Structural elucidation of the exopolysaccharide produced by Curvularia lunata isolate RJ01
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Abstract. Jayus J, Akroman R, Nurhayati, Nugraha AS, Piluharto B, Seviour RJ. 2021. Structural elucidation of the exopolysaccharide produced by Curvularia lunata isolate RJ01. Biodiversitas 22: 2699-2705. An exopolysaccharide (EPS) was recovered from culture filtrates of the fungus Curvularia lunata isolate RJ01 prepared in Jember, Indonesia. Based on a prominent peak at 883 cm-1, FTIR analysis suggested it is a ?-D-glucan, a proposal confirmed by subsequent nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analysis which showed anomeric protons omit the signal at d4.37 and 4.8 ppm, and sugar proton signal in the region of 2.5 to 4.2 ppm. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis of the acid hydrolysates of this glucan revealed the presence of glucose (64%) and a mixture of galactose and mannose (36%). Digestion with (1-->3)-?- and (1-->6)-?-glucanase from Acremonium sp. IMI 383068 gave consistent linear products of (1-->3)-?-glycosidic linkages, since the glucan was digested by (1-->3)-?-glucanase only. The rheological behavior of aqueous EPS solution suggests it behaves as a pseudoplastic non-Newtonian fluid and thus has the potential for use as a thickening agent in foods. This study is the first report on the structural elucidation of EPS from C. lunata.
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References
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Chen YT, Yuan Q, Shan LT, Lin MA, Cheng DQ, and Li CY. 2013. Antitumor activity of bacterial exopolysaccharides from the endophyte Bacillus amyloliquefaciens sp. isolated from Ophiopogon japonicus. Oncol Lett 5:1787–1792. DOI: 10.3892/ol.2013.1284
Chen Y, Mao W, Tao H, Zhu W, Qi X, Chen Y, Li H, Zhao C, Yang Y, Hou Y, Wang C, Li N. 2011. Structural characterization and antioxidant properties of an exopolysaccharide produced by the mangrove endophytic fungus Aspergillus sp. Y16. Bioresource Technol 102:8179–8184. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2011.06.048.
Chen Y, Guo S, Xu J, Chen Y, Li H, and Qi X. 2010. Studies on exopolysaccharides from a marine endogenetic fungus of the sponge (Alternaria sp.). Periodical Ocean Univ China 5: 1–4. DOI: http://www.oriprobe.com/journals/qdhydxxb/2010_5.html.
Chen Y, Mao WJ, Yan MX, Liu X, Wang SY, Xia Z, Xiao B, Cao SJ, Yang BQ, Li J. 2016. Purification, chemical characterization, and bioactivity of an extracellular polysaccharide produced by the marine sponge endogenous fungus Alternaria sp. SP-32. Mar Biotech 18: 301–313. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10126-016-9696-6
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Ge Q, Mao JW, Zhang AQ, Wang YJ, Sun PL. 2013. Purification, chemical characterization, and antioxidant activity of a polysaccharide from the fruiting bodies of sanghuang mushroom (Phellinus baumii Pilat). Food Sci Biotechnol 22:301–307. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10068-013-0081-1.
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Jayus J, McDougall BM, and Seviour RJ. 2004. Purification and characterization of the (1?3)-?-glucanases from Acremonium sp. IMI 383068. FEMS Microbiol Letters 230:259–264. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-1097(03)00913-3.
Karbowiak T, Ferret E, Debeaufort F, Voilley A, and Cayot C. 2011. Investigation of water transfer across thin layer biopolymer films by infrared spectroscopy. Int J Membr Sci 370: 82–90. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2010.12.037.
Kim, S.W., C.P. Xu, H.J. Hwang, J.W. Choi, C.W. Kim and J.W. Yun. 2003. Production and characterization of exopolysaccharides from an entomopathogenic fungus Cordyceps militaris NG3. Biotechnol. Prog. 19(2):428-435. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/bp025644k.
