The effect of biological agent and botanical fungicides on maize downy mildew
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Abstract. Prasetyo J, Ginting C, Akin HM, Suharjo R, Niswati A, Afandi A, Adiwijaya R, Sudiono, Nurdin M. 2021. The effect of biological agent and botanical fungicides on maize downy mildew. Biodiversitas 22: 1652-1657. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of the combination of Trichoderma asperellum and mycorrhizae with botanical fungicides made from betel leaf extract or turmeric extract against maize downy mildew. The study used a randomized complete block (RCB) design with three replications. The treatments applied were: single applications of T. asperellum (Ta); arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF); turmeric extract (T); betel extract (B); the combination of T. asperellum and AMF (TaM); turmeric extract and T. asperellum (TTa); turmeric extract and AMF (TM); turmeric extract + T. asperellum + AMF (TTaM); betel extract + T. asperellum (BTa); betel extract + AMF (BM); betel + T. asperellum + AMF (BTaM); and Control (C). The observed variables were disease incidence, incubation period, and shoot dry weight. The data were analyzed using ANOVA. Differences between treatments were tested by the LSD test at 5% significance level. The results showed that the combination of botanical fungicides with biological agents could reduce the incidence of downy mildew, extend the incubation period, and increase the dry weight of corn shoots. The best combination treatment was achieved from the combination of T. asperellum with betel extract. There was a synergistic effect between botanical fungicides and biological agents in reducing the disease incidence.
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References
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Amalraj A, Pius A, Gopi S, Gopi S. 2017. Biological activities of curcuminoids, other biomolecules from turmeric and their derivatives – A review. J Tradit Complement Med 7(2): 205-233.
Arifin M, Saliem HP. 1992. Staple Food consumption patterns in some provinces in Indonesia. FAE 9 (2): 86-95[Indonesian]
Ayu SR, Prasetyo J, Maryono T. 2013. The influence of some botanical fungicides against downy mildew in corns (Zea mays saccharata). J Agrotek Tropika 1(1): 98-101. [Indonesian]
Azcón-Aguilar C, Barea JM. 1996. Arbuscular mycorrhizas and biological control of soil-borne plant pathogens – an overview of the mechanisms involved. Mycorrhiza 6: 457-464.
Balbi-Peña MI, Becker A, Stangarlin JR, Franzener G, Lopes MC, Schwan-Estrada KRF. 2006. Control of Alternaria solani in tomato by Curcuma longa extracts and curcumin - I. In vitro evaluation. Fitopatol Bras 31(3): 310–314
Bantacut T, Akbar MT, Firdaus YR. 2015. Corn development for food scurity, industry and economy. Pangan 24(2): 135-148. [Indonesian]
Bardin M, Ajouz S, Comby M, Lopez-Ferber M, Graillot B, Siegwart M, Nicot PC. 2015. Is the efficacy of biological control against plant disease likely to be more durable than that of chemical pesticides?. Front Plant Sci 6:566.
B?aszczyk L, Siwulski M, Sobieralski K, Lisiecka J, Jedryczka M. 2014. Trichoderma spp. – application and prospects for use in organic farming and industry. J Plant Prot Res 54(4): 309-317.
BPS-Statistics Indonesia. 2016. Production of Maize by Province (tons), 1993-2015. https://www.bps.go.id (June 6, 2017).
Burhanuddin. 2009. Metalaxyl fungicide is not effective in downy mealdew (Peronosclerospora maydis) in West Kalimantan and alternative control. Prosiding Seminar Nasional Serealia. Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Pertanian, Maros, 29 Juli 2009.[Indonesian]
Cameron DD, Neal AL, van Wees SCM, Ton J. 2013. Mycorrhiza-induced resistence: more than the sum of its parts?. Trends Plant Sci 18(10): 539-545.
Contreras-Cornejo HA, Macías-Rodríguez L, Cortés-Penagos C, López-Bucio J. 2009. Trichoderma virens, a plant beneficial fungus, enhances biomass production and promotes lateral root growth through an auxin-dependent mechanism in arabidopsis. Plant Physiol 149: 1579-1592.
Diagne N, Ngom M, Djighlay PI, Fall D, Hocher V, Svistoonoff. 2020. Roles of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on plant growth and performance: importance in biotic and abiotic stressed regulation. Divers 12(10): 370.
Ginting C. 2006. Germination of Hemileia vastatrix uredospores on crude water extracts of zinger and turmeric rhizome and clove and Piper betle leaves. J HPT Tropika 6(1): 32-40.
