Short Communication: Wildlife species used as traditional medicine by local people in Indonesia
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Abstract. Mardiastuti A, Masy'ud B, Ginoga LN, Sastranegara H, Sutopo. 2021. Short Communication: Wildlife species used as traditional medicine by local people in Indonesia. Biodiversitas 22: 329-337. Since a long time ago, wild animals (wildlife species) have been used by the local people as traditional medicine. Research has been conducted in some areas, but there was no study that incorporates all data. The objective of this research was to collect nation-wide information on the wildlife species (mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians) used as traditional medicine, identify the species used the most, and collect information on the diseases that were believed can be cured by the wildlife species. Papers and reports from previous studies were collected and analyzed. Based on 55 published scientific papers, 114 wildlife species were known to be used by the local people as traditional medicine (59 species of mammals, 12 birds, 37 reptiles, 6 amphibians). Reptiles were used more intensively and believed may cure many diseases, mainly respiratory, digestive, skin, and musculoskeletal diseases. Among all species, Reticulated Python (Malayopython reticulatus), Common Water Monitor (Varanus salvator), Tokay Gecko (Gekko gecko), Common Sun Skink (Eutropis multifasciata), and Malayan Porcupine (Hystrix brachyura) were listed as the most popular species for traditional medicine. As some species have already listed as protected and endangered, a necessary precautionary program is needed to ensure the harvest sustainability and survival of the endangered species.
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References
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Alves RRN, Souto WMS, Barboza RRD. 2010. Primates in traditional folk medicine: a world overview. Mammal Rev. 40 (2): 155-180.
Alves RRN, Alves HN. 2011. The faunal drugstore: animal-based remedies used in traditional medicines in Latin America. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine 7 (9).
Alves RRN, Souto WMS. 2011. Ethnozoology in Brazil: current status and perspectives. J. Ethnobiol. Ethnomed. 7: 22.
Alves RRN, Oliveira TPR, Rosa IL. 2013. Wild animals used as food medicine in Brazil. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 670352. 12pp. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/670352.
Alves RRN. 2017. Ethnozoology. John Wiley & Sons Inc, New Jersey. DOI: 10.1002/9781119179313.wbprim0166.
Amin MR, Perawati S, Sutrisno D. 2020. Etnofarmasi pada Suku Anak Dalam di Desa Pauh Menang Kecamatan Pamenang. Journal of Healthcare Technology and Medicine 6 (1): 334-344. e-ISSN: 2615-109X.
Apaza L, Godoy R, Wilkie D, Byron E, Huanca T, Leonard WR, Peréz E, Reyes-Garcia V, Vadez V. 2003. Markets and the use of wild animals for traditional medicine: a case study among the tsimané Amerindians of the Bolivian rain forest. J. Ethnobiol. 23: 47-64.
Belay J. 2016. Ethnobotanical Study of Traditional Medicinal Plants Used by Indigenous People of Jigjiga Woreda, Somali Regional State, Ethiopia. [Thesis]. Haramaya University, Ethiopia.
[CBD] Convention on Biological Diversity. 2011. Traditional Knowledge. Convention on Biological Diversity, Montreal.
Costa-Neto EM. 2005. Animal-based medicine: biological prospection and the sustainable use of zootherapeutic resources. Annals of the Brazilian Academy of Sciences 77 (1): 33-43. ISSN: 0001-3765.
Das D. 2015. Ethnozoological practices among tribal inhabitants in Khowai District of Tripura, North-East India. J. Glob. Biosci. 4 (9): 3364-3372. ISSN: 2320-1355.
van Eck NJ, Waltman L. 2020. VOSviewer Manual. Universiteit Leiden, Leiden.
El-Kamali HH. 2000. Folk medicinal use of some animal products in central Sudan. J. Ethnopharmacol. 72: 279-282.
Feng Y, Siu K, Wang N, Ng K, Tsao S, Nagamatsu T, Tong Y. 2009. Bear bile: dilemma of traditional medicinal use and animal protection. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine 5: 2. DOI: 10.1186/1746-4269-5-2.