Llamas I., Amjres H., Mata J. A., Quesada E., and Béjar V., 2012. “The potential biotechnological applications of the exopolysaccharide produced by the halophilic bacterium Halomonas almeriensis,” Molecules 17: 7103–7120. doi: 10.3390/molecules17067103
Mahapatra S, Banerjee D. 2012. Structural elucidation and bioactivity of a novel exopolysaccharide from endophytic Fusarium solani SD5. Carbohydr Polym 90 (1), 683–689. DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.05.097
Manamgoda DS, Cai L, McKenzie EHC, Crous PW, Madrid H, Chukeatirote E, Shivas RG, Tan YP, and Hyde KD. 2012. A phylogenetic and taxonomic re-evaluation of the Bipolaris - Cochliobolus - Curvularia Complex. Fungal Diversity 56(1): 131-144. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13225-012-0189-2.
Miller GL. 1959. Use of dinitrosalicylic acid reagent for determination of reducing sugar. Anal Chem 31:426–428. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/ac60147a030
Nugraha AS, Hilou A, Vandegraaff N, Rhodes DI, Haritakun R, Keller PA. 2015. Bioactive glycosides from the African medicinal plant Boerhavia erecta L. Nat Prod Res 29: 1954–58. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14786419.2015.1013470.
Priyanka P, Arun AB, Ashwini P and Rekha PD. (2015). Versatile properties of an exopolysaccharide R-PS18 produced by Rhizobium sp. PRIM-18. Carbohydr Polym 126: 215–221 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.03.017
Ramirez MAJ. 2016. Characterization and Safety Evaluation of Exopolysaccharide Produced by Rhodotorula minuta BIOTECH 2178. Int J Food Eng 2(1):31-35 DOI:10.18178/ijfe.2.1.31-35.
Sajna KV, Sukumaran RK, Gottumukkala LD, Jayamurthy H, Dhar KS, Pandey A. 2013. Studies on structural and physical characteristics of a novel exopolysaccharide from Pseudozyma sp. NII 08165. Int J Biol Macromol 59: 84–89, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2013.04.025.
Schmid F, Stone BA, Brownlee RT, McDougall BM, Seviour RJ. 2006. Structure and assembly of epiglucan, the extracellular (1-->3;1-->6)-beta-glucan produced by the fungus Epicoccum nigrum strain F19. Carbohydr Res 341(3):365-73. DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2005.10.013.
Sharmila K, Thillaimaharani K A, Durairaj R, and Kalaiselvam M. 2014. Production and characterization of exopolysaccharides (EPS) from mangrove filamentous fungus Syncephalastrum sp. African J Microbiol Res 8 (21): 2155–2161. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5897/AJMR12.2341
Sugimoto K, 1978. Pullulan production and applications. J Ferment Assoc Japan 36 (2): 98–108,
Synytsya A and Novak M. 2014. Structural analysis of glucans. Ann Transl Med 2: 1-14. DOI:10.3978/j.issn.2305-5839.2014.02.07.
Tsujisaka Y, Mitsuhashi M (1993) Pullulan. In: Whistler RL, BeMiller JN (eds) Industrial gums. Polysaccharides and their derivatives, 3rd edn. Academic Press, San Diego: 447–460.
Wells, J.M., Cole, R.J., Cutler, H.C. and Spalding, D.H. 1981. Curvularia lunata, a new source of cytochalasin B. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 41: 967–971. DOI: https://aem.asm.org/content/41/4/967.
Xiao Z, Zhou W, Zhanga Y. 2020. Fungal polysaccharides. Adv Pharmacol 87: 277-299. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.apha.2019.08.003.
Ye M, Chen W, Qiu T, Yuan R, Ye Y, Cai J. 2012. Structural characterization and anti-ageing activity of extracellular polysaccharide from a strain of Lachnum sp. Food Chem. 132 (1): 338–43. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.10.087.
Yu J, Sun R, Zhao Z, and Wang Y. 2014. Auricularia polytricha polysaccharides induce cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in human lung cancer A549 cells. Int J Biol Macromol 68: 67–71. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2014.04.018.
Yu W, Chena G, Zhanga P, and Chen K. 2016. Purification, partial characterization and antitumor effect of an exopolysaccharide from Rhizopus nigricans. Int J Biol Macromol 82: 299–307. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2015.10.005.
