Snake pet ownership in the city: A case study in Greater Jakarta, Indonesia
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Abstract. Kusrini MD, Palesa SP, Masy’ud B. 2021. Snake pet ownership in the city: A case study in Greater Jakarta, Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 22: 1790-1798. Snake pets have gained popularity all over the world, including in Indonesia. We conducted an online survey to gather information regarding the characteristics of snake owners, their motivation for keeping snakes, the species owned, and the keepers’ knowledge and perception. Google forms were sent to snake owners in the Greater Jakarta area (also known as Jabodetabek), and 69 snake owners responded. Most of the snake owners are in the young adult group (16-25 years) and their motivation to keep snakes comes mostly from them being influenced by their peers, exhibitions and social media. Thirty-nine species of snake from nine families were listed as pets, mostly being snakes that are distributed in Indonesia. Overall, the Pythonidae was the snake family with the most species being selected as pets (65.7%), followed by Colubridae (10.7%) and Viperidae (9.44%). Most snake owners kept non-venomous snakes (83.3%), 12% kept highly venomous snakes, and 4.7% kept mildly- venomous snakes. Most of the keepers had heard about protected species (91.2%). However, when asked to write the names of any protected species, 46% out of 50 people gave incorrect names. The relatively high number of venomous snakes kept (even by those keepers of a young age) indicates the potential risk of envenomation. As yet, there is no system for snake owner licensing in Indonesia, thus it is suggested that, because of the increasing popularity of keeping snakes as pets, owners should be registered, licensed, and monitored.
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References
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Alves RRN, de Araújo BMC, da Silva Policarpo I, Pereira HM, Borges AKM, da Silva Vieira WL, Vasconcellos A. 2019. Keeping reptiles as pets in Brazil: Ethnozoological and conservation aspects. Journal for Nature Conservation 49: 9–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnc.2019.02.002
Amir M, Sugardjito J, Boeadi. 1998. The scientific autority of CITES, the Indonesian Insitute of Science, LIPI. In: W Erdelen, editor. Conservation, trade and sustainable use of lizards and snakes in indonesia. Martensiella (9) p. 17–10.
Auliya M. 2003. Hot trade in cool creatures: A review of the live reptile trade in the European Union in the 1990s with a focus on Germany. TRAFFIC Europe, Brussels, Belgium. 105 p.
Auliya M, Altherr S, Ariano-Sanchez D, Baard EH, Brown C, Brown RM, Cantu J-C, Gentile G, Gildenhuys P, Henningheim E, Hintzmann J, Kanari K, Krvavac M, Lettink M, Lippert J, Luiselli L, Nilson G, Nguyen TQ, Nijman V, Parham JF, Pasachnik SA, Pedrono M, Rauhaus A, Córdova DR, Sanchez M-E, Schepp U, van Schingen M, Schneeweiss N, Segniagbeto GH, Somaweera R, Sy EY, Türkozan O, Vinke S, Vinke T, Vyas R, Williamson S, Ziegler T. 2016. Trade in live reptiles, its impact on wild populations, and the role of the European market. Biological Conservation 204: 103–119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2016.05.017
Damanik C. 2018. Rizky Tewas Dipatuk Ular King Kobra yang Ditolongnya Saat Banjir. Kompas.com. https://regional.kompas.com/read/2018/07/10/19470961/rizky-tewas-dipatuk-ular-king-kobra-yang-ditolongnya-saat-banjir?page=all. 12 December 2020.
Daniel S. 2011. Perdagangan reptilia sebagai binatang peliharaan di DKI Jakarta [skripsi]. Bogor(ID): Institut Pertanian Bogor.
Ebani VV. 2017. Domestic reptiles as source of zoonotic bacteria: A mini review. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine 10: 723–728. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apjtm.2017.07.020
Elwin A, Green J, D’Cruze N. 2020. On the record: an analysis of exotic pet licences in the UK. Animals 10: 2373. doi:10.3390/ani10122373
Engler M, Parry-Jones R. 2007. Opportunity or threat: the role of the European Union in global wildlife trade?: June 2007. Brussels (Belgium): Traffic Europe.
