Variation in morphological characters of Marsilea crenata living in floating aquatic, emergent aquatic, and terrestrial habitats
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Abstract. Wisanti, Aloysius DC, Zubaidah S, Lestari SR. 2021. Variation in morphological characters of Marsilea crenata living in floating aquatic, emergent aquatic, and terrestrial habitats. Biodiversitas 22: 2853-2859. Marsilea is a hydrophyte fern that has plasticity often influenced by enviroment. Several of the species with different habitats or geographies show morphological variations. Therefore, this study aims to analyze the variations in morphological characters of M. crenata growing in aquatic and terrestrial habitats. A total of 38 plant samples were collected from their natural habitats including floating aquatic, emergent aquatic, and terrestrial types. Morphological variations data included 4 qualitative characters and 9 quantitative characters. The quantitative characters were analyzed by one-way ANOVA to test for differences, while the combination of both characters was analyzed using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) to determine the distribution between groups. The data results showed a separate grouping pattern between aquatic and terrestrial populations. These two groups showed significant differences in 5 quantitative characters and 2 qualitative characters. However, emergent aquatic samples’ distribution pattern is closer to the terrestrial group. The characters’ similarity of these two populations was in ??the rhizomes air spaces area, the position between leaflets and absence of red streak on the abaxial lamina. Conclusively, the variations in M. crenata’s morphological characters indicate that this plant has experienced morphological adaptations to water availability in its environment.
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References
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Agil M, Kusumawati I, Purwitasari N. 2017. Phenotypic Variation Profile of Marsilea crenata Presl. Cultivated in Water and in the Soil. Journal of Botany 2017:1-6.
Allsopp A. 1963. Morphogenesis in Marsilea. Journal of the Linnean Society (Botanical) 58 (373): 417- 427.
Braendle R, Crawford RMM. 1999. Plants as amphibians. Urban & Fischer Verlag 2 (1): 56–78.
Calvert G, Liessmann L. 2014. Wetland Plants of the Townsville–Burdekin Flood Plain. Lower Burdekin Landcare Association Inc, Ayr.
Caton BP, Mortimer M, Hill JE, Johnson DE. 2010. A practical field guide to weeds of rice in Asia. Second Edition. Los Baños (Philippines): International Rice Research Institute.
Dumont ER. 2018. Intraspecific variation in the sensitivity of aquatic macrophytes to chemical contamination: the case of copper. Ecotoxicology. Thesis. Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier (UT3 Paul Sabatier), English.
Foster SA, Gifford EM. 1987. Morphology and Evolution of Vascular Plants. New York: W.H. Freeman and company.
Fraser HL, Greenall A, Carlyle C, Turkington R, Friedman CR. 2009. Adaptive phenotypic plasticity of Pseudoroegneria spicata: response of stomatal density, leaf area, and biomass to changes in water supply and increased temperature. Annals of Botany 103: 769-775.
Henderson RV. 1933. The development and structure of the Juvenile leaves in Marsilea quadrifolia with notes on the anatomy of the stem and adult petiole. Proc.Ind.Acad. Sci. 42: 61-72.
Holttum RE. 1966. Ferns of Malaya. A revised flora of Malaya. Vol. II. Singapore: Government Printing Office.
Jackson MB, Colmer TD. 2005. Response and Adaptation by Plants to Flooding Stress. Annals of Botany 96: 501–505.
Jensen RJ. 2009. Phenetics: revolution, reform, or natural consequence? Taxon 58 (1): 50-60.
Johnson DM. 1986. Systematics of the New World species of Marsilea (Marsileaceae). Systematic Botany Monographs 11: 1–87.
Jung J, Lee SC, Choi H-K. 2008. Anatomical Patterns of Aerenchyma in Aquatic and Wetland Plants. Journal of Plant Biology 51(6): 428-439.
Kao W-Y, Lin B-L. 2010, Phototropic leaf movements and photosynthetic performance in an amphibious fern, Marsilea quadrifolia, J. Plant. Res. 123:645-653.
