Richness and diversity of insect pollinators in various habitats around Bogani Nani Wartabone National Park, North Sulawesi, Indonesia
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Abstract. Koneri R, Nangoy MJ, Wakhid. 2021. Richness and diversity of insect pollinators in various habitats around Bogani Nani Wartabone National Park, North Sulawesi, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 22: 288-297. The pollination of plants by insects is one of the most important and essential ecosystem services in natural and agricultural landscapes and Insect pollinators play an important role in this process. This is because they help to transfer pollen from the anther to the stigma, which leads to fertilization. This study aims to analyze the richness and diversity of insect pollinators in various habitats around the Bogani Nani Wartabone National Park, Toraut, North Sulawesi. It was carried out from June to August 2020 on three types of habitats around the National Park, namely forest edges, shrubs and agricultural land. For each habitat, four plots with a size of 50 m x 25 m were made with a distance of 100 m between them. The insect pollinator observation technique used was the scan sampling method. Furthermore, data analysis was carried out on abundance, richness index, diversity index, species evenness index, dominance index and the relationship between sampling locations and environmental factors. The results showed that there were 979 insect pollinators caught at the observation point, which consisted of 60 species from 16 families and 4 orders and the most common order was Hymenoptera with 31 species. The species which were found based on their relative abundance indicated that Nomia strigata was the most abundant followed by Nomia melanderi, Apis dorsata, Ropalidia fasciata and Amegilla zonata. Furthermore, the highest abundance of insect pollinators was found in shrub habitats, while the highest species richness and diversity were found at the forest edge. Therefore, it was concluded that different types of habitat affect the richness and diversity of insect pollinator species around the Bogani Nani Wartabone National Park. In addition, this proves that the forest area of Bogani Nani Wartabone National Park generally supports the abundance, richness, and diversity of insect pollinators, which were discovered in the surrounding habitats, namely shrubs and agricultural land.
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References
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Hallmann CA, Sorg M, Jongejans E, Siepel H, Hofland N, Schwan H, Stenmans W, Müller A, Sumser H, Hörren T. 2017. More than 75 percent decline over 27 years in total flying insect biomass in protected areas. PLoS ONE 12(10): e0185809.
Hodgson JA, Moilanen A, Wintle BA, Thomas CD. 2011. Habitat area, quality and connectivity: Striking the balance for efficient conservation. J Appl Ecol 48(1): 148–152. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2664.2010.01919.x.
Joshi NC, Joshi PC. 2010. Foraging behaviour of Apis spp. on apple flowers in a subtropical environment. New York Sci J 3(3): 71–76.
Koneri R, Maabuat PV, Nangoy MJ. 2020. The distribution and diversity of butterflies (Lepidoptera: Rhopalocera) in various urban forests in North Minahasa Regency, North Sulawesi Province, Indonesia. Appl Ecol Environ Res 18(2): 2295–2314.
Krishnan S, Wiederkehr Guerra G, Bertrand D, Wertz-Kanounnikoff S, Kettle CJ. 2020. The Pollination Services of Forests: A review of Forest and Landscape Interventions to Enhance Their Cross-Sectoral Benefits. Food And Agriculture Organization Of The United Nations, Roma.
Lestari MM, Widhiono I, Sudiana E. 2014. The diversity of insect pollinators in the strawberries plantation with Borreria laevicaulis. Scr Biol 1(2): 157. https://doi.org/10.20884/1.sb.2014.1.2.443. [Indonesian]
M’Gonigle LK, Ponisio LC, Cutler K, Kremen C. 2015. Habitat restoration promotes pollinator persistence and colonization in intensively managed agriculture. Ecol Appl 25(6): 1557–1565. https://doi.org/10.1890/14-1863.1.
McKechnie IM, Thomsen CJM, Sargent RD. 2017. Forested field edges support a greater diversity of wild pollinators in lowbush blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium). Agric Ecosys Environ 237: 154–161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2016.12.005.
Mead D. 2013. A guide to some bees and wasps of Indonesia. Sulang Language Data and Working Papers. 11: 1–15.
Moisset B, Buchmann S. 2010. Bee Basics: An Introduction to Our Native Bees. Department Agriculture Forest Service and Pollinator Partnership, United States.
Mudri-Stojni? S, Andri? A, Józan Z, Vuji? A. 2012. Pollinator diversity (Hymenoptera and Diptera) in semi-natural habitats in Serbia during summer. Arch Biol Sci 64(2): 777–786. https://doi.org/10.2298/ABS1202777S.
