Genetic diversity in seedling populations of Dipterocarpus gracilis in Kecubung Ulolanang Nature Conservation Reserve, Indonesia
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Abstract. Romadini NP, Indrioko S, Widiyatno, Faridah E, Ratnaningrum YWN. 2021. Genetic diversity in seedling populations of Dipterocarpus gracilis in Kecubung Ulolanang Nature Conservation Reserve, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 22: 1138-1145. Dipterocarpus gracilis Blume is one of the native Dipterocarpus species in Java Island, Indonesia. It has commercial value as timber (wood) and non-timber forest products (oleoresin). This species has been considered vulnerable following the Red List of Threatened Species criteria by The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). We aimed to study the genetic diversity and genetic structure of seedlings as the natural regenerating population of Dipterocarpus gracilis Blume in The Kecubung Ulolanang Nature Conservation Reserve, Batang District, Central Java Province, Indonesia. The D. gracilis population in this area is distributed in four zones. We observed a total of 137 juvenile seedlings representing all the zones. Isozyme markers detected the genetic diversity of D. gracilis by peroxidase (PRX), esterase (EST), and acid phosphatase (ACP) enzymes. The mean observed heterozygosity of all the zones was lower (HO=0.078) than expected heterozygosity (HE=0.203). Genetic depletion occurred because of genetic drifts and founder effects due to low parental diversity. The genetic structure of seedlings is similar to the consequence of inbreeding. We conclude that the genetic diversity of D. gracilis decreases when mature trees are reduced. This population has essential values ??in Java Island and should be a priority evaluation in the in-situ and ex-situ conservation of genetic resources.
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References
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Slatkin, M. 1987. Gene flow and the geographic structure of natural populations. Science 236: 787–792. DOI: 10.1126/science.3576198
Stacy EA, Hamrick JL, Nason JD et al. 1996. Pollen dispersal in low-density populations of three neotropical tree species. American Naturalist 148: 275–298. DOI: 10.1086/285925.
White TL, Adams WT, Neale DB. 2007. Forest genetics. CAB International. Wallingford, UK.
Widiyatno IS, Na’iem M, Uchiyama K, Numata S, Ohtani M, Matsumoto A, Tsumura Y. 2016. Effects of different silvicultural systems on the genetic diversity of Shorea parvifolia populations in the tropical rainforest of Southeast Asia. Tree Genetic and Genomes 12(4):73. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11295-016-1030-y.
Widiyatno W, Indrioko S, Na’iem M, Purnomo S, Hosaka T, Uchiyama K, Tani N, Numata S, Matsumoto A, Tsumura Y. 2017. Effects of logging rotation in a lowland dipterocarp forest on mating system and gene flow in Shorea parvifolia. Tree genetics & genomes 13: 85. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11295-017-1167-3.
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Wright S. 1951. The Genetical Structure of Populations. Annals of Eugenics 15: 323-354. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-1809.1949.tb02451.x.
Yeh FC, Boyle T, Rongcai Y, Ye Z, C Xian JM. 1999. POPGENE, version 1.31. A Microsoft Window Based. Freeware for population genetic analysis. Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Centre, University of Alberta: Edmonton, AB, Canada.
Ashton PS. 1982. Dipterocarpaceae: Flora Malesiana, series I. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Netherlands.
Aslam MS, Ahmad MS, Mamat AS. 2015. A phytochemical, ethnomedicinal and pharmacological review of genus dipterocarpus. International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences: 7(4), 27-38.
Cascante A, Quesada M, Lobo JJ, Fuchs EA. 2002. Effects of dry tropical forest fragmentation on the reproductive success and genetic structure of the tree Samanea saman. Conservation Biology 16: 137–147. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1739.2002.00317.x.
Charlesworth D, Charlesworth B. 1987. Inbreeding depression and its evolutionary consequences. Annu Rev Ecol Syst 18: 237–268. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.es.18.110187.001321.
Cornuet JM, Luikart G. 1996. Description and power analysis of two tests for detecting recent population bottlenecks from allele frequency data. Genetics 144: 2001–2014.
Duc NM, Duy VD, Xuan BT, Thang BV, Ha NT, Tam NM. 2016. Genetic structure of the threatened Dipterocarpus costatus populations in lowland tropical rainforests of southern Vietnam. Genet Mol Res 15(4): 15048821. DOI: 10.4238/gmr15048821.
Ellstrand NC, Elam DR. 1993. Population genetic consequences of small population size implications for plant conservation. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 24: 217–242. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.es.24.110193.001245.
Excoffier L, Lischer HEL. 2010. Arlequin suite ver 3.5: a new series of programs to perform population genetics analyses under Linux and Windows. Mol Ecol Resour 10: 564–567. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-0998.2010.02847.x.
Frankham R, Ballou JD, Briscoe DA. 2002. Introduction to conservation genetics. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Fukue Y, Kado T, Lee SL, Ng KKS, Muhammad N, Tsumura Y. 2007. Effects of flowering tree density on the mating system and gene flow in Shorea leprosula (Dipterocarpaceae) in Peninsular Malaysia. J Plant Res 120: 413–420. DOI: 10.1007/s10265-007-0078-z.
