascal L. M. 2013. Environmental determinants of seasonal changes in bird diversity of Mediterranean oakwoods. Ecological research 28 (3): 435-445. DOI: 10.1007/s11284-013-1032-2
Seymour C., Simmons R. 2008. Can severely fragmented patches of riparian vegetation still be important for arid-land bird diversity? Journal of Arid Environments 72 (12): 2275-2281. DOI: 10.1016/j.jaridenv.2008.07.014
Söderström B., Pärt T., Linnarsson E. 2001. Grazing effects on between?year variation of farmland bird communities. Ecological Applications 11 (4): 1141-1150. DOI: 10.1890/1051-0761(2001)011[1141:GEOBYV]2.0.CO;2
Tanis M. M., Marshall L., Biesmeijer J. K., van Kolfschoten L. 2020. Grassland management for meadow birds in the Netherlands is unfavourable to pollinators. Basic and Applied Ecology 43: 52-63. DOI: 10.1016/j.baae.2019.12.002
Vallecillo S., Maes J., Polce C., Lavalle C. 2016. A habitat quality indicator for common birds in Europe based on species distribution models. Ecological Indicators 69: 488-499. DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolind.2016.05.008
Veraart J., De Groot R., Perelló G., Riddiford N., Roijackers R. 2004. Selection of (bio) indicators to assess effects of freshwater use in wetlands: a case study of s’ Albufera de Mallorca, Spain. Regional Environmental Change 4 (2-3): 107-117. DOI: 10.1007/s10113-004-0070-2
Wu Y., DuBay S. G., Colwell R. K., Ran J., Lei F. 2017. Mobile hotspots and refugia of avian diversity in the mountains of south?west China under past and contemporary global climate change. Journal of Biogeography 44 (3): 615-626. DOI: 10.1111/jbi.12862
Wuczy?ski A. 2016. Farmland bird diversity in contrasting agricultural landscapes of southwestern Poland. Landscape and Urban Planning 148: 108-119. DOI: 10.1016/j.landurbplan.2015.11.010
Zahn A., Englmaier I., Drobny M. 2010. Food availability for insectivores in grasslands- arthropod abundance in pastures, meadows and fallow land. Applied Ecology and Environmental Research 8 (2): 87-100.
Abie K., Tilahun B., Feyisa A., Kumssa T., Alemneh A. 2019. Bird species diversity and distribution in case of protected area. Species 20: 90-100.
Adhikari J. N., Bhattarai B. P., Thapa T. B. 2019. Factors affecting diversity and distribution of threatened birds in Chitwan National Park, Nepal. Journal of Threatened Taxa 11 (5): 13511-13522. DOI: 10.11609/jott.4137.11.5.13511-13522
Aleixo A., Galetti M. 1997. The conservation of the avifauna in a lowland Atlantic forest in south-east Brazil. Bird Conservation International 7 (3): 235-261. DOI: 10.1017/S0959270900001556
Amani M., Salehi B., Mahdavi S., Brisco B. 2018. Spectral analysis of wetlands using multi-source optical satellite imagery. ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing 144: 119-136. DOI: 10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2018.07.005
Baschuk M. S., Koper N., Wrubleski D. A., Goldsborough G. 2012. Effects of water depth, cover and food resources on habitat use of marsh birds and waterfowl in boreal wetlands of Manitoba, Canada. Waterbirds 35 (1): 44-55. DOI: 10.1675/063.035.0105
Basnet T. B., Rokaya M. B., Bhattarai B. P., Münzbergová Z. 2016. Heterogeneous landscapes on steep slopes at low altitudes as hotspots of bird diversity in a Hilly Region of Nepal in the Central Himalayas. PloS one 11 (3): e0150498. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0150498
BCN. 2011. The state of Nepal’s birds 2010. Bird Conservation of Nepal and Department of National Parks and Wildlife Conservation. Kathmandu, Nepal.
Bender I. M., Kissling W. D., Böhning?Gaese K., Hensen I., Kühn I., Wiegand T., . . . Schleuning M. 2017. Functionally specialised birds respond flexibly to seasonal changes in fruit availability. Journal of Animal Ecology 86 (4): 800-811. DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.12683
Beuel S., Alvarez M., Amler E., Behn K., Kotze D., Kreye C., . . . Ziegler S. 2016. A rapid assessment of anthropogenic disturbances in East African wetlands. Ecological Indicators 67: 684-692. DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolind.2016.03.034
Bibby C. J., Burgess N. D., Hill D. A., Mustoe S. (2000). Bird census techniques: Elsevier.
