Microsatellites to reveal genetic diversity and to distinguish four mangoes of Tegal District, Central Java, Indonesia
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Abstract. Hidayat A, Rahayu ES, Abdullah M, Retnoningsih A. 2021. Microsatellites to reveal genetic diversity and to distinguish four mangoes of Tegal District, Central Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 22: 3467-3473. The Wirasangka mango is Tegal District’s flora of identity, which requires recognition, and its existence deserves to be preserved. However, based on the morphology of the fruit, most of the people of Tegal still have difficulty distinguishing the wirasangka mango from other mangoes. Molecular markers are needed to ascertain the differences between these mango varieties. Microsatellite DNA is a repeating DNA of stable DNA markers with high repeatability and polymorphism. This study analyzes the level of genetic diversity and microsatellite alleles that can differentiate four mangoes from Tegal District, Central Java, Indonesia, i.e. wirasangka, tengkueh, golek, and okyong. Eleven accessions of six locations in Tegal District were analyzed using ten microsatellite loci. The microsatellite amplification result was separated using electrophoresis in 6% polyacrylamide gel and then visualized with silver dye. A total of 35 microsatellite alleles were found measuring 100-1000 bp, ranging from 1-7 alleles for each locus. The average polymorphism information content (PIC) of 0.54 indicates that genetic diversity is relatively high and informative. Therefore, the microsatellite alleles can be used to differentiate mango varieties. The specific allele characteristic of wirasangka mango accession is locus AJ63516, with an allele size of 600-700bp.
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References
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Akin-Idowu PE, Adebo UG, Egbekunle KO, Olagunju YO, Aderonmu OI, Aduloju AO. 2020. Diversity of Mango (Mangifera Indica L.) Cultivars Based on Physicochemical, Nutritional, Antioxidant, and Phytochemical Traits in South West Nigeria. International Journal of Fruit Science, 20(sup2), S352-S376.
Archak S, Gaikwad AB, Gautam D. 2014. Molecular genetic diversity analysis of commercial mango (Mangifera indica L.) cultivars employed as parents in hybrid development in India. Indian J Plant Gen Res, 27, 209-216.
Ariffin Z, Sah MSM, Idris S, Hashim N. (2015). Genetic diversity of selected Mangifera species revealed by inter simple sequence repeats markers. International Journal of Biodiversity, 2015.
Arifin B. 2013. On the competitiveness and sustainability of the Indonesian agricultural export commodities. On the Competitiveness and Sustainability of the Indonesian Agricultural Export Commodities, 81-100.
Asif A, Farooq U, Akram K, Hayat Z, Shafi A, Sarfraz F, Aftab S. 2016. Therapeutic potentials of bioactive compounds from mango fruit wastes. Trends in Food Science & Technology, 53, 102-112.
Azam K, Mir H, Prasad BD, Ahmed F, Kumari A, Sinha A. 2019. Microsatellite marker based characterization of mango cultivars. Indian Journal of Horticulture, 76(4), 561-565.
Azmat MA, Khan AA, Khan IA, Rajwana IA, Cheema HMN, Khan AS. 2016. Morphological characterization and SSR based DNA fingerprinting of elite commercial mango cultivars. Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 53(2).
Bally IS, Dillon NL. 2018. Mango (Mangifera indica L.) Breeding. In Advances in Plant Breeding Strategies: Fruits (pp. 811-896). Springer, Cham.
Bally IS. 2006. Mangifera indica (mango). Species profiles for pacific island agroforestry, 1-25.
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Begum H, Reddy MT, Malathi S, Reddy BP, Narshimulu G, Nagaraju J, Siddiq EA. 2014. Morphological and microsatellite analysis of intravarietal heterogeneity in ‘Beneshan’mango (Mangifera indica L.). International Journal of Agricultural and Food Research, 3(2).