Grant R, Montrose V, Wills A. 2017. ExNOTic: Should We Be Keeping Exotic Pets? Animals 7: 47. doi:10.3390/ani7060047
Gutiérrez JM, Theakston RDG, Warrell DA. 2006. Confronting the neglected problem of snake bite envenoming: the need for a global partnership. PLoS Med 3: 727–731. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.0030150
Harris JBC, Tingley MW, Hua F, Yong DL, Adeney JM, Lee TM, Marthy W, Prawiradilaga DM, Sekercioglu CH, Suyadi, Winarni N, Wilcove DS. 2017. Measuring the impact of the pet trade on Indonesian birds: Bird Declines from Pet Trade. Conservation Biology 31: 394–405. DOI: 10.1111/cobi.12729
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Kasturiratne A, Wickremasinghe AR, de Silva N, Gunawardena NK, Pathmeswaran A, Premaratna R, Savioli L, Lalloo DG, de Silva HJ. 2008. The global burden of snakebite: A literature analysis and modelling based on regional estimates of envenoming and deaths. PLoS Medicine 5: e218. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0050218
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Lewis A, Krägeloh CU, Shepherd D. 2009. Pet ownership, attachment and health-rated quality of life in New Zealand. Electronic Journal of Applied Psychology 5(1): 96-101.
Lockwood JL, Welbourne DJ, Romagosa CM, Cassey P, Mandrak NE, Strecker A, Leung B, Stringham OC, Udell B, Episcopio?Sturgeon DJ, Tlusty MF, Sinclair J, Springborn MR, Pienaar EF, Rhyne AL, Keller R. 2019. When pets become pests: the role of the exotic pet trade in producing invasive vertebrate animals. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 17: 323–330. doi:10.1002/fee.2059
Mardiastuti A. 2009. Pengkajian dan pembuatan peta kerawanan illegal trade. Jakarta (ID): Direktorat Konservasi Keanekaragaman Hayati, Departemen Kehutanan RI.
Marshall BM, Strine C, Hughes AC. 2020. Thousands of reptile species threatened by under-regulated global trade. Nature Communications 11: 4738. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-18523-4
McConnell AR, Brown CM, Shoda TM, Stayto LE, Martin CE. 2011. Friends with benefits: on the positive consequences of pet ownership. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 101(5): 1239-1252. DOI: 10.1037/a0024506
Natusch DJD, Lyons JA. 2012. Exploited for pets: the harvest and trade of amphibians and reptiles from Indonesian New Guinea. Biodiversity and Conservation 21: 2899–2911. DOI 10.1007/s10531-012-0345-8339-343.
Nijman V, Morcatty T, Smith JH, Atoussi S, Shepherd CR, Siriwat P, Nekaris KA-I, Bergin D. 2019. Illegal wildlife trade – surveying open animal markets and online platforms to understand the poaching of wild cats. Biodiversity 20: 58–61.
Ng VC, Lit AC, Wong O, Tse M, Fung H. 2018. Injuries and envenomation by exotic pets in Hong Kong. Hong Kong Medical Journal 24: 48–55. doi: 10.12809/hkmj176984.
NSW Government. 2012. Complete outline of the NSW reptile licensing system. Available at
https://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/wildlifelicences/ReptileLicensingOutline.htm
Öhman A, Mineka S. 2003. The malicious serpent: snakes as a prototypical stimulus for an evolved module of fear. Current Directions in Psychological Science 12 (1): 5-9.