Fernandes-Ferreira H, Mendonca SV, Cruz RL, Borges-Nojosa DM, Alves RRN. 2013. Hunting of herpetofauna in montane, coastal, and dryland areas of northeastern Brazil. Herpetol. Conserv. Biol. 8 (3): 652-666.
Ferreira FS, Albuquerque UP, Coutinho HDM, Almeida WO, Alves RRN. 2012. The trade in medicinal animals in northeastern Brazil. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 126938. 20 pp.
Heinricha S, Toomesa A, Gomez L. 2020. Valuable stones: the trade in porcupine bezoars. Global Ecology and Conservation 24: e01204 DOI: 10.106/j.gecco.2020.e01204.
Heningsih M, Anwari MS, Yani A. 2018. Kajian etnozoologi untuk obat-obatan masyarakat Dayak Belangin di Desa Mu'un Kecamatan Ngabang Kabupaten Landak. Jurnal Hutan Lestari 6 (3): 647-653.
Husain F, Wahidah BF. 2019. Identification of medicinal animals in traditional medicine in rural Central Java: a preliminary result of ethno-zootherapeutical study. International Conf. on Rural Studies in Asia: Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research 313.
Jacob-Salcedo MR, Alonso-Castro AJ, Zarate-Martinez A. 2011. Folk medicinal use of fauna in Mapimi, Durango, México. J. Ethnopharmacol. 133: 902-906.
Jaroli DP, Mahawar MM, Vyas N. 2010. An ethnozoological study in the adjoining areas of mount Abu Wildlife Sanctuary, India. J. Ethnobiol. Ethnomed. 6: 1-9.
[KLHK] Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan, [LIPI] Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia. 2019. Panduan Identifikasi Jenis Satwa Liar Dilindungi: Herpetofauna. Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan, Jakarta.
Lepage D. 2020. Checklist of the birds of Indonesia. Avibase, the world bird database. https://avibase.bsc-eoc.org/checklist.jsp?lang=EN®ion=id&list=clements&format=1.
Maryanto I, Maharadatunkamsi, Achmadi AS, Wiantoro S, Sulityadi E, Yoneda M, Suyanto A, Sugardjito J. 2019. CHECKLIST OF THE MAMMALS OF INDONESIA: Scientific, English, Indonesian Name, and Distribution Area Table in Indonesia Including CITES, IUCN and Indonesian Category for Conservation. Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia, Bogor.
Masy'ud B, Felayati NR, Sunarminto T. 2020. Local wisdom in animal conservation and animal use as medicine of Orang Rimba in Bukit Duabelas National Park, Jambi. Jurnal Manajemen Hutan Tropika 26 (1): 72-79. DOI: 10.7226/jtfm.26.1.72.
Mendonca LET, Vieira WLS, Alves RRN. 2014. Caatinga ethnoherpetology: relationship between herpetofauna and people in a semiarid region of northeastern Brazil. Amphib. Reptile Conserv. 8 (1): 24-32.
Mildenstein T, Tanshi I, Racey PA. 2016. Exploitation of bats for bushmeat and medicine. In: Voigt CC, Kingston T (eds) Bats in the Anthropocene: Conservation of Bats in a Changing World. Springer International Publishing AG, Switzerland. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-25220-9_12.
Nukraheni YN, Afriyansyah B, Ihsan M. 2019. Etnozoologi masyarakat Suku Jerieng dalam memanfaatkan hewan sebagai obat tradisional yang halal. Journal of Halal Product and Research 2 (2): 60-67. e-ISSN: 2654-9778.
Pemberton RW. 1999. Insects and other arthropods used as drugs in Korean traditional medicine. J. Ethnopharmacol. 65: 207-216.
Pilatus, Kartikawati SM, Anwari MS. 2017. Etnozoologi suku Dayak Kanayant di Desa Babane, Kabupaten Bengkayang. Jurnal Hutan Lestari 5 (3): 858-867.