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Creste S, Neto AT, Figueira A. 2001. Detection of single sequence repeat polymorphisms in denaturing polyacrylamide sequencing gels by silver staining. Plant Molecular Biology Reporter, 19(4): 299-306.
Dautt-Castro M, Ochoa-Leyva A, Contreras-Vergara CA, Muhlia-Almazán A, Rivera-Domínguez M, Casas-Flores S, Martinez-Tellez MA, Sañudo-Barajas A, Osuna-Enciso T, Baez-Sañudo MA, Quiroz-Figueroa FR, Kuhn DN, Islas-Osuna MA. 2018. Mesocarp RNA-Seq analysis of mango (Mangifera indica L.) identify quarantine postharvest treatment effects on gene expression. Scientia Horticulturae, 227, 146-153.
El-Habashy S, Maklad MF, Ahmed EA. 2016. Effect of Self and Cross-Pollination in Some Local Mango Cultivars on Fruit Set and Retained Fruits.
Fitmawati, Hartana A, Purwoko BS. 2010. Diversity of Indonesian mango (Mangifera indica) cultivars based on morphological and RAPD markers. SABRAO Journal of Breeding and Genetics, 42(2), 84-95.
Gajanana TM, Dinesh MR, Rajan S, Vasudeva R, Kumar SS, Lamers HA, Ramanatha RV. 2015. Motivation for on-farm conservation of mango (Mangifera indica) diversity in India–A case study. Indian Journal of Plant Genetic Resources.
Gajera HP, Tomar RS, Patel SV, Viradia RR, Golakiya BA. 2011. Comparison of RAPD and ISSR markers for genetic diversity analysis among different endangered Mangifera indica genotypes of Indian Gir forest region. Journal of plant biochemistry and biotechnology, 20(2), 217-223.
Ganogpichayagrai A, Rungsihirunrat K, Palanuvej C, Ruangrungsi N. 2016. Characterization of Mangifera indica cultivars in Thailand based on macroscopic, microscopic, and genetic characters. Journal of advanced pharmaceutical technology & research, 7(4): 127.
Gehrke-Vélez M, Castillo-Vera A, Ruiz-Bello C, Moreno-Martinez JL, Moreno-Basurto G. 2012. Delayed self-incompatibility causes morphological alterations and crop reduction in ‘Ataúlfo’mango (Mangifera indica L.). New Zealand journal of crop and horticultural science, 40(4), 215-227.
Kuhn DN, Bally IS, Dillon NL, Innes D, Groh AM, Rahaman J, Ophir R, Cohen Y, Sherman A. 2017. Genetic map of mango: a tool for mango breeding. Frontiers in plant science, 8, 577.
Li L, Ma XW, Zhan RL, Wu HX, Yao QS, Xu WT, Luo C, Zhou YG, Qing-Zhi Liang QZ, Wang SB. 2017. Profiling of volatile fragrant components in a mini-core collection of mango germplasms from seven countries. PLoS One, 12(12), e0187487.
Liu JS, Chen R. 1998. Sequential Monte Carlo methods for dynamic systems. Journal of the American statistical association, 93(443), 1032-1044.
Majumder DAN, Hassan L, Rahim MA, Kabir MA. 2012. Analysis of genetic diversity in mango (Mangifera indica L.) using isozymetic polymorphism. African Journal of Biotechnology, 11(87), 15310-15323.
Majumder DAN, Hassan L, Rahim MA, Kabir MM. 2012. Genotypic and phenotypic variability in mango (Mangifera indica L.). Bangladesh Journal of Agricultural Research, 37(4), 683-690.
Nazish T, Shabbir G, Ali A, Sami-ul-Allah S, Naeem M, Javed M, Seher R. 2017. Molecular diversity of Pakistani mango (Mangifera indica L.) varieties based on microsatellite markers. Genetics and Molecular Research, 16(2).