Pasmans F, Bogaerts S, Braeckman J, Cunningham AA, Hellebuyck T, Griffiths RA, Sparreboom M, Schmidt BR, Martel A. 2017. Future of keeping pet reptiles and amphibians: towards integrating animal welfare, human health and environmental sustainability. Veterinary Record 181: 450–450. DOI: 10.1136/vr.104296
[PRI] Pemerintah Republik Indonesia. 1999. Peraturan Pemerintah Republik Indonesia Nomor 7 Tahun 1999 tentang pengawetan jenis tumbuhan dan satwa. Jakarta: Sekretariat Negara.
[PRI] Pemerintah Republik Indonesia. 1999. Peraturan Pemerintah Republik Indonesia Nomor 8 Tahun 1999 tentang pemanfaatan jenis tumbuhan dan satwa liar. Jakarta: Sekretariat Negara.
Polák J, Sedlá?ková K, Nácar D, Landová E, Frynta D. 2016. Fear the serpent: A psychometric study of snake phobia. Psychiatry Research. 242(2016): 163–168. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2016.05.024
Purba DO. 2018. Seorang pelukis tewas dililit ular sanca peliharaannya. Kompas online. https://megapolitan.kompas.com/read/2018/02/02/23162501/seorang-pelukis-tewas-dililit-ular-sanca-peliharaannya. 3 February 2021.
Putranto DI, Yuda P Zahida F. 2016. Keanekaragaman reptil impor di Yogyakarta. Biota. 1(3):117-125.
Rentschlar KA, Miller AE, Lauck KS, Rodiansyah M, Bobby, Muflihati, Kartikawati. 2018. A Silent Morning: The Songbird Trade in Kalimantan, Indonesia. Tropical Conservation Science 11: 194008291775390. DOI: 10.1177/1940082917753909
Rusli N. 2016. Snakes of Jakarta and its surrounding. Ciliwung Reptile Center. Jakarta
Robinson JE, St. John FAV, Griffiths RA, Roberts DL. 2015. Captive reptile mortality rates in the home and implications for the wildlife trade. PLOS ONE 10: e0141460. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0141460
Rustiadi E, Pribadi DO, Pravitasari AE, Indraprahasta GS, Iman LS. 2015. Jabodetabek Megacity: From city development toward urban complex management system. In: RB Singh, editor. Urban development challenges, risks and resilience in Asian mega cities. Tokyo: Springer Japan. p. 421–445.
Sarwono S. 2013. Anak Jakarta A sketch of Indonesian youth identity. Wacana, Journal of the Humanities of Indonesia 15: 41.
Shine R, Ambariyanto, Harlow PS, Mumpuni. 1998. Reticulated pythons in Sumatra: biology, harvesting and sustainability. Biological Conservation 87: 349–357.
Shine R, Ambariyanto, Harlow PS, Mumpuni. 1999. Ecological attributes of two commercially-harvested python species in northern Sumatra. Journal of Herpetology 33: 249–257.
Sinaga HN. 2008. Perdagangan jenis kura-kura darat and kura-kura air tawar di Jakarta [tesis]. Bogor (ID): Institut Pertanian Bogor.
Siriwat P, Nijman V. 2018. Illegal pet trade on social media as an emerging impediment to the conservation of Asian otters species. Journal of Asia-Pacific Biodiversity 11: 469–475. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.japb.2018.09.004
Situngkir SVR. 2009. Perdagangan ular dan pemafaatannya secara tradisional di wilayah Bogor [skripsi]. Bogor (ID): Institut Pertanian Bogor.
Spee LB, Hazel SJ, Grande ED, Boardman WSJ, Chaber A-L. 2019. Endangered Exotic Pets on Social Media in the Middle East: Presence and Impact. Animals 9: 15. doi:10.3390/ani9080480
Stringham OC, Lockwood JL. 2018. Pet problems: Biological and economic factors that influence the release of alien reptiles and amphibians by pet owners. Journal of Applied Ecology 55: 2632–2640. DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.13237
Stuart B, Thy N, Chan-Ard T, Nguyen TQ, Grismer L, Auliya M, Das I, Wogan G. 2018. ‘Python reticulatus’, in The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018: e.T183151A1730027, viewed 11 February 2021 from https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T183151A1730027.en.