Park MG, Blitzer EJ, Gibbs J, Losey JE, Danforth BN. 2015. Negative effects of pesticides on wild bee communities can be buffered by landscape context. Proc Royal Soc B 282(1809): 20150299.
Pisa LW, Amaral-Rogers V, Belzunces LP, Bonmatin JM, Downs CA, Goulson D, Kreutzweiser DP, Krupke C, Liess M, McField M. 2015. Effects of neonicotinoids and fipronil on non-target invertebrates. Environ Sci Pollut Res 22(1): 68–102.
Potts SG, Imperatriz-Fonseca V, Ngo HT, Aizen MA, Biesmeijer JC, Breeze TD, Dicks LV, Garibaldi LA, Hill R, Settele J. 2016. Safeguarding pollinators and their values to human well-being. Nature 540(7632): 220–229.
Ranjitha MR, Koteswara Rao SR, Rajesh A, Reddi Shekhar M. 2019. Insect pollinator fauna of coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) ecosystem. J Entomol Zool Stud 7(3): 1609-1616.
Sánchez-Reyes UJ, Niño-Maldonado S, Clark SM, Barrientos-Lozano L, Almaguer-Sierra P. 2019. Successional and seasonal changes of leaf beetles and their indicator value in a fragmented low thorn forest of northeastern Mexico (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae). ZooKeys 825: 71-103.
Sarwar M. 2020. Typical flies: Natural history, lifestyle and diversity of Diptera. In Life Cycle and Development of Diptera. IntechOpen, London. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.9139
Sembel DT. 2020. Biological Control: Tropical Insects Pests and Weeds. Andi Offset, Yogyakarta. [Indonesian]
Sheffield CS, Pindar A, Packer L, Kevan PG. 2013. The potential of cleptoparasitic bees as indicator taxa for assessing bee communities. Apidologie 44(5): 501–510. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13592-013-0200-2.
Siregar EH, Atmowidi T, Kahono S. 2016. Diversity and abundance of insect pollinators in different agricultural lands in Jambi, Sumatera. HAYATI J Biosci 23(1): 13–17.
Soh ZWW, Ngiam RWJ. 2013. Flower-visiting bees and wasps in Singapore parks (Insecta: Hymenoptera). Nature in Singapore 6: 153–172.
Vaissière B, Freitas B, Gemmill-Herren B. 2011. Protocol to detect and assess pollination deficits in crops: a handbook for its use. Food And Agriculture Organization Of The United Nations, Roma.
Von Arx G, Dobbertin M, Rebetez M. 2012. Spatio-temporal effects of forest canopy on understory microclimate in a long-term experiment in Switzerland. Agric For Meteorol 166–167: 144–155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2012.07.018.
Welti E, Helzer C, Joern A. 2017. Impacts of plant diversity on arthropod communities and plant-herbivore network architecture. Ecosphere 8(10). https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.1983.
Widhiono I. 2015. Pollinator Insect Conservation Strategy. Jenderal Soedirman University, Purwokerto. [Indonesian]
Widhiono I, Sudiana E, Sucianto ET. 2016. Insect pollinator diversity along a habitat quality gradient on Mount Slamet, Central Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 17(2): 746–752. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d170250.
Williams NM. 2011. Restoration of nontarget species: Bee communities and pollination function in riparian forests. Restor Ecol 19(4): 450–459. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1526-100X.2010.00707.x.
Bailey S, Requier F, Nusillard B, Roberts SPM, Potts SG, Bouget C. 2014. Distance from forest edge affects bee pollinators in oilseed rape fields. Ecol Evol 4(4): 370–380.
Barral MP, Benayas JMR, Meli P, Maceira NO. 2015. Quantifying the impacts of ecological restoration on biodiversity and ecosystem services in agroecosystems: A global meta-analysis. Agric Ecosys Environ 202: 223–231.
Bashir M A, Saeed S, Sajjad A, Khan KA, Ghramh HA, Shehzad MA, Mubarak H, Mirza N, Mahpara S, Rehmani MIA, Ansari MJ. 2019. Insect pollinator diversity in four forested ecosystems of southern Punjab, Pakistan. Saudi J Biol Sci 26(7): 1835–1842. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sjbs.2018.02.007.
Bastian J, Baweja K, Clowney F, Schwartz M. 2013. The Effects of Temperature and Light Intensity on Pollination Frequency of Prunus serotina at Waldron Fen. University of Michigan Biological Station, Michigan.