Hamilton R, Hall T, Stevenson J, Penny D. 2019. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology Distinguishing the pollen of Dipterocarpaceae from the seasonally dry and moist tropics of south-east Asia using light microscopy. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 263: 117–133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.revpalbo.2019.01.012.
Hansen AJ, Phillips LB. 2015. Which tree species and biome types are most vulnerable to climate change in the US Northern Rocky Mountains? Forest Ecology and Management: 338, 68–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2014.11.008.
Hartl DL. and Clark GC. 1997. Principles of Population Genetics. Sinauer Associates: Sunderland.
Keller LF, Waller DM. 2002. Inbreeding effects in wild populations. Trends Ecol Evol 17:230–241. DOI: 10.1016/S0169-5347(02)02489-8.
Kimura M, Crow JF. 1964. The number of alleles that can be maintained in a finite populations. Genetics 49: 725–738.
Lande. 1995. Mutation and conservation. Conservation Biology 9: 782–791.
Lee SL, Wickneswari R, Mahani MC, Zakri AH. 2000. Mating system parameters in a tropical tree species, Shorea leprosula Miq. (Dipterocarpaceae), from Malaysian lowland dipterocarp forest. Biotropica 32(4): 693–702.
Lewontin RC. 1972. The apportionment of human diversity. Evol Bio. 6: 381–398. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-9063-3_14.
Ly V, Nanthavong K, Pooma R, Luu HT, Nguyen HN, Barstow M, Vu VD, Hoang VS, Khou E. & Newman M. 2017. Dipterocarpus gracilis, Bl. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2017: E.T31315A2804348.
Lynch MJ, Conery, R. Burger. 1995. Mutation accumulation and the extinction of small populations. American Naturalist:489–518.
Millet J, Tran N, Vien Ngoc, N. et al. 2013. Enrichment planting of native species for biodiversity conservation in a logged tree plantation in Vietnam. New Forests 44: 369–383. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11056-012-9344-6.
Naito N, Konuma A, Iwata H, Suyama Y, Seiwa K, Okuda T, Lee SL, Muhammad N, Tsumura Y. 2005. Selfing and inbreeding depression in seeds and seedlings of Neobalanocarpus heimii (Dipterocarpaceae). J Plant Res 118: 423–430. DOI: 10.1007/s10265-005-0245-z.
Nei M. 1987. Moleculer Evolutionary Genetics. Columbia University Press: New York.
Peakall R, Smouse PE. 2012. GenAlEx 6.5: Genetic analysis in Excel. Population genetic software for teaching and research–an update. Bioinformatics 28:2537–2539. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/bts460.
Ratnaningrum YWN, Indrioko S, Faridah E, Syahbudin, A. 2015. The effects of population size on genetic parameters and mating system of sandalwood in Gunung Sewu, Indonesia. Indon J Biotech vol 20: pp 182-201. DOI: 10.22146/ijbiotech.24347.
Sasaki S. 2006. Ecology and physiology of Dipterocarpaceae. Plantation Technology in Tropical Forest Science.
Seido K. 1993. Manual of Isozyme Analysis. JICA and Directorate General of Reforestation and Land Rehabilitation, Ministry of Forestry in Indonesia, Jakarta.
Slatkin, M. 1987. Gene flow and the geographic structure of natural populations. Science 236: 787–792. DOI: 10.1126/science.3576198
Stacy EA, Hamrick JL, Nason JD et al. 1996. Pollen dispersal in low-density populations of three neotropical tree species. American Naturalist 148: 275–298. DOI: 10.1086/285925.
White TL, Adams WT, Neale DB. 2007. Forest genetics. CAB International. Wallingford, UK.
Widiyatno IS, Na’iem M, Uchiyama K, Numata S, Ohtani M, Matsumoto A, Tsumura Y. 2016. Effects of different silvicultural systems on the genetic diversity of Shorea parvifolia populations in the tropical rainforest of Southeast Asia. Tree Genetic and Genomes 12(4):73. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11295-016-1030-y.
Widiyatno W, Indrioko S, Na’iem M, Purnomo S, Hosaka T, Uchiyama K, Tani N, Numata S, Matsumoto A, Tsumura Y. 2017. Effects of logging rotation in a lowland dipterocarp forest on mating system and gene flow in Shorea parvifolia. Tree genetics & genomes 13: 85. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11295-017-1167-3.
Widiyatno, Hidayati F, Hardiwinoto S, Indrioko S, Purnomo S, Jatmoko, Tani N and Naiem M. 2020. Selection of dipterocarp species for enrichment planting in a secondary tropical rainforest. Forest Science and Technology. https://doi.org/10.1080/21580103.2020.1831620.
Wright S. 1951. The Genetical Structure of Populations. Annals of Eugenics 15: 323-354. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-1809.1949.tb02451.x.
Yeh FC, Boyle T, Rongcai Y, Ye Z, C Xian JM. 1999. POPGENE, version 1.31. A Microsoft Window Based. Freeware for population genetic analysis. Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Centre, University of Alberta: Edmonton, AB, Canada.
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