Rahayu ES, Bodijantoro FPM, 2017. Monograf: Flora Identitas Kota/Kabupaten di Jawa Tengah: Karakteristik dan kuantitas populasinya. ISBN 978–602–1034–71–2. Semarang: FMIPA UNNES.
Rahman NIZ. 2020. Relasi Sematik pada Penamaan Jenis-Jenis Mangga di Indonesia. Kredo: Jurnal Ilmiah Bahasa dan Sastra, 3(2), 322-337.
Ramírez F, Davenport TL. 2010. Mango (Mangifera indica L.) flowering physiology. Scientia Horticulturae, 126(2), 65-72.
Ramírez NM, Farias LM, Santana FA, Leite JPV, Dantas MIDS, Toledo RCL, De Queiroz JH, Martino HSD, Ribeiro SM, R. 2016. Extraction of mangiferin and chemical characterization and sensorial analysis of teas from Mangifera indica L. leaves of the Ubá variety. Beverages, 2(4).
Ravishankar KV, Mani BHR, Anand L, Dinesh MR. 2011. Development of new microsatellite markers from Mango (Mangifera indica) and cross?species amplification. American Journal of Botany, 98(4), e96-e99.
Ravishankar KV, Padmakar B, Lavanya B, Mani BH, Dinesh MR. 2017. Development and characterization of microsatellite loci from mango (Mangifera indica L.). Indian Journal of Biotechnology, 1(6): 250-253.
Razak SA, Azman NHEN, Ismail SN, Yusof MFM, Ariffin MAT, Sabdin ZHM, Abdullah N. 2019. Assessment of diversity and population structure of mango ('Mangifera indica'L.) germplasm based on microsatellite (SSR) markers. Australian Journal of Crop Science, 13(2), 315.
Retnoningsih A, Megia R, Hartana A. 2010. Characterization and evaluation of Musa acuminata cultivars in Indonesia based on microsatellite markers. Floribunda, 4(1).
Sales EK, Butardo NG. 2017. SSR markers for mango (Mangifera indica L.) cultivar identification and genetic characterization. Philippine Journal of Crop Science, 42 (3): 30-38.
Sandip M, Makwana AN, Barad AV, Nawade BD. 2015. Physiology of flowering-the case of mango. Int. J. Appl. Res, 1(11), 1008-1012.
Singh NK, Mahato AK, Jayaswal PK, Singh A, Singh S, Singh N, Rai V, SV AM, Gaikwad K, Sharma N, Lal S, Srivastava M, Prakash J, Kalidindi U, Singh SK, Singh AK, Khan K, Mishra RK, Rajan S, Bajpai A, Sandhya BS, Nischita P, Ravishankar KV, Dinesh MR, Kumar N, Jaiswal S, Iquebal MA, Kumar D, Rai A, Sharma TR. 2016. Origin, diversity and genome sequence of mango (Mangifera indica L.).
Sivakumar D, Jiang Y, Yahia EM. 2011. Maintaining mango (Mangifera indica L.) fruit quality during the export chain. Food Research International, 44(5), 1254-1263.
Solikin A, Retnoningsih A, Rahayu ES. 2017. Karakterisasi Aksesi Durian Lokal Koleksi Hortimart Agro Centre Jawa Tengah Menggunakan Penanda Molekuler Inter Simple Sequence Repeat (ISSR). Floribunda, 5(7).
Srivastav M, Singh AK, Dubey AK, Bhagat SK. 2014. Effect of self-, open-and cross-pollination with Sensation on fruit set in mango cultivar Amrapali. Indian Journal of Horticulture, 71(3), 412-414.
Srivastava N, Bajpai A, Chandra R, Rajan S, Muthukumar M, Srivastava MK. 2012. Comparison of PCR based marker systems for genetic analysis in different cultivars of mango. Journal of environmental biology, 33(2), 159.
