Characteristics and antibacterial activity of chitosan nanoparticles from mangrove crab shell (Scylla sp.) in Tarakan Waters, North Kalimantan, Indonesia
##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.sidebar##
Issue
Section
Articles
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.main##
Abstract
Abstract. Luthfiyana N, Bija S, Nugraeni CD, Lembang MS, Anwar E, Laksmitawati DR, Nusaibah, Ratrinia PW, Mukmainna. 2022. Characteristics and antibacterial activity of chitosan nanoparticles from mangrove crab shell (Scylla sp.) in Tarakan Waters, North Kalimantan, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 23: 4018-4025. The aim of this study was to determine the characteristics and antibacterial activity of chitosan nanoparticles from mangrove crab shells (Scylla sp.) in Tarakan Waters, North Kalimantan, Indonesia. Chitosan was produced from deproteination, demineralization, and deacetylation processes. Nanoparticles of chitosan were produced by the ionic gelation method. The quality of produced chitosan was tested, and characterized the obtained nanoparticles of chitosan. The results showed that the yield of chitosan was 5.82 ± 0.02%, moisture 1.66 ± 0.05%, ash 1.59 ± 0.21%, nitrogen 1.32 ± 0.06%, and degree of deacetylation (DD) 76 ± 0.00%. All results were in accordance with the Protan Laboratory and Food Safety Authority (EFSA) 2010 standard. Next, the characteristics of chitosan nanoparticles showed that the highest intensity was 15.69 nm, with a polydispersity index of 0.346 and a zeta potential of -26.1 mV. The morphology of chitosan nanoparticles was observed by scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX) at 7,500 times magnification. Several elements, such as C and O, were found as constituent elements of chitosan, whereas Mg, Al, P, and Ca, were metal impurities of the shell. Na was derivate from NaTTP, a reactant from mangrove crab nano chitosan. The results of antimicrobial activity revealed that 1% (P4) chitosan extract showed highest zone of inhibition i.e. 13.55 mm and 13.43 mm against Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis, respectively.
##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.details##
References
Amalia KP, Ekayani M, Nurjanah. 2021. Pemetaan dan alternatif pemanfaatan limbah cangkang rajungan di Indonesia. Jurnal Pengolahan Hasil Perikanan Indonesia 24(3): 310-318. DOI: 10.17844/jphpi.v24i3.37436.
Azizi A, Fairus S, Mihardja EJ. 2020. Pemanfaatan Limbah Cangkang Rajungan sebagai Bahan Kitin dan Kitosan di Purchasing Crap Unit Eretan “Atul Gemilang”, Indramayu. Jurnal Solma 9(2): 411-419. DOI: 10.22236/solma.v9i2.4902.
Gupta, P. and Diwan, B. 2016. Bacterial Exopolysaccharide mediated heavy metal removal: A Review on biosynthesis, mechanism and remediation strategies. Biotechnology reports (Amsterdam, Netherlands) 13: 58–71. DOI:10.1016/j.btre.2016.12.006.
El Knidri H, Belaabed R, Addaou A, Laajeb A, Lahsini A. 2018. Extraction, chemical modification and characterization of chitin and chitosan. Intl J Biol Macromol 120: 1181-1189. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.08.139.
Bellich B, D'Agostino I, Semeraro S, Gamini A,Cesàro A. 2016. "The Good, the Bad and the Ugly" of Chitosans. Marine drugs 14(5): 99. DOI:10.3390/md14050099.
Chattopadhyay K, Xavier KAM, Balange A, Layana P, Nayak BB. 2019. Chitosan gel addition in pre-emulsified fish mince-Effect on quality parameters of sausages under refrigerated storage. Lwt. 110: 283-291. DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2019.04.081.
Kunjachan S, Jose S, Lammers T. 2010. Understanding the Mechanism of Ionic Gelation for Synthesis of Chitosan Nanoparticles Using Qualitative Techniques. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutics 4(1):148-153. DOI:10.4103/0973-8398.68467.
Kreuter J. 2001. Nanoparticulate systems for brain delivery of drugs. J. Adv. Drug Delivery Reviews; 47(1):65–81. DOI: 10.1016/s0169-409x(00)00122-8.