Basu P, Parui AK, Chatterjee S, Dutta A, Chakraborty P, Roberts S, Smith B. 2016. Scale dependent drivers of wild bee diversity in tropical heterogeneous agricultural landscapes. Ecol Evol 6(19): 6983–6992. https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.2360.
Bentrup G, Hopwood J, Adamson NL, Vaughan M. 2019. Temperate agroforestry systems and insect pollinators: A review. Forests 10(11): 981.
Bharti V, Ahlawat DS, Sharma SK, Singh NV, Jitender J, Singh N. 2015. Diversity, abundance and pollination efficiency of insect pollinators of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Miller) and effect of abiotic factors on insect pollinator activity. J Nat Appl Sci 7(2): 786–793.
Burkle LA, Marlin JC, Knight TM. 2013. Plant-pollinator interactions over 120 years: loss of species, co-occurrence, and function. Science 339(6127): 1611–1615.
Chiawo DO, Kioko EN, Ogol CK, Gikungu MW. 2017. Bee diversity and floral resources along a disturbance gradient in Kaya Muhaka forest and surrounding farmlands of coastal Kenya. J Pollination Ecol. 20(6): 51-59.
Choi SW, Jung C. 2015. Diversity of insect pollinators in different agricultural crops and wild flowering plants in Korea: Literature Review. J Apic 30(3): 191–201.
Colwell RK, Coddington JA. 1994. Estimating terrestrial biodiversity through extrapolation. Philos Trans R Soc London Biol Sci 345(1311): 101–118.
Cuartas-Hernández SE, Gómez-Murillo L. 2015. Effect of biotic and abiotic factors on diversity patterns of anthophyllous insect communities in a tropical mountain forest. Neotrop Entomol 44(3): 214–223. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13744-014-0265-2.
Darsono, Riwidiharso EDY, Santoso S, Sudiana E, Nasution EK, Aprilliana H, Chasanah T. 2020. Insect diversity in various distances to forest edge in small nature reserve: A case study of Bantarbolang Nature Reserve, Central Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 21(10). 4821-4828.
Ellis CR, Feltham H, Park K, Hanley N, Goulson D. 2017. Seasonal complementary in pollinators of soft-fruit crops. Basic Appl Ecol 19: 45–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.baae.2016.11.007.
Foster WA, Snaddon JL, Turner EC, Fayle TM, Cockerill TD, Farnon Ellwood MD, Broad GR, Chung AYC, Eggleton P, Khen CV, Yusah KM. 2011. Establishing the evidence base for maintaining biodiversity and ecosystem function in the oil palm landscapes of South East Asia. Philos Trans R Soc London Biol Sci 366(1582): 3277–3291. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2011.0041.
Garibaldi LA, Steffan-dewenter I, Winfree R, Aizen MA, Bommarco R, Cunningham SA, Kremen C, Carvalheiro LG. 2013. Wild pollinators enhance fruit set of crops regardless of honey bee abundance. Science 339(6127): 1608–1611.
Goulet H, Huber J. 1993. Hymenoptera of the World: An Identification Guide to Families. Agriculture Canada, Ottawa.
Hallmann CA, Sorg M, Jongejans E, Siepel H, Hofland N, Schwan H, Stenmans W, Müller A, Sumser H, Hörren T. 2017. More than 75 percent decline over 27 years in total flying insect biomass in protected areas. PLoS ONE 12(10): e0185809.
Hodgson JA, Moilanen A, Wintle BA, Thomas CD. 2011. Habitat area, quality and connectivity: Striking the balance for efficient conservation. J Appl Ecol 48(1): 148–152. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2664.2010.01919.x.
Joshi NC, Joshi PC. 2010. Foraging behaviour of Apis spp. on apple flowers in a subtropical environment. New York Sci J 3(3): 71–76.
Koneri R, Maabuat PV, Nangoy MJ. 2020. The distribution and diversity of butterflies (Lepidoptera: Rhopalocera) in various urban forests in North Minahasa Regency, North Sulawesi Province, Indonesia. Appl Ecol Environ Res 18(2): 2295–2314.
Krishnan S, Wiederkehr Guerra G, Bertrand D, Wertz-Kanounnikoff S, Kettle CJ. 2020. The Pollination Services of Forests: A review of Forest and Landscape Interventions to Enhance Their Cross-Sectoral Benefits. Food And Agriculture Organization Of The United Nations, Roma.