Ginting C. Prasetyo J. Dirmawati SR. Ivayani. Timotiwu PB. Maryono T. Widyastuti. Chafiska DIR. Asyifa A. Setyowati E. Pasaribu AHZ. 2020. Identification of maize downey mildew pathogen in Lampung. Ann Res Rev Biol 35(7): 23-35.
Gisi U, Sierotzki H. 2008. Fungicides mode of action and resistance in downy mildews. Eur J Plant Pthol 122: 157-167.
Harman GE. 2000. Myths and dogmas of biocontrol: changes in perceptions derived from research on Trichoderma harzianum T-22. Plant Dis 84(4): 377–93.
Haryuni. 2013. Improvement of growth and yield of stevia (Stevia rebaundiana Bertoni M) through the application of Trichoderma sp. Biosaintifika 5(2): 82-87.
Herrera-Téllez VI. Cruz-Olmedo AK. Plasencia J. Gavilanez-Ruiz M, Arce-Cervantes O, Hernandez-Leon S, Saucedo-Garcia M. 2019. The protective effect of Trichoderma asperellum on tomato plants against Fusarium oxysporum and Botrytis cinerea diseases involves inhibition of reactive oxygen species production. Int J Mol Sci 20(8): 1-13.
Hertiana T, Purwati. 2002. Essential Oil Distilled from Ethanol Extract of Betel Leaf (Piper betle L.) in several regions in Yogyakarta. UGM Press Yogyakarta.
Hu Y, Zhang J, Kong W, Zhao G, Yang M. 2017. Mechanisms of antifungal and anti-aflatoxigenic properties of essential oil derived from turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) on Aspergillus flavus. Food Chem 220: 1–8.
Jabran K, Ata Z, Farooq M. 2007. Maize: cereal with variety of uses. https://www.dawn.com/news/236949/maize-cereal-with-a-variety-of-uses (June 6, 2017).
Kabirun S. 2002. Padi gogo's response to arbuscular mycoriza mushroom inoculation and phospat fertilization in entisol. J Ilmu Tanah & Lingkungan 3(2): 45-96.
Kamal R, Gusain YS, Sharma IP, Sharma S, Sharma AK. 2015. Impact of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus, Glomus intraradices, Streptomyces and Pseudomonas spp. strain on finger millet (Eleusine coracana L.) cv Korchara under water deficit condition. Afr J Biotechnol 14(48): 3219-3227.
Kazerooni EG. Sharif A. Nawaz H. Rehman R. Nisar S. 2019. Maize (Corn)- A Useful Source of human nutrition and health: a critical review. IJCBS 15 (2019): 35-41
Kuhn OJ, Portz RL, Stangarlin JR, Del Águila M, Schwan-Estrada KRF, Franzener G.. 2006. Effect of aqueous extract from turmeric (Curcuma longa) on Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. manihotis. Semina: Ciênc Agrár 27(1): 13.
Liu A, Hamel C, Hamilton RI, Ma BL, Smith DL. 2000. Acquisition of Cu, Zn, Mn and Fe by mycorrhizal maize (Zea mays L.) grown in soil at different P and micronutrient levels. Mycorrhiza 9: 331-336.
Mamarabadi M. Tanhaeian A. Ramezany Y. 2018. Antifungal activity of recombinant thanathin in comparison with two plant extracts and a chemical mixture to control fungal plant pathogens. AMB Expr 8: 180.
Mallmann CA et al. 2017. Curcuma longa L. Essential oil composition, antioxidant effect, and effect on Fusarium verticillioides and fumonisin production. Food Control 73: 806–13.
Manila S, Nelson R. 2014. Biochemical changes induced in tomato as a result of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal colonization and tomato wilt pathogen Infection. Asian J Plant Sci Res 4(1): 62–68.
Muis A, Pabendon MB, Nonci N, Waskito WBS. 2013. Genetic variability of downy mildew pathogens based on SSR Marker Analysis. Penelitian Pertanian Tanaman Pangan 32: 139–147 [Indonesian]
Muis A, Nonci N, Pabendon MB. 2016. Geographical distribution of Peronosclerospora spp., the causal organism of maize downy mildew, in Indonesia. Adv Agric Bot 8: 143–155.
Mukherjee PK, Horwitz BA, Herrera-Estrella A, Schmoll M, Kenerley CM. 2013. Trichoderma research in the genome era. Ann Rev Phytopathol 51: 105-129.