Prasetyo B. 2019. Etnobiologi Masyarakat Suku Osing di Kabupaten Banyuwangi. [Dissertation]. Sekolah Pascasarjana Institut Pertanian Bogor, Bogor. [Indonesian]
Ramadiana, Anwari MS, Yani A. 2018. Etnozoologi untuk ritual adat dan mistis masyarakat Dayak Ella di Desa Sungai Labuk Kecamatan Ella Hilir Kabupaten Melawi. Jurnal Hutan Lestari 6 (3): 630-636.
Semiadi G. 2007. Pemanfaatan satwa liar dalam rangka konservasi dan pemenuhan gizi masyarakat. Zoo Indonesia 16 (2): 63-74.
Soewu DA. 2008. Wild animals in ethnozoological practices among the Yorubas of southwestern Nigeria and implications for biodiversity conservation. Afr. J. Agric. Res. 3: 421-427.
Solavan A, Palmurugan R, Wilsan V, Sing JA. 2004. Traditional therapeutic uses of animals among tribal population of Tamil Nadu. Ind. J. Tradit. Knowl. 3: 198-205.
Still J. 2003. Use of animal products in traditional Chinese medicine: environmental impact and health hazards. Complement Ther. Med. 11: 118-122.
Sunaryo E, Anwari MS, Yani A. 2019. Etnozoologi masyarakat Dayak Jelai Hulu Embulu Lima di Desa Mekar Utama Kecamatan Kendawangan Kabupaten Ketapang. Jurnal Hutan Lestari 7 (3): 1100-1110.
Tan CS, Ng AH, Loh YC, Yam MF. 2019. A traditional folk medicine in Malaysia: porcupine bezoar. Oriental Pharmacy and Experimental Medicine. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13596-019-00370-4.
Wang Y, Turvey ST, Leader-Williams N. 2020. Knowledge and attitudes about the use of pangolin scale products in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) within China. People and Nature 2: 903-912.
Wheindrata HS. 2012. Rahasia Satwa Berkhasiat Obat untuk Penyakit Ringan Hingga Berat. Rapha Publishing, Yogyakarta.
[WHO] World Health Organization. 2013. WHO Traditional Medicine Strategy 2014-2023. WHO, Geneva.
Zayadi H, Azrianingsih R, Sjakoer NAA. 2016. Pemanfaatan hewan sebagai obat-obatan berdasarkan persepsi masyarakat di Kelurahan Dinoyo Malang. Jurnal Kesehatan Islam 4 (1): 5 pp. ISSN: 2303-002X.
Zubaidah S, Norsuhana AH, Fatan-Hamamah Y. 2012. Penggunaan haiwan bagi perubatan tradisional dalam kalangan masyarakat pribumi di Asia: Satu ulasan. GEOGRAFIA Online Malaysia Journal of Society and Space 8 (3): 52-60.
Alves RRN, Souto WMS, Barboza RRD. 2010. Primates in traditional folk medicine: a world overview. Mammal Rev. 40 (2): 155-180.
Alves RRN, Alves HN. 2011. The faunal drugstore: animal-based remedies used in traditional medicines in Latin America. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine 7 (9).
Alves RRN, Souto WMS. 2011. Ethnozoology in Brazil: current status and perspectives. J. Ethnobiol. Ethnomed. 7: 22.
Alves RRN, Oliveira TPR, Rosa IL. 2013. Wild animals used as food medicine in Brazil. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 670352. 12pp. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/670352.
Alves RRN. 2017. Ethnozoology. John Wiley & Sons Inc, New Jersey. DOI: 10.1002/9781119179313.wbprim0166.
Amin MR, Perawati S, Sutrisno D. 2020. Etnofarmasi pada Suku Anak Dalam di Desa Pauh Menang Kecamatan Pamenang. Journal of Healthcare Technology and Medicine 6 (1): 334-344. e-ISSN: 2615-109X.
Apaza L, Godoy R, Wilkie D, Byron E, Huanca T, Leonard WR, Peréz E, Reyes-Garcia V, Vadez V. 2003. Markets and the use of wild animals for traditional medicine: a case study among the tsimané Amerindians of the Bolivian rain forest. J. Ethnobiol. 23: 47-64.