Lestari MM, Widhiono I, Sudiana E. 2014. The diversity of insect pollinators in the strawberries plantation with Borreria laevicaulis. Scr Biol 1(2): 157. https://doi.org/10.20884/1.sb.2014.1.2.443. [Indonesian]
M’Gonigle LK, Ponisio LC, Cutler K, Kremen C. 2015. Habitat restoration promotes pollinator persistence and colonization in intensively managed agriculture. Ecol Appl 25(6): 1557–1565. https://doi.org/10.1890/14-1863.1.
McKechnie IM, Thomsen CJM, Sargent RD. 2017. Forested field edges support a greater diversity of wild pollinators in lowbush blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium). Agric Ecosys Environ 237: 154–161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2016.12.005.
Mead D. 2013. A guide to some bees and wasps of Indonesia. Sulang Language Data and Working Papers. 11: 1–15.
Moisset B, Buchmann S. 2010. Bee Basics: An Introduction to Our Native Bees. Department Agriculture Forest Service and Pollinator Partnership, United States.
Mudri-Stojni? S, Andri? A, Józan Z, Vuji? A. 2012. Pollinator diversity (Hymenoptera and Diptera) in semi-natural habitats in Serbia during summer. Arch Biol Sci 64(2): 777–786. https://doi.org/10.2298/ABS1202777S.
Park MG, Blitzer EJ, Gibbs J, Losey JE, Danforth BN. 2015. Negative effects of pesticides on wild bee communities can be buffered by landscape context. Proc Royal Soc B 282(1809): 20150299.
Pisa LW, Amaral-Rogers V, Belzunces LP, Bonmatin JM, Downs CA, Goulson D, Kreutzweiser DP, Krupke C, Liess M, McField M. 2015. Effects of neonicotinoids and fipronil on non-target invertebrates. Environ Sci Pollut Res 22(1): 68–102.
Potts SG, Imperatriz-Fonseca V, Ngo HT, Aizen MA, Biesmeijer JC, Breeze TD, Dicks LV, Garibaldi LA, Hill R, Settele J. 2016. Safeguarding pollinators and their values to human well-being. Nature 540(7632): 220–229.
Ranjitha MR, Koteswara Rao SR, Rajesh A, Reddi Shekhar M. 2019. Insect pollinator fauna of coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) ecosystem. J Entomol Zool Stud 7(3): 1609-1616.
Sánchez-Reyes UJ, Niño-Maldonado S, Clark SM, Barrientos-Lozano L, Almaguer-Sierra P. 2019. Successional and seasonal changes of leaf beetles and their indicator value in a fragmented low thorn forest of northeastern Mexico (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae). ZooKeys 825: 71-103.
Sarwar M. 2020. Typical flies: Natural history, lifestyle and diversity of Diptera. In Life Cycle and Development of Diptera. IntechOpen, London. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.9139
Sembel DT. 2020. Biological Control: Tropical Insects Pests and Weeds. Andi Offset, Yogyakarta. [Indonesian]
Sheffield CS, Pindar A, Packer L, Kevan PG. 2013. The potential of cleptoparasitic bees as indicator taxa for assessing bee communities. Apidologie 44(5): 501–510. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13592-013-0200-2.
Siregar EH, Atmowidi T, Kahono S. 2016. Diversity and abundance of insect pollinators in different agricultural lands in Jambi, Sumatera. HAYATI J Biosci 23(1): 13–17.
Soh ZWW, Ngiam RWJ. 2013. Flower-visiting bees and wasps in Singapore parks (Insecta: Hymenoptera). Nature in Singapore 6: 153–172.
Vaissière B, Freitas B, Gemmill-Herren B. 2011. Protocol to detect and assess pollination deficits in crops: a handbook for its use. Food And Agriculture Organization Of The United Nations, Roma.
Von Arx G, Dobbertin M, Rebetez M. 2012. Spatio-temporal effects of forest canopy on understory microclimate in a long-term experiment in Switzerland. Agric For Meteorol 166–167: 144–155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2012.07.018.
Welti E, Helzer C, Joern A. 2017. Impacts of plant diversity on arthropod communities and plant-herbivore network architecture. Ecosphere 8(10). https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.1983.
Widhiono I. 2015. Pollinator Insect Conservation Strategy. Jenderal Soedirman University, Purwokerto. [Indonesian]
Widhiono I, Sudiana E, Sucianto ET. 2016. Insect pollinator diversity along a habitat quality gradient on Mount Slamet, Central Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 17(2): 746–752. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d170250.
Williams NM. 2011. Restoration of nontarget species: Bee communities and pollination function in riparian forests. Restor Ecol 19(4): 450–459. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1526-100X.2010.00707.x.
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