Nalina T, Rahim ZHA. 2006. Effect of Piper betle L. leaf extract on the virulence activity of Streptococcus mutans - An in vitro study. Pak J Biol Sci 9(8): 1470-1475.
Nega A. 2014. Review on concepts in biological control of plant pathogens. J Biol, Agr & Health 4 (27): 33-54.
Nguyen LTT, Nguyen TT, Nguyen HN, Bui QTP. 2020. Simultaneous determination of active compounds in Piper betle Linn. leaf extract and effect of extracting solvents on bioactivity. Eng Rep 2(10): 1-8.
Pérez-de-Luque A. Tille S. Johnson I. Pascual-Pardo D. Ton J. Cameron DD. 2017. The interactive effects of arbuscular mycorrhiza and plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria synergistically enhance host plant defences against pathogens. Sci Rep 7: 16409.
Puyam A. 2016. Advent of Trichoderma as a bio-control agent- A review. J Appl & Nat Sci 8(2): 1100-1109.
Rahman S, Biswas SK, Barman NC, Ferdous T. 2016. Plant extract as selective pesticide for integrated pest management. Biotec Res J 2(1): 6-10.
Ramírez-Olier J, Trujillo-Salazar J, Osorio-Echeverri V, Jaramillo-Ciro MM, Botero-Botero L. 2019. In vitro antagonism of Trichoderma asperellum against Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, Curvularia lunata, and Fusarium oxysporum. Revista UIS Ingenierias 18(2): 159-166.
Ranum P, Pena-Rosas JP, Garcia-Casal MN. 2014. Global Maize Production, Utilization, and Consumption. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1312 (2014): 105-112.
Rustiani US, Sinaga MS, Hidayat SH, Wiyono S. 2015. Tiga spesies Peronoscleospora penyebab penyakit bulai jagung di Indonesia. Berita Biologi. 14: 29-37. [Indonesian]
Shafawati SN, Siddiquee S. 2013. Composting of oil palm fibres and Trichoderma spp. as the biological control agent: A review. Int Biodeterior Biodegr 85: 243-253.
Shah TR, Prasad K, Kumar P. 2016. Maize—A potential source of human nutrition and health: A review. Cogent Food & Agr 2(1): 1-9.
Silva F, Ferreira S, Duarte A, Mendonça DI, Domingues FC. 2011. Antifungal activity of Coriandrum sativum essential oil, its mode of action against Candida species and potential synergism with amphotericin B. Phytomedicine 19(1): 42-47.
Singh R, Singh BK, Upadhyay RS, Rai B, Youn-Su L. 2002. Biological Control of Fusarium Wilt Disease of Pigeonpea. Plant Pathol J 18(5): 279–283.
Soenartiningsih, Talanca A. 2010. The spread of downy mildew (Peronosclerospora maydis) in corn in Kediri district In: Saenong S, Daud D, Amin N (eds). Prosiding Seminar Ilmiah Dan Pertemuan Tahunan XX PEI-PFI Komda Sulsel. Balai Penelitian Tanaman Serealia Maros. Maros, 5 November 2008.[Indonesian]
Sood M. Kapoor D. Kumar V. Sheteiwy MSS. Ramakrishnan M. Landi M. Araniti F. Sharma A. 2020. Trichoderma: The "Secrets" of a Multitalented Biocontrol Agent. Plants 9(6):1-25
Sudarmo S. 2005. Botanical Pesticide: The Manufacture and Utilization. Kanisius, Yogyakarta.
Suharjo R, Swibawa IG, Prasetyo J, Fitriana Y, Danaatmadja Y, Budiawan A, Roerts S, Noorhajati N, Ahmad M, Thines M. 2020. Peronosclerospora australiensis is a synonym of P. maydis, which is widespread on sumatra, and distinct from the most prevalent java maize downy mildew pathogen. Mycol Prog 19(11): 1309–15.
Tahat MM, Kamaruzaman, Sijam, Othman R. 2010. Mycorrhizal fungi as biocontrol agent. Plant Pathol J 9(4): 198-207.
Tanklevska N, Petrenko V, Karnaushenko A, Melnykova K. 2020. World corn market: analysis, trends and prospects of its deep processing. Agric Resour Econ 6(3):96-111.
Watts-Williams SJ, Smith FA, McLaughlin MJ, Patti AF, Cavagnaro TR. 2014. How important is the mycorrhizal pathway for plant Zn uptake?. Plant Soil 390 (1): 157-166.
Whipps JM. 2004. Prospects and limitations for mycorrhizas in biocontrol of root pathogens. Can J Bot 82: 1198-1227.