Belay J. 2016. Ethnobotanical Study of Traditional Medicinal Plants Used by Indigenous People of Jigjiga Woreda, Somali Regional State, Ethiopia. [Thesis]. Haramaya University, Ethiopia.
[CBD] Convention on Biological Diversity. 2011. Traditional Knowledge. Convention on Biological Diversity, Montreal.
Costa-Neto EM. 2005. Animal-based medicine: biological prospection and the sustainable use of zootherapeutic resources. Annals of the Brazilian Academy of Sciences 77 (1): 33-43. ISSN: 0001-3765.
Das D. 2015. Ethnozoological practices among tribal inhabitants in Khowai District of Tripura, North-East India. J. Glob. Biosci. 4 (9): 3364-3372. ISSN: 2320-1355.
van Eck NJ, Waltman L. 2020. VOSviewer Manual. Universiteit Leiden, Leiden.
El-Kamali HH. 2000. Folk medicinal use of some animal products in central Sudan. J. Ethnopharmacol. 72: 279-282.
Feng Y, Siu K, Wang N, Ng K, Tsao S, Nagamatsu T, Tong Y. 2009. Bear bile: dilemma of traditional medicinal use and animal protection. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine 5: 2. DOI: 10.1186/1746-4269-5-2.
Fernandes-Ferreira H, Mendonca SV, Cruz RL, Borges-Nojosa DM, Alves RRN. 2013. Hunting of herpetofauna in montane, coastal, and dryland areas of northeastern Brazil. Herpetol. Conserv. Biol. 8 (3): 652-666.
Ferreira FS, Albuquerque UP, Coutinho HDM, Almeida WO, Alves RRN. 2012. The trade in medicinal animals in northeastern Brazil. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 126938. 20 pp.
Heinricha S, Toomesa A, Gomez L. 2020. Valuable stones: the trade in porcupine bezoars. Global Ecology and Conservation 24: e01204 DOI: 10.106/j.gecco.2020.e01204.
Heningsih M, Anwari MS, Yani A. 2018. Kajian etnozoologi untuk obat-obatan masyarakat Dayak Belangin di Desa Mu'un Kecamatan Ngabang Kabupaten Landak. Jurnal Hutan Lestari 6 (3): 647-653.
Husain F, Wahidah BF. 2019. Identification of medicinal animals in traditional medicine in rural Central Java: a preliminary result of ethno-zootherapeutical study. International Conf. on Rural Studies in Asia: Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research 313.
Jacob-Salcedo MR, Alonso-Castro AJ, Zarate-Martinez A. 2011. Folk medicinal use of fauna in Mapimi, Durango, México. J. Ethnopharmacol. 133: 902-906.
Jaroli DP, Mahawar MM, Vyas N. 2010. An ethnozoological study in the adjoining areas of mount Abu Wildlife Sanctuary, India. J. Ethnobiol. Ethnomed. 6: 1-9.
[KLHK] Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan, [LIPI] Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia. 2019. Panduan Identifikasi Jenis Satwa Liar Dilindungi: Herpetofauna. Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan, Jakarta.
Lepage D. 2020. Checklist of the birds of Indonesia. Avibase, the world bird database. https://avibase.bsc-eoc.org/checklist.jsp?lang=EN®ion=id&list=clements&format=1.
Maryanto I, Maharadatunkamsi, Achmadi AS, Wiantoro S, Sulityadi E, Yoneda M, Suyanto A, Sugardjito J. 2019. CHECKLIST OF THE MAMMALS OF INDONESIA: Scientific, English, Indonesian Name, and Distribution Area Table in Indonesia Including CITES, IUCN and Indonesian Category for Conservation. Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia, Bogor.
Masy'ud B, Felayati NR, Sunarminto T. 2020. Local wisdom in animal conservation and animal use as medicine of Orang Rimba in Bukit Duabelas National Park, Jambi. Jurnal Manajemen Hutan Tropika 26 (1): 72-79. DOI: 10.7226/jtfm.26.1.72.