Zha XQ, Lu CQ, Cui SH, Pan LH, Zhang HL, Wang JH, Luo JP. 2015. Structural identification and immunostimulating activity of a Laminaria japonica polysaccharide. Int J Biol Macromol 78:429–38. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2015.04.047
Zhang BW, Xu JL, Zhang H, Zhang Q, Lu J, and Wang J. H. 2016. Structure elucidation of a polysaccharide from Umbilicaria esculenta and its immunostimulatory activity. PLoS ONE 11: 1–18. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0168472.
Avinash K S, Ashwini H S, Babu H N R and Krishnamurthy Y L 2015 Antimicrobial Potential of Crude Extract of Curvularia lunata, an Endophytic Fungi Isolated from Cymbopogon caesius J Mycol 2015: 1–4 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/185821.
Castellane TCL, Otoboni AMMB, Lemos EGDM (2015) Characterization of exopolysaccharides produced by rhizobia species. Rev Bras Cienc Solo 39(6):1566–1575 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/01000683rbcs20150084.
Chen J, Seviour R. 2007. Medicinal importance of fungal beta-(1?3),(1?6)-glucans. Mycol Res 111:635–52. DOI: 10.1016/j.mycres.2007.02.011.
Chen YT, Yuan Q, Shan LT, Lin MA, Cheng DQ, and Li CY. 2013. Antitumor activity of bacterial exopolysaccharides from the endophyte Bacillus amyloliquefaciens sp. isolated from Ophiopogon japonicus. Oncol Lett 5:1787–1792. DOI: 10.3892/ol.2013.1284
Chen Y, Mao W, Tao H, Zhu W, Qi X, Chen Y, Li H, Zhao C, Yang Y, Hou Y, Wang C, Li N. 2011. Structural characterization and antioxidant properties of an exopolysaccharide produced by the mangrove endophytic fungus Aspergillus sp. Y16. Bioresource Technol 102:8179–8184. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2011.06.048.
Chen Y, Guo S, Xu J, Chen Y, Li H, and Qi X. 2010. Studies on exopolysaccharides from a marine endogenetic fungus of the sponge (Alternaria sp.). Periodical Ocean Univ China 5: 1–4. DOI: http://www.oriprobe.com/journals/qdhydxxb/2010_5.html.
Chen Y, Mao WJ, Yan MX, Liu X, Wang SY, Xia Z, Xiao B, Cao SJ, Yang BQ, Li J. 2016. Purification, chemical characterization, and bioactivity of an extracellular polysaccharide produced by the marine sponge endogenous fungus Alternaria sp. SP-32. Mar Biotech 18: 301–313. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10126-016-9696-6
Deshmukh SS, Katare YS, Shyale SS, Bhujbal SS, Kadam SD, Landge DA, Shah DV, Pawar JB. 2013. Isolation and Evaluation of Mucilage of Adansonia digitata Linn as a Suspending Agent, J Pharmaceutics :1-4. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/379750.
Ge Q, Mao JW, Zhang AQ, Wang YJ, Sun PL. 2013. Purification, chemical characterization, and antioxidant activity of a polysaccharide from the fruiting bodies of sanghuang mushroom (Phellinus baumii Pilat). Food Sci Biotechnol 22:301–307. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10068-013-0081-1.
Guo S, Mao W, Li Y, Tian J, and Xu J. 2013. Structural elucidation of the exopolysaccharide produced by fungus Fusarium oxysporum Y24-2. Carbohydr Res 365:9–13. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carres.2012.09.026.
Ibrahim GS, Mahmoud MG, Asker MMS, Ghazy EA. 2012. Production and biological evaluation of exopolysaccharide from isolated Rhodotorula Glutinins. Aust J Basic Appl Sci 6: 401–408.
Jadulco R, Brauers G, Edrada RU, Ebel R, Wray V, Sudarsono, Proksch P. 2002. New metabolites from sponge derived fungi Curvularia lunata and Cladosporium herbarum. J Nat Prod 65: 730–733 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/np010390i.
Jayus J, McDougall BM, and Seviour RJ. 2001. Purification and properties of a (1?6)-?-glucanase from Acremonium sp. IMI 383068. Enzyme Microb Technol 29:194–200, DOI:10.1016/S0141-0229(01)00381-7.