Tan CH, Liew JL, Tan KY, Tan NH. 2016. Assessing SABU (Serum Anti Bisa Ular), the sole Indonesian antivenom: A proteomic analysis and neutralization efficacy study. Scientific Reports 6: 10. DOI: 10.1038/srep37299
Uetz P, Freed P, Hošek J. 2017. The Reptile Database. Available at http://www.reptile-database.org/
Ul Haq MF. 2019. Ular Sanca Peliharaan Tewaskan Tuannya di Bandung, KLHK akan Cek Izin. Detik Online. https://news.detik.com/berita/d-4597339/ular-sanca-peliharaan-tewaskan-tuannya-di-bandung-klhk-akan-cek-izin 24 June 2019.
Vucinic M, Hajzler I, Terzin J, Radisavljevic K, Jankovic L, Voslarova E, Vucicevic M. 2019. Reptile Ownership in Balkan Countries: Demographics and Reliance on Veterinary Advice. Anthrozoos A Multidisciplinary Journal of The Interactions of People & Animals 32: 129–139. https://doi.org/10.1080/08927936.2019.1550287
Waters S, El-Harrad A. 2013. A Note on the Effective Use of Social Media to Raise Awareness Against the Illegal Trade in Barbary Macaques. African Primates 8: 67–68.
Wakao K, Janssen J, Chng S. 2018. Scaling up: the contemporary reptile pet market in Japan. Traffic Bulletin 30: 28–35.
[WHO] World Health Organization. 2016. Guidelines for the management of snakebites. New Delhi: WHO Regional Office for South-east Asia.
Wu Y, Xie L, Huang S-L, Li P, Yuan Z, Liu W. 2018. Using social media to strengthen public awareness of wildlife conservation. Ocean & Coastal Management 153: 76–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2017.12.010
Xu Q, Cai M, Mackey TK. 2020. The illegal wildlife digital market: an analysis of Chinese wildlife marketing and sale on Facebook. Environmental Conservation: 7p. DOI: 10.1017/S0376892920000235
Yandwiputra AR. 2019. King Cobra Patuk dan Tewaskan Pemiliknya Baru Dibeli Online. Tempo Online. https://metro.tempo.co/read/1270996/king-cobra-patuk-dan-tewaskan-pemiliknya-baru-dibeli-online. 12 December 2020.
Alves RRN, de Araújo BMC, da Silva Policarpo I, Pereira HM, Borges AKM, da Silva Vieira WL, Vasconcellos A. 2019. Keeping reptiles as pets in Brazil: Ethnozoological and conservation aspects. Journal for Nature Conservation 49: 9–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnc.2019.02.002
Amir M, Sugardjito J, Boeadi. 1998. The scientific autority of CITES, the Indonesian Insitute of Science, LIPI. In: W Erdelen, editor. Conservation, trade and sustainable use of lizards and snakes in indonesia. Martensiella (9) p. 17–10.
Auliya M. 2003. Hot trade in cool creatures: A review of the live reptile trade in the European Union in the 1990s with a focus on Germany. TRAFFIC Europe, Brussels, Belgium. 105 p.
Auliya M, Altherr S, Ariano-Sanchez D, Baard EH, Brown C, Brown RM, Cantu J-C, Gentile G, Gildenhuys P, Henningheim E, Hintzmann J, Kanari K, Krvavac M, Lettink M, Lippert J, Luiselli L, Nilson G, Nguyen TQ, Nijman V, Parham JF, Pasachnik SA, Pedrono M, Rauhaus A, Córdova DR, Sanchez M-E, Schepp U, van Schingen M, Schneeweiss N, Segniagbeto GH, Somaweera R, Sy EY, Türkozan O, Vinke S, Vinke T, Vyas R, Williamson S, Ziegler T. 2016. Trade in live reptiles, its impact on wild populations, and the role of the European market. Biological Conservation 204: 103–119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2016.05.017
Damanik C. 2018. Rizky Tewas Dipatuk Ular King Kobra yang Ditolongnya Saat Banjir. Kompas.com. https://regional.kompas.com/read/2018/07/10/19470961/rizky-tewas-dipatuk-ular-king-kobra-yang-ditolongnya-saat-banjir?page=all. 12 December 2020.