Yoon MY, Cha B. Kim JC. 2013. Recent trends in studies on botanical fungicides in agriculture. Plant Pathol J 29(1): 1-9.
Yudha MK, Soesanto L, Mugiastuti E. 2016. The utilization of four Trichoderma sp. isolates for controlling clubroot disease in chinese cabbage. Jurnal Kultivasi 15(3): 143–49.
Zaker M. 2016. Natural plant products as eco- friendly fungicides for plant diseases control- A review. The Agriculturalist 14(1): 134-141.
Amalraj A, Pius A, Gopi S, Gopi S. 2017. Biological activities of curcuminoids, other biomolecules from turmeric and their derivatives – A review. J Tradit Complement Med 7(2): 205-233.
Arifin M, Saliem HP. 1992. Staple Food consumption patterns in some provinces in Indonesia. FAE 9 (2): 86-95[Indonesian]
Ayu SR, Prasetyo J, Maryono T. 2013. The influence of some botanical fungicides against downy mildew in corns (Zea mays saccharata). J Agrotek Tropika 1(1): 98-101. [Indonesian]
Azcón-Aguilar C, Barea JM. 1996. Arbuscular mycorrhizas and biological control of soil-borne plant pathogens – an overview of the mechanisms involved. Mycorrhiza 6: 457-464.
Balbi-Peña MI, Becker A, Stangarlin JR, Franzener G, Lopes MC, Schwan-Estrada KRF. 2006. Control of Alternaria solani in tomato by Curcuma longa extracts and curcumin - I. In vitro evaluation. Fitopatol Bras 31(3): 310–314
Bantacut T, Akbar MT, Firdaus YR. 2015. Corn development for food scurity, industry and economy. Pangan 24(2): 135-148. [Indonesian]
Bardin M, Ajouz S, Comby M, Lopez-Ferber M, Graillot B, Siegwart M, Nicot PC. 2015. Is the efficacy of biological control against plant disease likely to be more durable than that of chemical pesticides?. Front Plant Sci 6:566.
B?aszczyk L, Siwulski M, Sobieralski K, Lisiecka J, Jedryczka M. 2014. Trichoderma spp. – application and prospects for use in organic farming and industry. J Plant Prot Res 54(4): 309-317.
BPS-Statistics Indonesia. 2016. Production of Maize by Province (tons), 1993-2015. https://www.bps.go.id (June 6, 2017).
Burhanuddin. 2009. Metalaxyl fungicide is not effective in downy mealdew (Peronosclerospora maydis) in West Kalimantan and alternative control. Prosiding Seminar Nasional Serealia. Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Pertanian, Maros, 29 Juli 2009.[Indonesian]
Cameron DD, Neal AL, van Wees SCM, Ton J. 2013. Mycorrhiza-induced resistence: more than the sum of its parts?. Trends Plant Sci 18(10): 539-545.
Contreras-Cornejo HA, Macías-Rodríguez L, Cortés-Penagos C, López-Bucio J. 2009. Trichoderma virens, a plant beneficial fungus, enhances biomass production and promotes lateral root growth through an auxin-dependent mechanism in arabidopsis. Plant Physiol 149: 1579-1592.
Diagne N, Ngom M, Djighlay PI, Fall D, Hocher V, Svistoonoff. 2020. Roles of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on plant growth and performance: importance in biotic and abiotic stressed regulation. Divers 12(10): 370.
Ginting C. 2006. Germination of Hemileia vastatrix uredospores on crude water extracts of zinger and turmeric rhizome and clove and Piper betle leaves. J HPT Tropika 6(1): 32-40.
Ginting C. Prasetyo J. Dirmawati SR. Ivayani. Timotiwu PB. Maryono T. Widyastuti. Chafiska DIR. Asyifa A. Setyowati E. Pasaribu AHZ. 2020. Identification of maize downey mildew pathogen in Lampung. Ann Res Rev Biol 35(7): 23-35.
Gisi U, Sierotzki H. 2008. Fungicides mode of action and resistance in downy mildews. Eur J Plant Pthol 122: 157-167.
Harman GE. 2000. Myths and dogmas of biocontrol: changes in perceptions derived from research on Trichoderma harzianum T-22. Plant Dis 84(4): 377–93.
Haryuni. 2013. Improvement of growth and yield of stevia (Stevia rebaundiana Bertoni M) through the application of Trichoderma sp. Biosaintifika 5(2): 82-87.