Kornas J. 1988. Adaptive strategies of Marsilea (Marsileaceae: Pteridophyta) in the Lake Chad Basin of N. E. Nigeria. Fern Gazette 13: 231–243.
Launert E. 1968. A monographic survey of the genus Marsilea Linnaeus. I. The species of Africa and Madagascar. Senckenbergiana Biologica 49: 273–315.
Lin B-L, Yang W-J. 1999. Blue light and abscisic acid independently induce a heterophyllous switch in Marsilea quadrifolia. Plant Physiology 119: 429-434.
Lin C-H, Lin B-L, Kao W-Y. 2007. Leaf characteristic and photosynthetic performance of floating, emergent, and terrestrial leaves Marsilea quadrifolia. Taiwania 52 (3): 195-200.
Liu C, Li Y, Xu L, Chen Z, He N. 2019. Variation in leaf morphological, stomatal, and anatomical traits and their relationships in temperate and subtropical forests. Scientific Reports 9:1-8.
Lynn DE, Waldren S. 2001. Morphological variation in populations of Ranunculus repens from the temporary limestone lakes (Turloughs) in the West of Ireland. Annals of Botany 87: 9–17.
Maberly SC, Spence DHN. 1989. Photosynthesis and photorespiration in freshwater organisms: Amphibious plants. Aquatic Botany 34: 267-286.
Maylani ED, Yuniati R, Wardhana W. 2020. The Effect of leaf surface character on the ability of water hyacinth, Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms. to transpire water. IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 902 (2020) 012070.
Nascimbene J, Marini L. 2015. Epiphytic lichen diversity along elevational gradients: biological traits reveal a complex response to water and energy. Journal of Biogeography 42 (2015): 1222-1232.
Piggott AG. 1979. Observation on light response in Marsilea crenata. Fern Gazette 12 (1): 62-64.
Radice S, Arena ME. 2015. Environmental effect on the leaf morphology and anatomy of Berberis microphylla G. Forst. International Journal of Plant Biology 6 (1):1-7.
Retamales HA, Scharaschkin T. 2014. A staining protocol for identifying secondary compounds in Myrtaceae. Applications in Plant Sciences 2 ( 10 ): 1-8.
Remagnino P, Mayo S, Wilkin P, Cope J, Kirkup D. 2017. Computational Botany: Methods for Automated Species Identification. Berlin: Springer-Verlag GmbH.
Schaefer H, Carine MA, Rumsey FJ. 2011. From European Priority Species to Invasive Weed: Marsilea azorica (Marsileaceae) is a Misidentified Alien. Systematic Botany 36 (4): 845–853.
Shan L, Zhou RC, Dong SS, Shi S. 2008. Adaptation to salinity in mangroves: Implication on the evolution of salt-tolerance. Chinese Science Bulletin 53 (11): 1708-1715.
Sharma P, Bhardwaj N. 2014. Assessment of Genetic Diversity Among Marsilea Populations of Hadauti Plateau as Revealed by RAPD Markers. International Journal of Pure and Applied Bioscience 2 (2): 254-261.
Sultan SE, Bazzaz FA. 1993. Phenotypic plasticity in Polygonum persicaria. II. Norms of reaction to soil moisture and the maintenance of genetic diversity. Evolution 47:1032–1049.
Valladares F, Gianoli E, G´omez JM. 2007. Ecological limits to plant phenotypic plasticity. New Phytologist 176 (4): 749–763.
Vasco A, Thadeo M, Conover M, Daly DC. 2014. Preparation of samples for leaf architecture studies, a method for mounting cleared leaves. Applications in plant sciences 2 (9):1-4.
Waterhouse DF. 1994. Biological Control of Weeds: Southeast Asian Prospects. ACIAR Monograph 26 (6): 114-115.
Wells CL, Pigliucci M. 2000. Adaptive phenotypic plasticity: the case of heterophylly in aquatic plants. Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics 3 (1): 1–18.
Winn AA. 1996. Adaptation to Fine-Grained Environmental Variation: An Analysis of within-individual Leaf Variation in an Annual Plant. Evolution 50 (3): 1111-1118.