Sulistyowati L, Natawidjaja RS, Rahmat B. 2015. Adoption of Technology and Economics Efficiency of The Small-holder Mango Farmers in Indonesia. International Journal of Applied Business and Economic Research (Ijaber), 13(7), 4621-4645.
Surapaneni M, Vemireddy LR, Begum H, Reddy BP, Neetasri C, Nagaraju J, Siddiq EA. 2013. Population structure and genetic analysis of different utility types of mango (Mangifera indica L.) germplasm of Andhra Pradesh state of India using microsatellite markers. Plant Systematics and Evolution, 299(7), 1215-1229.
Tasliah T, Karsinah K, Prasetiyono J. 2016. Keragaman sebelas klon mangga komersial Indonesia. Jurnal Hortikultura, 26(1), 31-40.
Tasliah T, Rijzaani H, Hariyadi TZ, Yuriyah S, Rebin R, Cukurgondang KP, Silitonga TS. 2016. Analisis keragaman genetik 161 aksesi mangga Indonesia Menggunakan marka mikrosatelit.
Umar M, Ponnuswami M, Agarajan P, Eyakumar P, Enthil S. 2013. Molecular.
Vanijajiva O. 2011. Genetic Variability Among Durian (Durio zibethinus Murr.) Cultivars in the Nonthaburi Province, Thailand Detected by RAPD Analysis. Journal of Agricultural Technology, 7(4): 1107-1116.
Wang P, Luo Y, Huang J, Gao S, Zhu G, Dang Z, Gai J, Yang M, Zhu M, Zhang H, Ye X, Gao A, Tan X, Wang S, Wu S, Cahoon EB, Bai B, Zhao Z, Li Q, Wei J, Chen H, Luo R, Gong D, Tang K, Zhang B, Ni Z, Huang G, Hu S, Chen Y. 2020. The genome evolution and domestication of tropical fruit mango. Genome biology, 21(1), 1-17.
Warschefsky EJ, von Wettberg EJ. 2019. Population genomic analysis of mango (Mangifera indica) suggests a complex history of domestication. New Phytologist, 222(4), 2023-2037.
Yahia EM. 2011. Mango (Mangifera indica L.). In Postharvest biology and technology of tropical and subtropical fruits (pp. 492-567e). Woodhead Publishing.
Zhang C, Xie D, Bai T, Luo X, Zhang F, Ni Z, Chen Y. 2020. Diversity of a Large Collection of Natural Populations of Mango (Mangifera indica Linn.) Revealed by Agro-Morphological and Quality Traits. Diversity, 12(1), 27.
Akin-Idowu PE, Adebo UG, Egbekunle KO, Olagunju YO, Aderonmu OI, Aduloju AO. 2020. Diversity of Mango (Mangifera Indica L.) Cultivars Based on Physicochemical, Nutritional, Antioxidant, and Phytochemical Traits in South West Nigeria. International Journal of Fruit Science, 20(sup2), S352-S376.
Archak S, Gaikwad AB, Gautam D. 2014. Molecular genetic diversity analysis of commercial mango (Mangifera indica L.) cultivars employed as parents in hybrid development in India. Indian J Plant Gen Res, 27, 209-216.
Ariffin Z, Sah MSM, Idris S, Hashim N. (2015). Genetic diversity of selected Mangifera species revealed by inter simple sequence repeats markers. International Journal of Biodiversity, 2015.
Arifin B. 2013. On the competitiveness and sustainability of the Indonesian agricultural export commodities. On the Competitiveness and Sustainability of the Indonesian Agricultural Export Commodities, 81-100.
Asif A, Farooq U, Akram K, Hayat Z, Shafi A, Sarfraz F, Aftab S. 2016. Therapeutic potentials of bioactive compounds from mango fruit wastes. Trends in Food Science & Technology, 53, 102-112.
Azam K, Mir H, Prasad BD, Ahmed F, Kumari A, Sinha A. 2019. Microsatellite marker based characterization of mango cultivars. Indian Journal of Horticulture, 76(4), 561-565.