Martien R, Adhyatmika A, Irianto ID, Farida V, Sari, DP. 2012. Perkembangan teknologi nanopartikel sebagai sistem penghantaran obat. Majalah Farmaseutik 8(1): 133-144. DOI: 10.22146/farmaseutik.v8i1.24067.
Harahap Y. 2012. Preparation and Characterization of Chitosan Nanoparticles With Various Acids. [Essay]. Universitas Indonesia, Depok. [Indonesia].
Hu LM, Sun Y, Wu Y. 2013. Advances in chitosan-based drug delivery vehicles. Journal Nanoscale 5(1): 3103–3111. DOI: 10.1039/C3NR00338H.
Bhattarai N, Ramay HR, Chou SH, Zhang M. 2006. Chitosan and lactic acid-grafted chitosan nanoparticles as carriers for prolonged drug delivery. Int. Journal Nanomedicine 1(2): 181–187. DOI: 10.2147/nano.2006.1.2.181.
Mohanraj VJ, Chen Y. 2006. Nanoparticles. Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research 5(1): 561-573. DOI: 10.4314/tjpr.v5i1.14634.
Rochima E, Azhary SY, Pratama RI, Panatarani C and Joni IM. 2017. Preparation and Characterization of Nanochitosan from Crab Shell Waste by Beads-milling Method. IOP Conference Series Materials Science and Engineering 193(1):1-6. DOI: 10.1088/1757-899X/193/1/012043.
Sivanesan I, Muthu M, Gopal J, Hasan N, Ali SK, Shin J, Oh J-W. 2021. Nanochitosan: Commemorating the Metamorphosis of an ExoSkeletal Waste to a Versatile Nutraceutical 11(3): 821. DOI: 10.3390/nano11030821.
Ali MEA, Aboelfadl MMS, Selim AM, Khalil HF, Elkady GM. 2018. Chitosan nanoparticles extracted from shrimp shells, application for removal of Fe(II) and Mn(II) from aqueous phases. Separation Science and Technology 53(9):1-12. DOI: 10.1080/01496395.2018.1489845.
Pratiwi D, Genesis GR, Komariah, Tjandrawinata R. 2021. The effect of nanochitosan from rhinoceros beetle (Xylotrupes gideon) towards gic surface roughness on critical pH of the saliva. ODONTO Dental Journal 8(1): 73-79. DOI: 10.30659/odj.8.1.73-79.
Younes I, Hajji S, Frachet V, Rinaudo M, Jellouli K, Nasri M. 2014a. Chitin extraction from shrimp shell using enzymatic treatment. Antitumor, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of chitosan. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 69: 489-498. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2014.06.013.
Cahyono, E. (2018). Karakteristik Kitosan Dari Limbah Cangkang Udang Windu (Panaeus monodon). Akuatika Indonesia 3(2):96-102. DOI:10.24198/jaki.v3i2.23395.
AOAC. 2005. Official methods of analysis of the Association of Analytical Chemist. Virginia USA : Association of Official Analytical Chemist, Inc.
El Knidri H, Belaabed R, Addaou A, Laajeb A, Lahsini A. 2018. Extraction, chemical modification and characterization of chitin and chitosan. Intl J Biol Macromol 120:1181-1189. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.08.139
Dong Y, Ng WK, Shen S, Kim S, Tan RBH. 2012. Scalable ionic gelation synthesis of chitosan nanoparticles for drug delivery in static mixers 94(2):940-945. DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2013.02.013
Muller R, Mader K, Gohla, S. 2000. Solid Lipid Nanoparticles (SLN) For Controlled Drug Delivery- a Review of the State of thr Art. European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics. 50: 161-177. DOI: 10.1016/s0939-6411(00)00087-4
Ronson. 2012. Zeta Potensial Analysis of Nanoparticles. Nano Composix, San Diego.
Al-Zahrani SS, Bora, Al-Garni SM. 2021. Antimicrobial Activity Of Chitosan Nanoparticles. Journal of biotechnology & biotechnological equipment. 35(1): 1874-1880. DOI: 10.1080/13102818.2022.2027816
Rahman MA. 2012. Chitosan as an alternative antibacterial ingredient in hand sanitizer gel formulations (Hand Sanitizer). [Essay]. Institut Pertanian Bogor, Bogor [Indonesian].