Wiens JJ, Graham CH. 2005. Niche conservatism: integrating evolution, ecology, and conservation biology. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution and Systematics 36: 519– 539.
Wu TC, Kao WY. 2011. Ecophysiological Traits of Leaves of Three Marsilea Species Distributed in Different Geographical Regions. Taiwania 56 (4): 279-286.
Yang C, Zhang X, Wang T, Hu S, Zhou C, Zhang J, Wang Q. 2019. Phenotypic Plasticity in the Structure of Fine Adventitious Metasequoia glyptostroboides Roots Allows Adaptation to Aquatic and Terrestrial Environments. Plants 8 (501): 1-12.
Agil M, Kusumawati I, Purwitasari N. 2017. Phenotypic Variation Profile of Marsilea crenata Presl. Cultivated in Water and in the Soil. Journal of Botany 2017:1-6.
Allsopp A. 1963. Morphogenesis in Marsilea. Journal of the Linnean Society (Botanical) 58 (373): 417- 427.
Braendle R, Crawford RMM. 1999. Plants as amphibians. Urban & Fischer Verlag 2 (1): 56–78.
Calvert G, Liessmann L. 2014. Wetland Plants of the Townsville–Burdekin Flood Plain. Lower Burdekin Landcare Association Inc, Ayr.
Caton BP, Mortimer M, Hill JE, Johnson DE. 2010. A practical field guide to weeds of rice in Asia. Second Edition. Los Baños (Philippines): International Rice Research Institute.
Dumont ER. 2018. Intraspecific variation in the sensitivity of aquatic macrophytes to chemical contamination: the case of copper. Ecotoxicology. Thesis. Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier (UT3 Paul Sabatier), English.
Foster SA, Gifford EM. 1987. Morphology and Evolution of Vascular Plants. New York: W.H. Freeman and company.
Fraser HL, Greenall A, Carlyle C, Turkington R, Friedman CR. 2009. Adaptive phenotypic plasticity of Pseudoroegneria spicata: response of stomatal density, leaf area, and biomass to changes in water supply and increased temperature. Annals of Botany 103: 769-775.
Henderson RV. 1933. The development and structure of the Juvenile leaves in Marsilea quadrifolia with notes on the anatomy of the stem and adult petiole. Proc.Ind.Acad. Sci. 42: 61-72.
Holttum RE. 1966. Ferns of Malaya. A revised flora of Malaya. Vol. II. Singapore: Government Printing Office.
Jackson MB, Colmer TD. 2005. Response and Adaptation by Plants to Flooding Stress. Annals of Botany 96: 501–505.
Jensen RJ. 2009. Phenetics: revolution, reform, or natural consequence? Taxon 58 (1): 50-60.
Johnson DM. 1986. Systematics of the New World species of Marsilea (Marsileaceae). Systematic Botany Monographs 11: 1–87.
Jung J, Lee SC, Choi H-K. 2008. Anatomical Patterns of Aerenchyma in Aquatic and Wetland Plants. Journal of Plant Biology 51(6): 428-439.
Kao W-Y, Lin B-L. 2010, Phototropic leaf movements and photosynthetic performance in an amphibious fern, Marsilea quadrifolia, J. Plant. Res. 123:645-653.
Kornas J. 1988. Adaptive strategies of Marsilea (Marsileaceae: Pteridophyta) in the Lake Chad Basin of N. E. Nigeria. Fern Gazette 13: 231–243.
Launert E. 1968. A monographic survey of the genus Marsilea Linnaeus. I. The species of Africa and Madagascar. Senckenbergiana Biologica 49: 273–315.
Lin B-L, Yang W-J. 1999. Blue light and abscisic acid independently induce a heterophyllous switch in Marsilea quadrifolia. Plant Physiology 119: 429-434.
Lin C-H, Lin B-L, Kao W-Y. 2007. Leaf characteristic and photosynthetic performance of floating, emergent, and terrestrial leaves Marsilea quadrifolia. Taiwania 52 (3): 195-200.