Daniel S. 2011. Perdagangan reptilia sebagai binatang peliharaan di DKI Jakarta [skripsi]. Bogor(ID): Institut Pertanian Bogor.
Ebani VV. 2017. Domestic reptiles as source of zoonotic bacteria: A mini review. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine 10: 723–728. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apjtm.2017.07.020
Elwin A, Green J, D’Cruze N. 2020. On the record: an analysis of exotic pet licences in the UK. Animals 10: 2373. doi:10.3390/ani10122373
Engler M, Parry-Jones R. 2007. Opportunity or threat: the role of the European Union in global wildlife trade?: June 2007. Brussels (Belgium): Traffic Europe.
Grant R, Montrose V, Wills A. 2017. ExNOTic: Should We Be Keeping Exotic Pets? Animals 7: 47. doi:10.3390/ani7060047
Gutiérrez JM, Theakston RDG, Warrell DA. 2006. Confronting the neglected problem of snake bite envenoming: the need for a global partnership. PLoS Med 3: 727–731. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.0030150
Harris JBC, Tingley MW, Hua F, Yong DL, Adeney JM, Lee TM, Marthy W, Prawiradilaga DM, Sekercioglu CH, Suyadi, Winarni N, Wilcove DS. 2017. Measuring the impact of the pet trade on Indonesian birds: Bird Declines from Pet Trade. Conservation Biology 31: 394–405. DOI: 10.1111/cobi.12729
Hasibuan HS, Soemardi TP, Koestoer R, Moersidik S. 2014. The role of transit oriented development in constructing urban environment sustainability, the case of Jabodetabek, Indonesia. Procedia Environmental Sciences 20: 622–631. doi: 10.1016/j.proenv.2014.03.075
Herrel A, van der Meijden A. 2014. An analysis of the live reptile and amphibian trade in the USA compared to the global trade in endangered species. The Herpetological Journal 24: 103–110.
Kasturiratne A, Wickremasinghe AR, de Silva N, Gunawardena NK, Pathmeswaran A, Premaratna R, Savioli L, Lalloo DG, de Silva HJ. 2008. The global burden of snakebite: A literature analysis and modelling based on regional estimates of envenoming and deaths. PLoS Medicine 5: e218. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0050218
[KLHK] Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan. 2018. Peraturan Menteri Lingkungan Hidup Dan Kehutanan Republik Indonesia Nomor P.20/MENLHK/SETJEN/KUM.1/6/2018 tentang jenis tumbuhan dan satwa yang dilindungi.
Lewis A, Krägeloh CU, Shepherd D. 2009. Pet ownership, attachment and health-rated quality of life in New Zealand. Electronic Journal of Applied Psychology 5(1): 96-101.
Lockwood JL, Welbourne DJ, Romagosa CM, Cassey P, Mandrak NE, Strecker A, Leung B, Stringham OC, Udell B, Episcopio?Sturgeon DJ, Tlusty MF, Sinclair J, Springborn MR, Pienaar EF, Rhyne AL, Keller R. 2019. When pets become pests: the role of the exotic pet trade in producing invasive vertebrate animals. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 17: 323–330. doi:10.1002/fee.2059
Mardiastuti A. 2009. Pengkajian dan pembuatan peta kerawanan illegal trade. Jakarta (ID): Direktorat Konservasi Keanekaragaman Hayati, Departemen Kehutanan RI.