Mendonca LET, Vieira WLS, Alves RRN. 2014. Caatinga ethnoherpetology: relationship between herpetofauna and people in a semiarid region of northeastern Brazil. Amphib. Reptile Conserv. 8 (1): 24-32.
Mildenstein T, Tanshi I, Racey PA. 2016. Exploitation of bats for bushmeat and medicine. In: Voigt CC, Kingston T (eds) Bats in the Anthropocene: Conservation of Bats in a Changing World. Springer International Publishing AG, Switzerland. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-25220-9_12.
Nukraheni YN, Afriyansyah B, Ihsan M. 2019. Etnozoologi masyarakat Suku Jerieng dalam memanfaatkan hewan sebagai obat tradisional yang halal. Journal of Halal Product and Research 2 (2): 60-67. e-ISSN: 2654-9778.
Pemberton RW. 1999. Insects and other arthropods used as drugs in Korean traditional medicine. J. Ethnopharmacol. 65: 207-216.
Pilatus, Kartikawati SM, Anwari MS. 2017. Etnozoologi suku Dayak Kanayant di Desa Babane, Kabupaten Bengkayang. Jurnal Hutan Lestari 5 (3): 858-867.
Prasetyo B. 2019. Etnobiologi Masyarakat Suku Osing di Kabupaten Banyuwangi. [Dissertation]. Sekolah Pascasarjana Institut Pertanian Bogor, Bogor. [Indonesian]
Ramadiana, Anwari MS, Yani A. 2018. Etnozoologi untuk ritual adat dan mistis masyarakat Dayak Ella di Desa Sungai Labuk Kecamatan Ella Hilir Kabupaten Melawi. Jurnal Hutan Lestari 6 (3): 630-636.
Semiadi G. 2007. Pemanfaatan satwa liar dalam rangka konservasi dan pemenuhan gizi masyarakat. Zoo Indonesia 16 (2): 63-74.
Soewu DA. 2008. Wild animals in ethnozoological practices among the Yorubas of southwestern Nigeria and implications for biodiversity conservation. Afr. J. Agric. Res. 3: 421-427.
Solavan A, Palmurugan R, Wilsan V, Sing JA. 2004. Traditional therapeutic uses of animals among tribal population of Tamil Nadu. Ind. J. Tradit. Knowl. 3: 198-205.
Still J. 2003. Use of animal products in traditional Chinese medicine: environmental impact and health hazards. Complement Ther. Med. 11: 118-122.
Sunaryo E, Anwari MS, Yani A. 2019. Etnozoologi masyarakat Dayak Jelai Hulu Embulu Lima di Desa Mekar Utama Kecamatan Kendawangan Kabupaten Ketapang. Jurnal Hutan Lestari 7 (3): 1100-1110.
Tan CS, Ng AH, Loh YC, Yam MF. 2019. A traditional folk medicine in Malaysia: porcupine bezoar. Oriental Pharmacy and Experimental Medicine. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13596-019-00370-4.
Wang Y, Turvey ST, Leader-Williams N. 2020. Knowledge and attitudes about the use of pangolin scale products in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) within China. People and Nature 2: 903-912.
Wheindrata HS. 2012. Rahasia Satwa Berkhasiat Obat untuk Penyakit Ringan Hingga Berat. Rapha Publishing, Yogyakarta.
[WHO] World Health Organization. 2013. WHO Traditional Medicine Strategy 2014-2023. WHO, Geneva.
Zayadi H, Azrianingsih R, Sjakoer NAA. 2016. Pemanfaatan hewan sebagai obat-obatan berdasarkan persepsi masyarakat di Kelurahan Dinoyo Malang. Jurnal Kesehatan Islam 4 (1): 5 pp. ISSN: 2303-002X.
Zubaidah S, Norsuhana AH, Fatan-Hamamah Y. 2012. Penggunaan haiwan bagi perubatan tradisional dalam kalangan masyarakat pribumi di Asia: Satu ulasan. GEOGRAFIA Online Malaysia Journal of Society and Space 8 (3): 52-60.
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