Abdeltwab W, Abdelaliem Y, Metry W, Eldeghedy M. 2019. Antimicrobial Effect of Chitosan and Nano-Chitosan Against Some Pathogens and Spoilage Microorganisms. Journal of Advanced Laboratory Research in Biology, 10(1), 8–15. Retrieved from https://e-journal.sospublication.co.in/index.php/jalrb/article/view/263.
Alqahtani FY, Aleanizy FS, Tahir EE, Alquadeib BT, Alsarra IA, Alanazi JS, Abdelhady HG. 2019. Preparation, characterization, and antibacterial activity of diclofenac-loaded chitosan nanoparticles. Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal 27(1), 82–87. DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2018.08.001.
Chandrasekaran M, Kim KD, Chun SC. 2020. Antibacterial activity of chitosan nanoparticles: A review. Processes 8(9):1-21. DOI: 10.3390/PR8091173.
Duan C, Meng X, Meng J. 2019. Chitosan as a preservative for fruits and vegetables: a review on chemistry and antimicrobial properties. Journal of Bioresources and Bioproducts 4(1):11–21. DOI: 10.21967/jbb.v2i4.163.
Hematizad I, Khanjari A, Basti AA, Karabagias IK, Noori N, Ghadami F, Gholami F, Teimourifard R. (2021). In vitro antibacterial activity of gelatin-nanochitosan films incorporated with Zataria multiflora Boiss essential oil and its influence on microbial, chemical, and sensorial properties of chicken breast meat during refrigerated storage. Food Packaging and Shelf Life 30(July), 100751. DOI: 10.1016/j.fpsl.2021.100751.
Javaherzadeh R, Tabatabaee BAS, Kanjari A. 2020. Preservation effect of Polylophium involucratum essential oil incorporated poly lactic acid/ nanochitosan composite film on shelf life and sensory properties of chicken fillets at refrigeration temperature. Lwt, 118(October), 108783. DOI : 10.1016/j.lwt.2019.108783.
Ngan LTK., Wang SL, Hiep IM, Luong PM, Vui NT, Crossed D, Signinh TM, Dzung NA. 2014. Preparation of chitosan nanoparticles by spray drying, and their antibacterial activity. Research on Chemical Intermediates 40(6): 2165–2175. DOI: 10.1007/s11164-014-1594-9
Piras AM, Maisetta G, Sandreschi S, Gazzarri M, Bartoli C, Grassi L, Esin S, Chiellini F, Batoni G. (2015). Chitosan nanoparticles loaded with the antimicrobial peptide temporin B exert a long-term antibacterial activity in vitro against clinical isolates of Staphylococcus epidermidis. Frontiers in Microbiology, 6(APR), 1–10. DOI : 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00372.
Qi L, Xu Z, Jiang X, Hu C, Zou X. 2004. Preparation and antibacterial activity of chitosan nanoparticles. Carbohydrate Research 339(16): 2693–2700. DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2004.09.007.
Ramezani Z, Zarei M, Raminnejad N. 2015. Comparing the effectiveness of chitosan and nanochitosan coatings on the quality of refrigerated silver carp fillets. Food Control 51, 43–48. DOI:10.1016/j.foodcont.2014.11.015.
Zmejkoski DZ, Markovi? ZM, Budimir MD, Zdravkovi? NM, Triši? DD, Bugárová N, Danko M, Kozyrovska NO., Špitalský Z, Kleinová A, Kuzman SB., Pavlovi? VB, Todorovi? MBM. 2021. Photoactive and antioxidant nanochitosan dots/biocellulose hydrogels for wound healing treatment. Materials Science and Engineering C, 122(January). DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2021.111925
Hosokawa M, Nishino J, Kanno Y. 2007. Nanoparticle Technology Handbook, 1st edition. Elsevier Linacre House, UK.
Meriatna, 2008. The Use of Chitosan Membranes to Reduce Chromium (Cr) and Nickel (Ni) Metals in the Liquid Waste of The Metal Coating Industry. [Thesis]. Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan. [Indonesian].
Sau TK., Pal A, Jana NR, Wang ZL, Pal T. 2001. Size Controlled Synthesis of Gold Nanoparticles Using Photochemically Prepared Seed Particles. Journal Nanoparticle Research 3 (4): 257–261. DOI: 10.1023/A:1017567225071.