Jayus J, McDougall BM, and Seviour RJ. 2002. Factors affecting the synthesis of (1?3) and (1?6)-?-glucanases by the fungus Acremonium sp. IMI 383068 grown in batch culture. Enzyme Microb Technol 31:289–299. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0141-0229(02)00106-0.
Jayus J, McDougall BM, and Seviour RJ. 2004. Purification and characterization of the (1?3)-?-glucanases from Acremonium sp. IMI 383068. FEMS Microbiol Letters 230:259–264. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-1097(03)00913-3.
Karbowiak T, Ferret E, Debeaufort F, Voilley A, and Cayot C. 2011. Investigation of water transfer across thin layer biopolymer films by infrared spectroscopy. Int J Membr Sci 370: 82–90. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2010.12.037.
Kim, S.W., C.P. Xu, H.J. Hwang, J.W. Choi, C.W. Kim and J.W. Yun. 2003. Production and characterization of exopolysaccharides from an entomopathogenic fungus Cordyceps militaris NG3. Biotechnol. Prog. 19(2):428-435. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/bp025644k.
Llamas I., Amjres H., Mata J. A., Quesada E., and Béjar V., 2012. “The potential biotechnological applications of the exopolysaccharide produced by the halophilic bacterium Halomonas almeriensis,” Molecules 17: 7103–7120. doi: 10.3390/molecules17067103
Mahapatra S, Banerjee D. 2012. Structural elucidation and bioactivity of a novel exopolysaccharide from endophytic Fusarium solani SD5. Carbohydr Polym 90 (1), 683–689. DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.05.097
Manamgoda DS, Cai L, McKenzie EHC, Crous PW, Madrid H, Chukeatirote E, Shivas RG, Tan YP, and Hyde KD. 2012. A phylogenetic and taxonomic re-evaluation of the Bipolaris - Cochliobolus - Curvularia Complex. Fungal Diversity 56(1): 131-144. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13225-012-0189-2.
Miller GL. 1959. Use of dinitrosalicylic acid reagent for determination of reducing sugar. Anal Chem 31:426–428. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/ac60147a030
Nugraha AS, Hilou A, Vandegraaff N, Rhodes DI, Haritakun R, Keller PA. 2015. Bioactive glycosides from the African medicinal plant Boerhavia erecta L. Nat Prod Res 29: 1954–58. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14786419.2015.1013470.
Priyanka P, Arun AB, Ashwini P and Rekha PD. (2015). Versatile properties of an exopolysaccharide R-PS18 produced by Rhizobium sp. PRIM-18. Carbohydr Polym 126: 215–221 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.03.017
Ramirez MAJ. 2016. Characterization and Safety Evaluation of Exopolysaccharide Produced by Rhodotorula minuta BIOTECH 2178. Int J Food Eng 2(1):31-35 DOI:10.18178/ijfe.2.1.31-35.
Sajna KV, Sukumaran RK, Gottumukkala LD, Jayamurthy H, Dhar KS, Pandey A. 2013. Studies on structural and physical characteristics of a novel exopolysaccharide from Pseudozyma sp. NII 08165. Int J Biol Macromol 59: 84–89, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2013.04.025.
Schmid F, Stone BA, Brownlee RT, McDougall BM, Seviour RJ. 2006. Structure and assembly of epiglucan, the extracellular (1-->3;1-->6)-beta-glucan produced by the fungus Epicoccum nigrum strain F19. Carbohydr Res 341(3):365-73. DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2005.10.013.
Sharmila K, Thillaimaharani K A, Durairaj R, and Kalaiselvam M. 2014. Production and characterization of exopolysaccharides (EPS) from mangrove filamentous fungus Syncephalastrum sp. African J Microbiol Res 8 (21): 2155–2161. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5897/AJMR12.2341
Sugimoto K, 1978. Pullulan production and applications. J Ferment Assoc Japan 36 (2): 98–108,
Synytsya A and Novak M. 2014. Structural analysis of glucans. Ann Transl Med 2: 1-14. DOI:10.3978/j.issn.2305-5839.2014.02.07.
Tsujisaka Y, Mitsuhashi M (1993) Pullulan. In: Whistler RL, BeMiller JN (eds) Industrial gums. Polysaccharides and their derivatives, 3rd edn. Academic Press, San Diego: 447–460.