Azmat MA, Khan AA, Khan IA, Rajwana IA, Cheema HMN, Khan AS. 2016. Morphological characterization and SSR based DNA fingerprinting of elite commercial mango cultivars. Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 53(2).
Bally IS, Dillon NL. 2018. Mango (Mangifera indica L.) Breeding. In Advances in Plant Breeding Strategies: Fruits (pp. 811-896). Springer, Cham.
Bally IS. 2006. Mangifera indica (mango). Species profiles for pacific island agroforestry, 1-25.
Barreto JC, Trevisan MTS, Hull WE, Erben G, De Brito ES, Pfundstein B, Würtele G, Spiegelhalder B, Owen RW. 2008. "Characterization and quantitation of polyphenolic compounds in bark, kernel, leaves, and peel of mango (Mangifera indica L.)". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 56(14): 5599–5610
Begum H, Reddy MT, Malathi S, Reddy BP, Narshimulu G, Nagaraju J, Siddiq EA. 2014. Morphological and microsatellite analysis of intravarietal heterogeneity in ‘Beneshan’mango (Mangifera indica L.). International Journal of Agricultural and Food Research, 3(2).
Botstein D, Whie RL, Skolnick M, Davis RW. 1980. Construction of a genetic linkage map in man using restriction fragment length polymorphisms. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 32:314-331.
Creste S, Neto AT, Figueira A. 2001. Detection of single sequence repeat polymorphisms in denaturing polyacrylamide sequencing gels by silver staining. Plant Molecular Biology Reporter, 19(4): 299-306.
Dautt-Castro M, Ochoa-Leyva A, Contreras-Vergara CA, Muhlia-Almazán A, Rivera-Domínguez M, Casas-Flores S, Martinez-Tellez MA, Sañudo-Barajas A, Osuna-Enciso T, Baez-Sañudo MA, Quiroz-Figueroa FR, Kuhn DN, Islas-Osuna MA. 2018. Mesocarp RNA-Seq analysis of mango (Mangifera indica L.) identify quarantine postharvest treatment effects on gene expression. Scientia Horticulturae, 227, 146-153.
El-Habashy S, Maklad MF, Ahmed EA. 2016. Effect of Self and Cross-Pollination in Some Local Mango Cultivars on Fruit Set and Retained Fruits.
Fitmawati, Hartana A, Purwoko BS. 2010. Diversity of Indonesian mango (Mangifera indica) cultivars based on morphological and RAPD markers. SABRAO Journal of Breeding and Genetics, 42(2), 84-95.
Gajanana TM, Dinesh MR, Rajan S, Vasudeva R, Kumar SS, Lamers HA, Ramanatha RV. 2015. Motivation for on-farm conservation of mango (Mangifera indica) diversity in India–A case study. Indian Journal of Plant Genetic Resources.
Gajera HP, Tomar RS, Patel SV, Viradia RR, Golakiya BA. 2011. Comparison of RAPD and ISSR markers for genetic diversity analysis among different endangered Mangifera indica genotypes of Indian Gir forest region. Journal of plant biochemistry and biotechnology, 20(2), 217-223.
Ganogpichayagrai A, Rungsihirunrat K, Palanuvej C, Ruangrungsi N. 2016. Characterization of Mangifera indica cultivars in Thailand based on macroscopic, microscopic, and genetic characters. Journal of advanced pharmaceutical technology & research, 7(4): 127.
Gehrke-Vélez M, Castillo-Vera A, Ruiz-Bello C, Moreno-Martinez JL, Moreno-Basurto G. 2012. Delayed self-incompatibility causes morphological alterations and crop reduction in ‘Ataúlfo’mango (Mangifera indica L.). New Zealand journal of crop and horticultural science, 40(4), 215-227.