Liu C, Li Y, Xu L, Chen Z, He N. 2019. Variation in leaf morphological, stomatal, and anatomical traits and their relationships in temperate and subtropical forests. Scientific Reports 9:1-8.
Lynn DE, Waldren S. 2001. Morphological variation in populations of Ranunculus repens from the temporary limestone lakes (Turloughs) in the West of Ireland. Annals of Botany 87: 9–17.
Maberly SC, Spence DHN. 1989. Photosynthesis and photorespiration in freshwater organisms: Amphibious plants. Aquatic Botany 34: 267-286.
Maylani ED, Yuniati R, Wardhana W. 2020. The Effect of leaf surface character on the ability of water hyacinth, Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms. to transpire water. IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 902 (2020) 012070.
Nascimbene J, Marini L. 2015. Epiphytic lichen diversity along elevational gradients: biological traits reveal a complex response to water and energy. Journal of Biogeography 42 (2015): 1222-1232.
Piggott AG. 1979. Observation on light response in Marsilea crenata. Fern Gazette 12 (1): 62-64.
Radice S, Arena ME. 2015. Environmental effect on the leaf morphology and anatomy of Berberis microphylla G. Forst. International Journal of Plant Biology 6 (1):1-7.
Retamales HA, Scharaschkin T. 2014. A staining protocol for identifying secondary compounds in Myrtaceae. Applications in Plant Sciences 2 ( 10 ): 1-8.
Remagnino P, Mayo S, Wilkin P, Cope J, Kirkup D. 2017. Computational Botany: Methods for Automated Species Identification. Berlin: Springer-Verlag GmbH.
Schaefer H, Carine MA, Rumsey FJ. 2011. From European Priority Species to Invasive Weed: Marsilea azorica (Marsileaceae) is a Misidentified Alien. Systematic Botany 36 (4): 845–853.
Shan L, Zhou RC, Dong SS, Shi S. 2008. Adaptation to salinity in mangroves: Implication on the evolution of salt-tolerance. Chinese Science Bulletin 53 (11): 1708-1715.
Sharma P, Bhardwaj N. 2014. Assessment of Genetic Diversity Among Marsilea Populations of Hadauti Plateau as Revealed by RAPD Markers. International Journal of Pure and Applied Bioscience 2 (2): 254-261.
Sultan SE, Bazzaz FA. 1993. Phenotypic plasticity in Polygonum persicaria. II. Norms of reaction to soil moisture and the maintenance of genetic diversity. Evolution 47:1032–1049.
Valladares F, Gianoli E, G´omez JM. 2007. Ecological limits to plant phenotypic plasticity. New Phytologist 176 (4): 749–763.
Vasco A, Thadeo M, Conover M, Daly DC. 2014. Preparation of samples for leaf architecture studies, a method for mounting cleared leaves. Applications in plant sciences 2 (9):1-4.
Waterhouse DF. 1994. Biological Control of Weeds: Southeast Asian Prospects. ACIAR Monograph 26 (6): 114-115.
Wells CL, Pigliucci M. 2000. Adaptive phenotypic plasticity: the case of heterophylly in aquatic plants. Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics 3 (1): 1–18.
Winn AA. 1996. Adaptation to Fine-Grained Environmental Variation: An Analysis of within-individual Leaf Variation in an Annual Plant. Evolution 50 (3): 1111-1118.
Wiens JJ, Graham CH. 2005. Niche conservatism: integrating evolution, ecology, and conservation biology. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution and Systematics 36: 519– 539.
Wu TC, Kao WY. 2011. Ecophysiological Traits of Leaves of Three Marsilea Species Distributed in Different Geographical Regions. Taiwania 56 (4): 279-286.
Yang C, Zhang X, Wang T, Hu S, Zhou C, Zhang J, Wang Q. 2019. Phenotypic Plasticity in the Structure of Fine Adventitious Metasequoia glyptostroboides Roots Allows Adaptation to Aquatic and Terrestrial Environments. Plants 8 (501): 1-12.
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