Ichthyofaunal diversity in snow-fed Mardi Stream of Gandaki River, Central Nepal
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NEETI CHAPAGAIN
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8781-3722
NARESH PANDEY
♥
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0599-648X
PRABHA CHITRAKAR
Abstract
Abstract. Chapagain N, Pandey N, Chitrakar P. 2021. Ichthyofaunal diversity in snow-fed Mardi Stream of Gandaki River, Central Nepal. Biodiversitas 22: 2940-2948. This study assessed site-wise and season-wise diversity and investigated the potential environmental correlates of ichthyofaunal assemblage in snow-fed Mardi Stream of central Nepal by extensive fieldworks from June 2018 to April 2019. The ichthyofaunal diversity and community structure in the hill streams of the Nepal Himalaya are understudied. A total of 1850 individual fish belonging to 3 orders, 3 families, 9 genera, and 10 species were collected. Cypriniformes emerged as the most species-rich order, accounting for 92.6% of the total species. Based on Similarity Percentage (SIMPER) analysis, the major contributing species were Schizothorax richardsonii (27.58%), Garra annandalei (26.3%), and Naziritor chelynoides (10.82%). Diversity indices were found higher in summer season and downstream areas. Results from Generalized Linear Model (GLM) and Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) revealed that pH, Dissolved Oxygen (DO), water temperature and water velocity had significant relationship with fish assemblages. The fish assemblages along the gradient of the stream may be interrupted due to climate factors and anthropogenic disturbances. This study provides baseline data on hill stream fishes of Mardi Stream which might be helpful for implementation of conservation approaches.
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References
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Singh, H., & Kumar, N. (2000). Some aspects of ecology of hill streams; stream morphology, zonation, characteristics, and adaptive features of ichthyofauna in Garhwal Himalaya. Modern trends in fish biology research, 1-18.
Talwar, P. K., & Jhingran, A. G. (1991). Inland fishes of India and adjacent countries (Vol. 2): CRC Press.
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Ter Braak, C. J., & Smilauer, P. (2002). CANOCO reference manual and CanoDraw for Windows user's guide: software for canonical community ordination (version 4.5).
Thiel, R., Sepulveda, A., Kafemann, R., & Nellen, W. (1995). Environmental factors as forces structuring the fish community of the Elbe Estuary. Journal of Fish Biology, 46(1), 47-69.
Winemiller, K. O., Tarim, S., Shormann, D., & Cotner, J. B. (2000). Fish assemblage structure in relation to environmental variation among Brazos River oxbow lakes. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, 129(2), 451-468.
Wood, J. L., Belmar-Lucero, S., Hutchings, J. A., & Fraser, D. J. (2014). Relationship of habitat variability to population size in a stream fish. Ecological Applications, 24(5), 1085-1100.
Acharjee, M., & Barat, S. (2014). Seasonal dynamics of ichthyodiversity in a hill stream of the Darjeeling Himalaya, West Bengal, India. Journal of Threatened Taxa, 6(14), 6635-6648.
Akhi, M. M., Jewel, M. A. S., Haque, M. A., Sarker, B. K., Khatun, M. S., Paul, A. K., . . . Das, S. K. (2020). Multivariate approaches to determine the relationship between fish assemblage structure and environmental variables in Karatoya River, Bangladesh. Community Ecology, 21, 171-181.
Berkman, H. E., & Rabeni, C. F. (1987). Effect of siltation on stream fish communities. Environmental biology of fishes, 18(4), 285-294.
Bistoni, M., & Hued, A. (2002). Patterns of fish species richness in rivers of the central region of Argentina. Brazilian Journal of Biology, 62(4B), 753-764.
Bu, H., Tan, X., Li, S., & Zhang, Q. (2010). Temporal and spatial variations of water quality in the Jinshui River of the South Qinling Mts., China. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 73(5), 907-913.
Carniatto, N., Cunha, E. R., Thomaz, S. M., Quirino, B. A., & Fugi, R. (2020). Feeding of fish inhabiting native and non-native macrophyte stands in a Neotropical reservoir. Hydrobiologia, 847(6), 1553-1563.
Clarke, K. R. (1993). Non?parametric multivariate analyses of changes in community structure. Australian journal of ecology, 18(1), 117-143.
Dahanukar, N., Raut, R., & Bhat, A. (2004). Distribution, endemism and threat status of freshwater fishes in the Western Ghats of India. Journal of biogeography, 31(1), 123-136.
Dudgeon, D. (2005). River rehabilitation for conservation of fish biodiversity in monsoonal Asia. Ecology and Society, 10(2).
Edds, D. R. (1993). Fish assemblage structure and environmental correlates in Nepal's Gandaki River. Copeia, 48-60.
Fu, C., Wu, J., Chen, J., Wu, Q., & Lei, G. (2003). Freshwater fish biodiversity in the Yangtze River basin of China: patterns, threats and conservation. Biodiversity & Conservation, 12(8), 1649-1685.
Gerhard, P., Moraes, R., & Molander, S. (2004). Stream fish communities and their associations to habitat variables in a rain forest reserve in southeastern Brazil. Environmental biology of fishes, 71(4), 321-340.
Harrelson, C., Rawlins, C., & Potyondy, J. (1994). Stream channel reference sites: an illustrated guide to field technique. General Technical Report RM-245. United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Fort Collins, CO.