Kuhn DN, Bally IS, Dillon NL, Innes D, Groh AM, Rahaman J, Ophir R, Cohen Y, Sherman A. 2017. Genetic map of mango: a tool for mango breeding. Frontiers in plant science, 8, 577.
Li L, Ma XW, Zhan RL, Wu HX, Yao QS, Xu WT, Luo C, Zhou YG, Qing-Zhi Liang QZ, Wang SB. 2017. Profiling of volatile fragrant components in a mini-core collection of mango germplasms from seven countries. PLoS One, 12(12), e0187487.
Liu JS, Chen R. 1998. Sequential Monte Carlo methods for dynamic systems. Journal of the American statistical association, 93(443), 1032-1044.
Majumder DAN, Hassan L, Rahim MA, Kabir MA. 2012. Analysis of genetic diversity in mango (Mangifera indica L.) using isozymetic polymorphism. African Journal of Biotechnology, 11(87), 15310-15323.
Majumder DAN, Hassan L, Rahim MA, Kabir MM. 2012. Genotypic and phenotypic variability in mango (Mangifera indica L.). Bangladesh Journal of Agricultural Research, 37(4), 683-690.
Nazish T, Shabbir G, Ali A, Sami-ul-Allah S, Naeem M, Javed M, Seher R. 2017. Molecular diversity of Pakistani mango (Mangifera indica L.) varieties based on microsatellite markers. Genetics and Molecular Research, 16(2).
Rahayu ES, Bodijantoro FPM, 2017. Monograf: Flora Identitas Kota/Kabupaten di Jawa Tengah: Karakteristik dan kuantitas populasinya. ISBN 978–602–1034–71–2. Semarang: FMIPA UNNES.
Rahman NIZ. 2020. Relasi Sematik pada Penamaan Jenis-Jenis Mangga di Indonesia. Kredo: Jurnal Ilmiah Bahasa dan Sastra, 3(2), 322-337.
Ramírez F, Davenport TL. 2010. Mango (Mangifera indica L.) flowering physiology. Scientia Horticulturae, 126(2), 65-72.
Ramírez NM, Farias LM, Santana FA, Leite JPV, Dantas MIDS, Toledo RCL, De Queiroz JH, Martino HSD, Ribeiro SM, R. 2016. Extraction of mangiferin and chemical characterization and sensorial analysis of teas from Mangifera indica L. leaves of the Ubá variety. Beverages, 2(4).
Ravishankar KV, Mani BHR, Anand L, Dinesh MR. 2011. Development of new microsatellite markers from Mango (Mangifera indica) and cross?species amplification. American Journal of Botany, 98(4), e96-e99.
Ravishankar KV, Padmakar B, Lavanya B, Mani BH, Dinesh MR. 2017. Development and characterization of microsatellite loci from mango (Mangifera indica L.). Indian Journal of Biotechnology, 1(6): 250-253.
Razak SA, Azman NHEN, Ismail SN, Yusof MFM, Ariffin MAT, Sabdin ZHM, Abdullah N. 2019. Assessment of diversity and population structure of mango ('Mangifera indica'L.) germplasm based on microsatellite (SSR) markers. Australian Journal of Crop Science, 13(2), 315.
Retnoningsih A, Megia R, Hartana A. 2010. Characterization and evaluation of Musa acuminata cultivars in Indonesia based on microsatellite markers. Floribunda, 4(1).
Sales EK, Butardo NG. 2017. SSR markers for mango (Mangifera indica L.) cultivar identification and genetic characterization. Philippine Journal of Crop Science, 42 (3): 30-38.
Sandip M, Makwana AN, Barad AV, Nawade BD. 2015. Physiology of flowering-the case of mango. Int. J. Appl. Res, 1(11), 1008-1012.