Herrera-Téllez VI. Cruz-Olmedo AK. Plasencia J. Gavilanez-Ruiz M, Arce-Cervantes O, Hernandez-Leon S, Saucedo-Garcia M. 2019. The protective effect of Trichoderma asperellum on tomato plants against Fusarium oxysporum and Botrytis cinerea diseases involves inhibition of reactive oxygen species production. Int J Mol Sci 20(8): 1-13.
Hertiana T, Purwati. 2002. Essential Oil Distilled from Ethanol Extract of Betel Leaf (Piper betle L.) in several regions in Yogyakarta. UGM Press Yogyakarta.
Hu Y, Zhang J, Kong W, Zhao G, Yang M. 2017. Mechanisms of antifungal and anti-aflatoxigenic properties of essential oil derived from turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) on Aspergillus flavus. Food Chem 220: 1–8.
Jabran K, Ata Z, Farooq M. 2007. Maize: cereal with variety of uses. https://www.dawn.com/news/236949/maize-cereal-with-a-variety-of-uses (June 6, 2017).
Kabirun S. 2002. Padi gogo's response to arbuscular mycoriza mushroom inoculation and phospat fertilization in entisol. J Ilmu Tanah & Lingkungan 3(2): 45-96.
Kamal R, Gusain YS, Sharma IP, Sharma S, Sharma AK. 2015. Impact of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus, Glomus intraradices, Streptomyces and Pseudomonas spp. strain on finger millet (Eleusine coracana L.) cv Korchara under water deficit condition. Afr J Biotechnol 14(48): 3219-3227.
Kazerooni EG. Sharif A. Nawaz H. Rehman R. Nisar S. 2019. Maize (Corn)- A Useful Source of human nutrition and health: a critical review. IJCBS 15 (2019): 35-41
Kuhn OJ, Portz RL, Stangarlin JR, Del Águila M, Schwan-Estrada KRF, Franzener G.. 2006. Effect of aqueous extract from turmeric (Curcuma longa) on Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. manihotis. Semina: Ciênc Agrár 27(1): 13.
Liu A, Hamel C, Hamilton RI, Ma BL, Smith DL. 2000. Acquisition of Cu, Zn, Mn and Fe by mycorrhizal maize (Zea mays L.) grown in soil at different P and micronutrient levels. Mycorrhiza 9: 331-336.
Mamarabadi M. Tanhaeian A. Ramezany Y. 2018. Antifungal activity of recombinant thanathin in comparison with two plant extracts and a chemical mixture to control fungal plant pathogens. AMB Expr 8: 180.
Mallmann CA et al. 2017. Curcuma longa L. Essential oil composition, antioxidant effect, and effect on Fusarium verticillioides and fumonisin production. Food Control 73: 806–13.
Manila S, Nelson R. 2014. Biochemical changes induced in tomato as a result of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal colonization and tomato wilt pathogen Infection. Asian J Plant Sci Res 4(1): 62–68.
Muis A, Pabendon MB, Nonci N, Waskito WBS. 2013. Genetic variability of downy mildew pathogens based on SSR Marker Analysis. Penelitian Pertanian Tanaman Pangan 32: 139–147 [Indonesian]
Muis A, Nonci N, Pabendon MB. 2016. Geographical distribution of Peronosclerospora spp., the causal organism of maize downy mildew, in Indonesia. Adv Agric Bot 8: 143–155.
Mukherjee PK, Horwitz BA, Herrera-Estrella A, Schmoll M, Kenerley CM. 2013. Trichoderma research in the genome era. Ann Rev Phytopathol 51: 105-129.
Nalina T, Rahim ZHA. 2006. Effect of Piper betle L. leaf extract on the virulence activity of Streptococcus mutans - An in vitro study. Pak J Biol Sci 9(8): 1470-1475.
Nega A. 2014. Review on concepts in biological control of plant pathogens. J Biol, Agr & Health 4 (27): 33-54.
Nguyen LTT, Nguyen TT, Nguyen HN, Bui QTP. 2020. Simultaneous determination of active compounds in Piper betle Linn. leaf extract and effect of extracting solvents on bioactivity. Eng Rep 2(10): 1-8.
Pérez-de-Luque A. Tille S. Johnson I. Pascual-Pardo D. Ton J. Cameron DD. 2017. The interactive effects of arbuscular mycorrhiza and plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria synergistically enhance host plant defences against pathogens. Sci Rep 7: 16409.
Puyam A. 2016. Advent of Trichoderma as a bio-control agent- A review. J Appl & Nat Sci 8(2): 1100-1109.