Wells, J.M., Cole, R.J., Cutler, H.C. and Spalding, D.H. 1981. Curvularia lunata, a new source of cytochalasin B. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 41: 967–971. DOI: https://aem.asm.org/content/41/4/967.
Xiao Z, Zhou W, Zhanga Y. 2020. Fungal polysaccharides. Adv Pharmacol 87: 277-299. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.apha.2019.08.003.
Ye M, Chen W, Qiu T, Yuan R, Ye Y, Cai J. 2012. Structural characterization and anti-ageing activity of extracellular polysaccharide from a strain of Lachnum sp. Food Chem. 132 (1): 338–43. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.10.087.
Yu J, Sun R, Zhao Z, and Wang Y. 2014. Auricularia polytricha polysaccharides induce cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in human lung cancer A549 cells. Int J Biol Macromol 68: 67–71. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2014.04.018.
Yu W, Chena G, Zhanga P, and Chen K. 2016. Purification, partial characterization and antitumor effect of an exopolysaccharide from Rhizopus nigricans. Int J Biol Macromol 82: 299–307. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2015.10.005.
Zha XQ, Lu CQ, Cui SH, Pan LH, Zhang HL, Wang JH, Luo JP. 2015. Structural identification and immunostimulating activity of a Laminaria japonica polysaccharide. Int J Biol Macromol 78:429–38. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2015.04.047
Zhang BW, Xu JL, Zhang H, Zhang Q, Lu J, and Wang J. H. 2016. Structure elucidation of a polysaccharide from Umbilicaria esculenta and its immunostimulatory activity. PLoS ONE 11: 1–18. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0168472.
Sharmila K, Thillaimaharani K A, Durairaj R, and Kalaiselvam M. 2014. Production and characterization of exopolysaccharides (EPS) from mangrove filamentous fungus Syncephalastrum sp. African J Microbiol Res 8 (21): 2155–2161. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5897/AJMR12.2341
Sugimoto K, 1978. Pullulan production and applications. J Ferment Assoc Japan 36 (2): 98–108,
Synytsya A and Novak M. 2014. Structural analysis of glucans. Ann Transl Med 2: 1-14. DOI:10.3978/j.issn.2305-5839.2014.02.07.
Tsujisaka Y, Mitsuhashi M (1993) Pullulan. In: Whistler RL, BeMiller JN (eds) Industrial gums. Polysaccharides and their derivatives, 3rd edn. Academic Press, San Diego: 447–460.
Wells, J.M., Cole, R.J., Cutler, H.C. and Spalding, D.H. 1981. Curvularia lunata, a new source of cytochalasin B. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 41: 967–971. DOI: https://aem.asm.org/content/41/4/967.
Xiao Z, Zhou W, Zhanga Y. 2020. Fungal polysaccharides. Adv Pharmacol 87: 277-299. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.apha.2019.08.003.
Ye M, Chen W, Qiu T, Yuan R, Ye Y, Cai J. 2012. Structural characterization and anti-ageing activity of extracellular polysaccharide from a strain of Lachnum sp. Food Chem. 132 (1): 338–43. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.10.087.
Yu J, Sun R, Zhao Z, and Wang Y. 2014. Auricularia polytricha polysaccharides induce cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in human lung cancer A549 cells. Int J Biol Macromol 68: 67–71. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2014.04.018.
Yu W, Chena G, Zhanga P, and Chen K. 2016. Purification, partial characterization and antitumor effect of an exopolysaccharide from Rhizopus nigricans. Int J Biol Macromol 82: 299–307. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2015.10.005.
Zha XQ, Lu CQ, Cui SH, Pan LH, Zhang HL, Wang JH, Luo JP. 2015. Structural identification and immunostimulating activity of a Laminaria japonica polysaccharide. Int J Biol Macromol 78:429–38. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2015.04.047
Zhang BW, Xu JL, Zhang H, Zhang Q, Lu J, and Wang J. H. 2016. Structure elucidation of a polysaccharide from Umbilicaria esculenta and its immunostimulatory activity. PLoS ONE 11: 1–18. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0168472.