Singh NK, Mahato AK, Jayaswal PK, Singh A, Singh S, Singh N, Rai V, SV AM, Gaikwad K, Sharma N, Lal S, Srivastava M, Prakash J, Kalidindi U, Singh SK, Singh AK, Khan K, Mishra RK, Rajan S, Bajpai A, Sandhya BS, Nischita P, Ravishankar KV, Dinesh MR, Kumar N, Jaiswal S, Iquebal MA, Kumar D, Rai A, Sharma TR. 2016. Origin, diversity and genome sequence of mango (Mangifera indica L.).
Sivakumar D, Jiang Y, Yahia EM. 2011. Maintaining mango (Mangifera indica L.) fruit quality during the export chain. Food Research International, 44(5), 1254-1263.
Solikin A, Retnoningsih A, Rahayu ES. 2017. Karakterisasi Aksesi Durian Lokal Koleksi Hortimart Agro Centre Jawa Tengah Menggunakan Penanda Molekuler Inter Simple Sequence Repeat (ISSR). Floribunda, 5(7).
Srivastav M, Singh AK, Dubey AK, Bhagat SK. 2014. Effect of self-, open-and cross-pollination with Sensation on fruit set in mango cultivar Amrapali. Indian Journal of Horticulture, 71(3), 412-414.
Srivastava N, Bajpai A, Chandra R, Rajan S, Muthukumar M, Srivastava MK. 2012. Comparison of PCR based marker systems for genetic analysis in different cultivars of mango. Journal of environmental biology, 33(2), 159.
Sulistyowati L, Natawidjaja RS, Rahmat B. 2015. Adoption of Technology and Economics Efficiency of The Small-holder Mango Farmers in Indonesia. International Journal of Applied Business and Economic Research (Ijaber), 13(7), 4621-4645.
Surapaneni M, Vemireddy LR, Begum H, Reddy BP, Neetasri C, Nagaraju J, Siddiq EA. 2013. Population structure and genetic analysis of different utility types of mango (Mangifera indica L.) germplasm of Andhra Pradesh state of India using microsatellite markers. Plant Systematics and Evolution, 299(7), 1215-1229.
Tasliah T, Karsinah K, Prasetiyono J. 2016. Keragaman sebelas klon mangga komersial Indonesia. Jurnal Hortikultura, 26(1), 31-40.
Tasliah T, Rijzaani H, Hariyadi TZ, Yuriyah S, Rebin R, Cukurgondang KP, Silitonga TS. 2016. Analisis keragaman genetik 161 aksesi mangga Indonesia Menggunakan marka mikrosatelit.
Umar M, Ponnuswami M, Agarajan P, Eyakumar P, Enthil S. 2013. Molecular.
Vanijajiva O. 2011. Genetic Variability Among Durian (Durio zibethinus Murr.) Cultivars in the Nonthaburi Province, Thailand Detected by RAPD Analysis. Journal of Agricultural Technology, 7(4): 1107-1116.
Wang P, Luo Y, Huang J, Gao S, Zhu G, Dang Z, Gai J, Yang M, Zhu M, Zhang H, Ye X, Gao A, Tan X, Wang S, Wu S, Cahoon EB, Bai B, Zhao Z, Li Q, Wei J, Chen H, Luo R, Gong D, Tang K, Zhang B, Ni Z, Huang G, Hu S, Chen Y. 2020. The genome evolution and domestication of tropical fruit mango. Genome biology, 21(1), 1-17.
Warschefsky EJ, von Wettberg EJ. 2019. Population genomic analysis of mango (Mangifera indica) suggests a complex history of domestication. New Phytologist, 222(4), 2023-2037.
Yahia EM. 2011. Mango (Mangifera indica L.). In Postharvest biology and technology of tropical and subtropical fruits (pp. 492-567e). Woodhead Publishing.
Zhang C, Xie D, Bai T, Luo X, Zhang F, Ni Z, Chen Y. 2020. Diversity of a Large Collection of Natural Populations of Mango (Mangifera indica Linn.) Revealed by Agro-Morphological and Quality Traits. Diversity, 12(1), 27.
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