Brawn J. D., Robinson S. K., Thompson III F. R. 2001. The role of disturbance in the ecology and conservation of birds. Annual review of Ecology and Systematics 32 (1): 251-276. DOI: 10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.32.081501.114031
Canaday C. 1996. Loss of insectivorous birds along a gradient of human impact in Amazonia. Biological Conservation 77 (1): 63-77. DOI: 10.1016/0006-3207(95)00115-8
Chaudhari U. K., Kafle G., Baral H. S. 2009. Avifaunal diversity of Khata Corridor Forest. Journal of Wetlands Ecology 2 (1): 48-56. DOI: 10.3126/jowe.v2i1.1857
Chettri A., Sharma K., Dewan S., Acharya B. K. 2018. Bird diversity of tea plantations in Darjeeling Hills, Eastern Himalaya, India. Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity 19 (3): 1066-1073. DOI:10.13057/biodiv/d190339
Chettri N., Sharma E., Deb D. 2001. Bird community structure along a trekking corridor of Sikkim Himalaya: a conservation perspective. Biological Conservation 102 (1): 1-16. DOI: 10.1016/S0006-3207(01)00092-1
Cresswell W. R., Wilson J. M., Vickery J., Jones P., Holt S. 2007. Changes in densities of Sahelian bird species in response to recent habitat degradation. Ostrich-Journal of African Ornithology 78 (2): 247-253. DOI: 10.2989/OSTRICH.2007.78.2.20.100
Currie D. J. 1991. Energy and large-scale patterns of animal-and plant-species richness. The American Naturalist 137 (1): 27-49.
Dario F. R. 2017. Diversity of frugivorous and omnivorous birds in different stages of ecological succession in Amazon Rainforest fragments. World News of Natural Sciences 15: 37-48.
Deikumah J. P., Kwafo R., Konadu V. A. 2017. Land use types influenced avian assemblage structure in a forest–agriculture landscape in Ghana. Ecology and evolution 7 (21): 8685-8697. DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3355
Dos Anjos L., Boçon R. 1999. Bird communities in natural forest patches in southern Brazil. The Wilson Bulletin 111(3): 397-414.
Fernández Cañero R., González Redondo P. 2010. Green roofs as a habitat for birds: a review. Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances 9 (15): 2041-2052. DOI: 10.3923/javaa.2010.2041.2052
Flaspohler D. J., Temple S. A., Rosenfield R. N. 2001. Species?specific edge effects on nest success and breeding bird density in a forested landscape. Ecological Applications 11 (1): 32-46.
Girma Z., Mamo Y., Mengesha G., Verma A., Asfaw T. 2017. Seasonal abundance and habitat use of bird species in and around Wondo Genet Forest, south?central Ethiopia. Ecology and Evolution 7 (10): 3397-3405. DOI: 10.1002/ece3.2926
Gove A. D., Hylander K., Nemomisa S., Shimelis A. 2008. Ethiopian coffee cultivation—Implications for bird conservation and environmental certification. Conservation Letters 1 (5): 208-216.
Grimmett R., Inskipp C., Inskipp T., Baral H. S. (2016). Birds of Nepal: Bloomsbury Publishing. New York, USA.
He X., Wang X., DuBay S., Reeve A. H., Alström P., Ran J., . . . Wu Y. 2019. Elevational patterns of bird species richness on the eastern slope of Mt. Gongga, Sichuan Province, China. Avian Research 10 (1). DOI: 10.1186/s40657-018-0140-7
Herzog F., Dreier S., Hofer G., Marfurt C., Schüpbach B., Spiess M., Walter T. 2005. Effect of ecological compensation areas on floristic and breeding bird diversity in Swiss agricultural landscapes. Agriculture, ecosystems & environment 108 (3): 189-204.
Inskipp C., Inskipp T. 2003. Bird conservation priorities of the Annapurna Conservation Area. Report submitted to UNEP-WCMC/King Mahendra Trust for Nature Conservation/Annapurna Conservation Area Project.
Jokimäki J., Suhonen J., Inki K., Jokinen S. 1996. Biogeographical comparison of winter bird assemblages in urban environments in Finland. Journal of biogeography 23 (3): 379-386.