Qonitannisa S, Fadli A, Sunarno. 2020. Sintesis Nanokitosan Dengan Metode Gelasi Ionik Menggunakan Pelarut Asam Asetat Dengan Variasi Konsentrasi Kitosan. Jom FTEKNIK, 7 (2): 1-4.
Teguh, 2003. Production and Analysis of Bioplastic Films From Chitosan Irradiated by Chitin Derived from Mangrove Crab Shells. [Essay]. Universitas Pancasila, Jakarta. [Indonesian].
Honary S, Zahir F. 2013. Effect of Zeta Potential on the Properties of Nano-Drug Delivery Systems-A Review (Part 1). Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research 12 (2). DOI: 10.4314/tjpr.v12i2.19.
(EFSA), E. F. S. A. (2010). Scientific Opinion on the safety of ‘ Chitin-glucan ’ as a Novel Food. EFSA Journal 8(7):1–17. DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2010.1687.
Bolat Y, Bilgin ?, Günlü A, Izci L, Koca SB, Çetinkaya S, Koca HU. (2010). Chitin-chitosan yield of freshwater crab (Potamon potamios, Olivier 1804) shell. Pakistan Veterinary Journal 30(4): 227–231. DOI: 10.5072/ZENODO.35708.
Cahyono E. (2018). Karakteristik Kitosan Dari Limbah Cangkang Udang Windu (Panaeus monodon). Akuatika Indonesia, 3(2): 96. DOI: 10.24198/jaki.v3i2.23395
Bolad Y, Bilgin S, Gunlu A, Izci L, Koca SB, Cetinkaya S, Koca HU. 2010. Chitin-Chitosan Yield of Freshwater Crab (Potamon potamios, Olivier 1804) Shell. Pakistan Veterinary Journal 30(4):227-231. DOI:10.81043/aperta.25985.
Hossain MS, Iqbal A. 2014. Production and Characterization of Chitosan from Shrimp Waste. Journal of Bangladesh Agricultural University 12(1):153-160. DOI: 10.3329/jbau.v12i1.21405
Mulia, Apriliyani, Purwadi, Manab A, Apriliyanti MW, Ikhwan AD. 2020. Characteristics of Moisture Content, Swelling, Opacity, and Transparency with Addition Chitosan as Edible Films/Coating Base on Casein. Advance Journal of Food Science and Technology 18(1):9-14. DOI:10.19026/ajfst.18.6041.
Hossain S, Uddin MdK. 2020. Isolation and Extraction of Chitosan From Shrimp Shells. International Journal of Advanced Research 8(9):657-664. DOI: 10.21474/IJAR01/11704.
Hao G, Hu Y, Shi L, Chen J, Cui A, Weng W. 2021. Physicochemical characteristics of chitosan from swimming crab (Portunus trituberculatus) shells prepared by subcritical water pretreatment. Scientific Reports, 11(1646):1–9. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-81318-0.
Kania D, Putri T, Oktiani BW, Sukmana BI, Rachmadi P, Achmad H. (2020). Synthesis and Characteristics of Chitosan from Haruan (Channa striata) Fish Scales. Sys Rev Pharm, 11(4):15–20. DOI: 10.31838/srp.2020.4.04.
Sseketawa K, Byarugaba DK, Wampande EM, Moja TN, Nxumalo E, Maaza M, Sackey J, Ejobi F, Kirabira JB. 2021. Isolation and Characterization of Chitosan From Ugandan Enible Mushrooms, Nile Perch Scales and Banana Weevils for Biomedical Applications. Scientific Reports 11(4116):1-14. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-81880-7.
Modaso R, Suryanto E, Tallei T, Rumengan IFM. 2013. The yield , nitrogen content , and dye ’ s binding capacity of chitin and chitosan of rotifer Brachionus rotundiformis. Aquatic Science & Management 99–106. DOI: 10.35800/jasm.0.0.2013.2286.
Poeloengasih CD, Hernawan, Angwar M. 2008. Isolation and Characterization of Chitin and Chitosan Prepared Under Various Processing Times. Indonesian Journal of Chemistry, 8(2):189-192. DOI:10.22146/ijc.21635.