Huang, J., Huang, L., Wu, Z., Mo, Y., Zou, Q., Wu, N., & Chen, Z. (2019). Correlation of fish assemblages with habitat and environmental variables in a headwater stream section of Lijiang River, China. Sustainability, 11(4), 1135.
Johal, M. S., & Rawal, Y. K. (2005). Key to the management of the Western Himalayan Hillstreams in relation to. Hydrobiologia, 532(1), 225-232.
John, A., & Dhewajoo, R. (1989). Effect of ecological parameters on fishes of Pokhara Valley. A report. Kathmandu: Royal Nepal Academy of Science and Technology (RONAST).
Kadye, W. T., Magadza, C. H., Moyo, N. A., & Kativu, S. (2008). Stream fish assemblages in relation to environmental factors on a montane plateau (Nyika Plateau, Malawi). Environmental biology of fishes, 83(4), 417-428.
Kannel, P. R., Lee, S., & Lee, Y.-S. (2008). Assessment of spatial–temporal patterns of surface and ground water qualities and factors influencing management strategy of groundwater system in an urban river corridor of Nepal. Journal of Environmental Management, 86(4), 595-604.
Keith, P. (2002). Threatened fishes of the World: Rhyacichthys guilberti Dingerkus Séret, 1992 (Rhyacichthyidae). Environmental biology of fishes, 63(1), 40.
Limbu, J. H., Bhurtel, B., Adhikari, A., GC, P., Maharjan, M., & Sunuwar, S. (2020). Fish Community Structure and Environmental Correlates in Nepal’s Andhi Khola, Province No. 4, Syangja. Borneo Journal of Resource Science and Technology, 10(2), 85-92.
Liu, X., Hu, X., Ao, X., Wu, X., & Ouyang, S. (2018). Community characteristics of aquatic organisms and management implications after construction of Shihutang Dam in the Gangjiang River, China. Lake and Reservoir Management, 34(1), 42-57.
McConnell, R., & Lowe-McConnell, R. (1987). Ecological studies in tropical fish communities: Cambridge University Press.
Mohseni, O., Stefan, H. G., & Eaton, J. G. (2003). Global warming and potential changes in fish habitat in US streams. Climatic change, 59(3), 389-409.
Negi, R., & Mamgain, S. (2013). Species diversity, abundance and distribution of fish community and conservation status of Tons river of Uttarakhand State, India. Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science, 8(5), 617-626.
Pokharel, K. K., Basnet, K. B., Majupuria, T. C., & Baniya, C. B. (2018). Correlations between fish assemblage structure and environmental variables of the Seti Gandaki River Basin, Nepal. Journal of Freshwater Ecology, 33(1), 31-43.
Prasad, A., Shrestha, A., Limbu, J. H., & Swar, D. (2020). Spatial and Temporal Variation of Fish Assemblages in Seti Gandaki River, Tanahu, Nepal. Borneo Journal of Resource Science and Technology, 10(2), 93-104.
Raven, P. J., Holmes, N. T., Vaughan, I. P., Dawson, F. H., & Scarlett, P. (2010). Benchmarking habitat quality: observations using River Habitat Survey on near-natural streams and rivers in northern and western Europe. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems, 20(S1).
Sarkar, U., Pathak, A., Sinha, R., Sivakumar, K., Pandian, A., Pandey, A., . . . Lakra, W. (2012). Freshwater fish biodiversity in the River Ganga (India): changing pattern, threats and conservation perspectives. Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries, 22(1), 251-272.
Shrestha, J. (1981). Fishes of Nepal: Curriculum Development Centre, Tribhuvan University.
Shrestha, J. (1999). Coldwater fish and fisheries in Nepal. Fish and fisheries at higher altitudes. Asia. FAO Fish. Tech. Pap(385), 13-40.
Shrestha, T. K. (2019). Ichthyology of Nepal: a study of fishes of the Himalayan waters.
Singh, H., & Kumar, N. (2000). Some aspects of ecology of hill streams; stream morphology, zonation, characteristics, and adaptive features of ichthyofauna in Garhwal Himalaya. Modern trends in fish biology research, 1-18.
Talwar, P. K., & Jhingran, A. G. (1991). Inland fishes of India and adjacent countries (Vol. 2): CRC Press.
Ter Braak, C. J. (1986). Canonical correspondence analysis: a new eigenvector technique for multivariate direct gradient analysis. Ecology, 67(5), 1167-1179.
Ter Braak, C. J., & Smilauer, P. (2002). CANOCO reference manual and CanoDraw for Windows user's guide: software for canonical community ordination (version 4.5).
Thiel, R., Sepulveda, A., Kafemann, R., & Nellen, W. (1995). Environmental factors as forces structuring the fish community of the Elbe Estuary. Journal of Fish Biology, 46(1), 47-69.
Winemiller, K. O., Tarim, S., Shormann, D., & Cotner, J. B. (2000). Fish assemblage structure in relation to environmental variation among Brazos River oxbow lakes. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, 129(2), 451-468.
Wood, J. L., Belmar-Lucero, S., Hutchings, J. A., & Fraser, D. J. (2014). Relationship of habitat variability to population size in a stream fish. Ecological Applications, 24(5), 1085-1100.
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