Rahman S, Biswas SK, Barman NC, Ferdous T. 2016. Plant extract as selective pesticide for integrated pest management. Biotec Res J 2(1): 6-10.
Ramírez-Olier J, Trujillo-Salazar J, Osorio-Echeverri V, Jaramillo-Ciro MM, Botero-Botero L. 2019. In vitro antagonism of Trichoderma asperellum against Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, Curvularia lunata, and Fusarium oxysporum. Revista UIS Ingenierias 18(2): 159-166.
Ranum P, Pena-Rosas JP, Garcia-Casal MN. 2014. Global Maize Production, Utilization, and Consumption. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1312 (2014): 105-112.
Rustiani US, Sinaga MS, Hidayat SH, Wiyono S. 2015. Tiga spesies Peronoscleospora penyebab penyakit bulai jagung di Indonesia. Berita Biologi. 14: 29-37. [Indonesian]
Shafawati SN, Siddiquee S. 2013. Composting of oil palm fibres and Trichoderma spp. as the biological control agent: A review. Int Biodeterior Biodegr 85: 243-253.
Shah TR, Prasad K, Kumar P. 2016. Maize—A potential source of human nutrition and health: A review. Cogent Food & Agr 2(1): 1-9.
Silva F, Ferreira S, Duarte A, Mendonça DI, Domingues FC. 2011. Antifungal activity of Coriandrum sativum essential oil, its mode of action against Candida species and potential synergism with amphotericin B. Phytomedicine 19(1): 42-47.
Singh R, Singh BK, Upadhyay RS, Rai B, Youn-Su L. 2002. Biological Control of Fusarium Wilt Disease of Pigeonpea. Plant Pathol J 18(5): 279–283.
Soenartiningsih, Talanca A. 2010. The spread of downy mildew (Peronosclerospora maydis) in corn in Kediri district In: Saenong S, Daud D, Amin N (eds). Prosiding Seminar Ilmiah Dan Pertemuan Tahunan XX PEI-PFI Komda Sulsel. Balai Penelitian Tanaman Serealia Maros. Maros, 5 November 2008.[Indonesian]
Sood M. Kapoor D. Kumar V. Sheteiwy MSS. Ramakrishnan M. Landi M. Araniti F. Sharma A. 2020. Trichoderma: The "Secrets" of a Multitalented Biocontrol Agent. Plants 9(6):1-25
Sudarmo S. 2005. Botanical Pesticide: The Manufacture and Utilization. Kanisius, Yogyakarta.
Suharjo R, Swibawa IG, Prasetyo J, Fitriana Y, Danaatmadja Y, Budiawan A, Roerts S, Noorhajati N, Ahmad M, Thines M. 2020. Peronosclerospora australiensis is a synonym of P. maydis, which is widespread on sumatra, and distinct from the most prevalent java maize downy mildew pathogen. Mycol Prog 19(11): 1309–15.
Tahat MM, Kamaruzaman, Sijam, Othman R. 2010. Mycorrhizal fungi as biocontrol agent. Plant Pathol J 9(4): 198-207.
Tanklevska N, Petrenko V, Karnaushenko A, Melnykova K. 2020. World corn market: analysis, trends and prospects of its deep processing. Agric Resour Econ 6(3):96-111.
Watts-Williams SJ, Smith FA, McLaughlin MJ, Patti AF, Cavagnaro TR. 2014. How important is the mycorrhizal pathway for plant Zn uptake?. Plant Soil 390 (1): 157-166.
Whipps JM. 2004. Prospects and limitations for mycorrhizas in biocontrol of root pathogens. Can J Bot 82: 1198-1227.
Yoon MY, Cha B. Kim JC. 2013. Recent trends in studies on botanical fungicides in agriculture. Plant Pathol J 29(1): 1-9.
Yudha MK, Soesanto L, Mugiastuti E. 2016. The utilization of four Trichoderma sp. isolates for controlling clubroot disease in chinese cabbage. Jurnal Kultivasi 15(3): 143–49.
Zaker M. 2016. Natural plant products as eco- friendly fungicides for plant diseases control- A review. The Agriculturalist 14(1): 134-141.
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- IVAYANI, ANI WIDIASTUTI, SURYANTI, RADIX SUHARJO, ACHMADI PRIYATMOJO, Short Communication: First report of Xanthomonas sacchari causing rice sheath rot disease in Lampung, Indonesia , Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity: Vol. 23 No. 12 (2022)
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