Fatima B. 2019. Quantitative Analysis by IR: Determination of Chitin/Chitosan DD. IntechOpen. DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.89708.
Cheng J, Zhu H, Huang J. 2020. The physicochemical properties of chitosan prepared by microwave heating. Food Sci Nutr. 8: 1987– 1994. DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.1486.
Gharaie SS, Habibi S, Nazockdast H. 2018. Fabrication and characterization of chitosan/gelatin/thermoplastic polyurethane blend nanofibers. Journal of Textiles and Fibrous Materials 1 1:8. DOI: 10.1177/2515221118769324.
Ahyat NM, Mohamad F, Ahmad A, Azmi AA. 2017. Chitin and chitosan extraction from Portunus pelagicus. Malaysian Journal of Analytical Sciences. DOI: 10.17576/mjas-2017-2104-02.
Hadi AG, Saddam NS, Ahmed DS, Yousif E. 2022. Extraction and characterization of Chitosan gained from oyster and fish shells and evaluation its application as antioxidant. AIP Conference Proceedings 2386. DOI:10.1063/5.0066847.
Cansu M, Alparslan Y, Baygar Tu, Baygar Ta. 2019. Physicochemical, Microstructural and Thermal Characterization of Chitosan from Blue Crab Shell Waste and Its Bioactivity Characteristics. Journal of Polymers and the Environment 27(9):2552-2561. DOI: 10.1007/s10924-019-01539-3.
Tetteh EK, Duodu GA, Rathilal S. 2021. Synergistic Effects of Magnetic Nanomaterials on Post-Digestate for Biogas Production. Molecules 26, 6434. DOI: 10.1016/j.matpr.2022.02.092.
Sultan M, Siddique M, Khan R, Fallatah AM, Fatima N, Shahzadi I, Waheed U, Bilal M, Ali A, Abbasi AM. 2022. Ligustrum lucidum Leaf Extract-Assisted Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles and Nano-Adsorbents Having Potential in Ultrasound-Assisted Adsorptive Removal of Methylene Blue Dye from Wastewater and Antimicrobial Activity. Materials 15:1637. DOI: 10.3390/ma15051637.
Zhou H, Wang J, Wang X, Zhou C, Pan Z, Cheng Q. 2022. Flame Retardancy and Mechanical Properties of Chitosan and DOPO with Different Mass Ratios in Epoxy Resin. Research Square 1:27. DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-1095633/v2.
Veronika, D. (2015). Formulation of Red Betel Leaf Nanoparticle Lozenges (piper crocotum ruiz and pav) by Wet Granulation. [Thesis] Universitas Sumatra Utara, Medan. [Indonesian].
Putri AI, Sundaryono A, Chandra IN. 2018. Karakterisasi nanopartikel kitosan ekstrak daun ubijalar (ipomoea batatas l.) menggunakan metode gelasi ionik. ALOTROP, Jurnal Pendidikan dan Ilmu Kimia 2(2):203-207. DOI: 10.33369/atp.v2i2.7561.
Most read articles by the same author(s)
- AGUS INDARJO, GAZALI SALIM, CHRISTINE DYTA NUGRAENI, MUFRIDA ZEIN, JULIAN RANSANGAN, LUKMAN YUDHO PRAKOSO, SUHIRWAN, SUTRISNO ANGGORO, Length-weight relationship, sex ratio, mortality and growth condition of natural stock of Macrobrachium rosenbergii from the estuarine systems of North Kalimantan, Indonesia , Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity: Vol. 22 No. 2 (2021)
- AGUS INDARJO, GAZALI SALIM, MUFRIDA ZEIN, DODDY SEPTIAN, STEPHANIE BIJA, The population and mortality characteristics of mangrove crab (Scylla serrata) in the mangrove ecosystem of Tarakan City, Indonesia , Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity: Vol. 21 No. 8 (2020)
- NOVI LUTHFIYANA, STEPHANIE BIJA, EFFIONORA ANWAR, DIAN RATIH LAKSMITAWATI, GITA LIA ROSALINDA, Characteristics and activity of chitosan from mud crab shells on acne bacteria: Staphylococcus aureus, S. epidermidis and Propionibacterium acnes , Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity: Vol. 23 No. 12 (2022)