Kandel P., Thapa I., Chettri N., Pradhan R., Sharma E. 2018. Birds of the Kangchenjunga Landscape, the Eastern Himalaya: status, threats and implications for conservation. Avian Research 9 (1). DOI:10.1186/s40657-018-0100-2
Kawamura K., Yamaura Y., Senzaki M., Ueta M., Nakamura F. 2019. Seasonality in spatial distribution: Climate and land use have contrasting effects on the species richness of breeding and wintering birds. Ecology and evolution 9 (13): 7549-7561. DOI: 10.5061/dryad.7n404q0
Kissling W. D., Rahbek C., Böhning-Gaese K. 2007. Food plant diversity as broad-scale determinant of avian frugivore richness. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 274 (1611): 799-808. DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2006.0311
Li L., Wang Z., Zerbe S., Abdusalih N., Tang Z., Ma M., . . . Fang J. 2013. Species richness patterns and water-energy dynamics in the drylands of Northwest China. PLoS One 8 (6): e66450. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0066450
Mahiga S. N., Webala P., Mware M. J., Ndang’Ang’A P. K. 2019. Influence of Land-Use Type on Forest Bird Community Composition in Mount Kenya Forest. International Journal of Ecology 8248270. DOI: 10.1155/2019/8248270
Marcum H. A. (2006). The effects of human disturbance on birds in Bastrop State Park. A&M University, Texas USA.
McCain C. M. 2009. Global analysis of bird elevational diversity. Global Ecology and Biogeography 18 (3): 346-360. DOI: 10.1111/j.1466-8238.2008.00443.x
Neupane J., Khanal L., Chalise M. K. 2020. Avian diversity in Kaligandaki River basin, Annapurna Conservation Area, Nepal. International Journal of Ecology and Environmental Sciences 46 (2): 99-110.
Nilsson S. G. 1979. Density and species richness of some forest bird communities in South Sweden. Oikos: 392-401.
Norvell R. E., Howe F. P., Parrish J. R. 2003. A seven-year comparison of relative-abundance and distance-sampling methods. The Auk 120 (4): 1013-1028. DOI: 10.1093/auk/120.4.1013
Pandey N., Khanal L., Chalise M. K. 2020. Correlates of avifaunal diversity along the elevational gradient of Mardi Himal in Annapurna Conservation Area, Central Nepal. Avian Research 11 (1). DOI:10.1186/s40657-020-00217-6
Sauer J. R., Link W. A. 2002. Hierarchical modeling of population stability and species group attributes from survey data. Ecology 83 (6): 1743-1751. DOI: 10.1890/0012-9658(2002)083[1743:HMOPSA]2.0.CO;2
Seoane J., Villen-Perez S., Carrascal L. M. 2013. Environmental determinants of seasonal changes in bird diversity of Mediterranean oakwoods. Ecological research 28 (3): 435-445. DOI: 10.1007/s11284-013-1032-2
Seymour C., Simmons R. 2008. Can severely fragmented patches of riparian vegetation still be important for arid-land bird diversity? Journal of Arid Environments 72 (12): 2275-2281. DOI: 10.1016/j.jaridenv.2008.07.014
Söderström B., Pärt T., Linnarsson E. 2001. Grazing effects on between?year variation of farmland bird communities. Ecological Applications 11 (4): 1141-1150. DOI: 10.1890/1051-0761(2001)011[1141:GEOBYV]2.0.CO;2
Tanis M. M., Marshall L., Biesmeijer J. K., van Kolfschoten L. 2020. Grassland management for meadow birds in the Netherlands is unfavourable to pollinators. Basic and Applied Ecology 43: 52-63. DOI: 10.1016/j.baae.2019.12.002
Vallecillo S., Maes J., Polce C., Lavalle C. 2016. A habitat quality indicator for common birds in Europe based on species distribution models. Ecological Indicators 69: 488-499. DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolind.2016.05.008
Veraart J., De Groot R., Perelló G., Riddiford N., Roijackers R. 2004. Selection of (bio) indicators to assess effects of freshwater use in wetlands: a case study of s’ Albufera de Mallorca, Spain. Regional Environmental Change 4 (2-3): 107-117. DOI: 10.1007/s10113-004-0070-2
Wu Y., DuBay S. G., Colwell R. K., Ran J., Lei F. 2017. Mobile hotspots and refugia of avian diversity in the mountains of south?west China under past and contemporary global climate change. Journal of Biogeography 44 (3): 615-626. DOI: 10.1111/jbi.12862
Wuczy?ski A. 2016. Farmland bird diversity in contrasting agricultural landscapes of southwestern Poland. Landscape and Urban Planning 148: 108-119. DOI: 10.1016/j.landurbplan.2015.11.010
Zahn A., Englmaier I., Drobny M. 2010. Food availability for insectivores in grasslands- arthropod abundance in pastures, meadows and fallow land. Applied Ecology and Environmental Research 8 (2): 87-100.
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