Marshall BM, Strine C, Hughes AC. 2020. Thousands of reptile species threatened by under-regulated global trade. Nature Communications 11: 4738. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-18523-4
McConnell AR, Brown CM, Shoda TM, Stayto LE, Martin CE. 2011. Friends with benefits: on the positive consequences of pet ownership. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 101(5): 1239-1252. DOI: 10.1037/a0024506
Natusch DJD, Lyons JA. 2012. Exploited for pets: the harvest and trade of amphibians and reptiles from Indonesian New Guinea. Biodiversity and Conservation 21: 2899–2911. DOI 10.1007/s10531-012-0345-8339-343.
Nijman V, Morcatty T, Smith JH, Atoussi S, Shepherd CR, Siriwat P, Nekaris KA-I, Bergin D. 2019. Illegal wildlife trade – surveying open animal markets and online platforms to understand the poaching of wild cats. Biodiversity 20: 58–61.
Ng VC, Lit AC, Wong O, Tse M, Fung H. 2018. Injuries and envenomation by exotic pets in Hong Kong. Hong Kong Medical Journal 24: 48–55. doi: 10.12809/hkmj176984.
NSW Government. 2012. Complete outline of the NSW reptile licensing system. Available at
https://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/wildlifelicences/ReptileLicensingOutline.htm
Öhman A, Mineka S. 2003. The malicious serpent: snakes as a prototypical stimulus for an evolved module of fear. Current Directions in Psychological Science 12 (1): 5-9.
Pasmans F, Bogaerts S, Braeckman J, Cunningham AA, Hellebuyck T, Griffiths RA, Sparreboom M, Schmidt BR, Martel A. 2017. Future of keeping pet reptiles and amphibians: towards integrating animal welfare, human health and environmental sustainability. Veterinary Record 181: 450–450. DOI: 10.1136/vr.104296
[PRI] Pemerintah Republik Indonesia. 1999. Peraturan Pemerintah Republik Indonesia Nomor 7 Tahun 1999 tentang pengawetan jenis tumbuhan dan satwa. Jakarta: Sekretariat Negara.
[PRI] Pemerintah Republik Indonesia. 1999. Peraturan Pemerintah Republik Indonesia Nomor 8 Tahun 1999 tentang pemanfaatan jenis tumbuhan dan satwa liar. Jakarta: Sekretariat Negara.
Polák J, Sedlá?ková K, Nácar D, Landová E, Frynta D. 2016. Fear the serpent: A psychometric study of snake phobia. Psychiatry Research. 242(2016): 163–168. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2016.05.024
Purba DO. 2018. Seorang pelukis tewas dililit ular sanca peliharaannya. Kompas online. https://megapolitan.kompas.com/read/2018/02/02/23162501/seorang-pelukis-tewas-dililit-ular-sanca-peliharaannya. 3 February 2021.
Putranto DI, Yuda P Zahida F. 2016. Keanekaragaman reptil impor di Yogyakarta. Biota. 1(3):117-125.
Rentschlar KA, Miller AE, Lauck KS, Rodiansyah M, Bobby, Muflihati, Kartikawati. 2018. A Silent Morning: The Songbird Trade in Kalimantan, Indonesia. Tropical Conservation Science 11: 194008291775390. DOI: 10.1177/1940082917753909
Rusli N. 2016. Snakes of Jakarta and its surrounding. Ciliwung Reptile Center. Jakarta
Robinson JE, St. John FAV, Griffiths RA, Roberts DL. 2015. Captive reptile mortality rates in the home and implications for the wildlife trade. PLOS ONE 10: e0141460. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0141460
Rustiadi E, Pribadi DO, Pravitasari AE, Indraprahasta GS, Iman LS. 2015. Jabodetabek Megacity: From city development toward urban complex management system. In: RB Singh, editor. Urban development challenges, risks and resilience in Asian mega cities. Tokyo: Springer Japan. p. 421–445.
Sarwono S. 2013. Anak Jakarta A sketch of Indonesian youth identity. Wacana, Journal of the Humanities of Indonesia 15: 41.
Shine R, Ambariyanto, Harlow PS, Mumpuni. 1998. Reticulated pythons in Sumatra: biology, harvesting and sustainability. Biological Conservation 87: 349–357.
Shine R, Ambariyanto, Harlow PS, Mumpuni. 1999. Ecological attributes of two commercially-harvested python species in northern Sumatra. Journal of Herpetology 33: 249–257.
Sinaga HN. 2008. Perdagangan jenis kura-kura darat and kura-kura air tawar di Jakarta [tesis]. Bogor (ID): Institut Pertanian Bogor.
Siriwat P, Nijman V. 2018. Illegal pet trade on social media as an emerging impediment to the conservation of Asian otters species. Journal of Asia-Pacific Biodiversity 11: 469–475. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.japb.2018.09.004
Situngkir SVR. 2009. Perdagangan ular dan pemafaatannya secara tradisional di wilayah Bogor [skripsi]. Bogor (ID): Institut Pertanian Bogor.
Spee LB, Hazel SJ, Grande ED, Boardman WSJ, Chaber A-L. 2019. Endangered Exotic Pets on Social Media in the Middle East: Presence and Impact. Animals 9: 15. doi:10.3390/ani9080480
Stringham OC, Lockwood JL. 2018. Pet problems: Biological and economic factors that influence the release of alien reptiles and amphibians by pet owners. Journal of Applied Ecology 55: 2632–2640. DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.13237
Stuart B, Thy N, Chan-Ard T, Nguyen TQ, Grismer L, Auliya M, Das I, Wogan G. 2018. ‘Python reticulatus’, in The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018: e.T183151A1730027, viewed 11 February 2021 from https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T183151A1730027.en.
Tan CH, Liew JL, Tan KY, Tan NH. 2016. Assessing SABU (Serum Anti Bisa Ular), the sole Indonesian antivenom: A proteomic analysis and neutralization efficacy study. Scientific Reports 6: 10. DOI: 10.1038/srep37299
Uetz P, Freed P, Hošek J. 2017. The Reptile Database. Available at http://www.reptile-database.org/
Ul Haq MF. 2019. Ular Sanca Peliharaan Tewaskan Tuannya di Bandung, KLHK akan Cek Izin. Detik Online. https://news.detik.com/berita/d-4597339/ular-sanca-peliharaan-tewaskan-tuannya-di-bandung-klhk-akan-cek-izin 24 June 2019.
Vucinic M, Hajzler I, Terzin J, Radisavljevic K, Jankovic L, Voslarova E, Vucicevic M. 2019. Reptile Ownership in Balkan Countries: Demographics and Reliance on Veterinary Advice. Anthrozoos A Multidisciplinary Journal of The Interactions of People & Animals 32: 129–139. https://doi.org/10.1080/08927936.2019.1550287
Waters S, El-Harrad A. 2013. A Note on the Effective Use of Social Media to Raise Awareness Against the Illegal Trade in Barbary Macaques. African Primates 8: 67–68.
Wakao K, Janssen J, Chng S. 2018. Scaling up: the contemporary reptile pet market in Japan. Traffic Bulletin 30: 28–35.
[WHO] World Health Organization. 2016. Guidelines for the management of snakebites. New Delhi: WHO Regional Office for South-east Asia.
Wu Y, Xie L, Huang S-L, Li P, Yuan Z, Liu W. 2018. Using social media to strengthen public awareness of wildlife conservation. Ocean & Coastal Management 153: 76–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2017.12.010
Xu Q, Cai M, Mackey TK. 2020. The illegal wildlife digital market: an analysis of Chinese wildlife marketing and sale on Facebook. Environmental Conservation: 7p. DOI: 10.1017/S0376892920000235
Yandwiputra AR. 2019. King Cobra Patuk dan Tewaskan Pemiliknya Baru Dibeli Online. Tempo Online. https://metro.tempo.co/read/1270996/king-cobra-patuk-dan-tewaskan-pemiliknya-baru-dibeli-online. 12 December 2020.
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