Assessing soil conservation techniques on sloping lands in the humid tropics area of Indonesia in the context of maize cultivation
##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.sidebar##
Issue
Section
Articles
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.main##
Abstract
Abstract. Neswati R, Abdullah S, Musa Y, Nasaruddin. 2023. Assessing soil conservation techniques on sloping lands in the humid tropics area of Indonesia in the context of maize cultivation. Biodiversitas 24: 1686-1692. Sloping land is prone to severe erosion, particularly in areas with high precipitation, such as in humid tropics. In addition to slope and rain factors, crop management also influences soil erosion. This research aims to identify the most appropriate techniques to mitigate soil erosion by comparing three different techniques of maize (Zea mays L.) cultivation planted on sloping land in Indonesia's humid tropics. A field experiment was conducted in Gorontalo Regency, Gorontalo Province, Indonesia, in three maize growing seasons at a location with a slope of 15-30%. We used a split-plot design in a randomized block design, with the main factor being conservation techniques, namely no treatment (control) (K0), contour terrace (K1), strip cropping using Pennisetum purpureum Schumach. (K2) and alley cropping using Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Kunth (K3), and the side factor was Z. mays of two varieties: Mixed variety Arjuna BC (H1) and hybrid variety NK-33 (H2). The effects of each treatment were measured in term of soil erosion, and maize growth and productivity. The results showed that the strip cropping resulted in a lower erosion level compared to the contour terrace and alley cropping. However, erosion still exceeded the tolerable soil loss in all conservation techniques. The effects on the growth and production of maize of the two varieties in growing seasons 1, 2, and 3 were not statistically different (p<0.05). Maize production can reach >6 tons ha-1 in the two varieties planted and the value of the revenue to cost (R/C) ratio of all treatments ranged between 1.77 and 2.54. The results imply that the application of appropriate soil conservation methods has the potential to reduce erosion in the sloping land-humid tropics of Indonesia without compromising growth and productivity. However, it will take a longer period to reduce soil erosion significantly in a maize-based cultivation system on sloping land.
##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.details##
References
Abujamin, S., A. Abdurrachman, dan U. Kurnia. 1983. Strip Rumput Permanen sebagai Salah Satu Cara Konservasi Tanah. Pemb.Penelitian Tanah dan Pupuk 1:16-20.
Baumhardt, R.L., Blanco, H. 2014. Soil: Conservation practices. Encyclopedia of Agriculture & Food Systems. 5:San Diego, CA.:Elsevier. p. 153-165. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-52512-3.00091-7.
Cao, Y.; Wu, Y.; Zhang, Y.; Tian, J. 2013. Landscape pattern and sustainability of a 1300-year-old agricultural landscape in subtropical mountain areas, Southwestern China. Int. J. Sustain. Dev. World Ecol. , 20, 349–357. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-63998-1.00012-4.
Dariah, A dan A. Rachman. 1988. Pengaruh Mulsa Hijauan Alley Cropping Terhadap Pertumbuhan dan Hasil Jagung serta Beberapa Sifat Fisik Tanah. Hal 99-106 dalam Pros. Pembahasan Hasil Penelitian Tanah, Cipayung, 22-24 Agustus 1989. Pusat Penelitian Tanah Bogor.
De Almeida, W.S.; Panachuki, E.; de Oliveira, P.T.S.; Da Silva Menezes, R.; Sobrinho, T.A.; de Carvalho, D.F. 2018. Effect of soil tillage and vegetal cover on soil water infiltration. Soil Tillage Res. 175, 130–138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2017.07.009
DeLong, C.; Cruse, R.; Wieneret, J. 2015. The Soil Degradation Paradox: Compromising Our Resources When We Need Them the Most. Sustainability, 7, 866–879. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.3390/su7010866
Deng, C., Zhang, G., Liu, Y., Nie, X.H., Li, Z., Liu, J., & Zhu, D. 2021. Advantages and disadvantages of terracing: A comprehensive review. International Soil and Water Conservation Research, 9, 344-359.
García-Lara, S., & Serna-Saldívar, S.R. 2019. Maize History and Culture. Maize. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-811971-6.00001-2
Gerland, P.; Raftery, A.E.; Sev?íková, H.; Li, N.; Gu, D.; Spoorenberg, T.; Alkema, L.; Fosdick, B.K.; Chunn, J.; Lalic, N.; et al. 2014. World population stabilization is unlikely this century. Science, 346, 234–327. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1257469
Gomiero, T. (2016). Soil Degradation, Land Scarcity, and Food Security: Reviewing a Complex Challenge. Sustainability, 8(3), 281. MDPI AG. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su8030281
Grebner, D. L., Bettinger, P., & Siry, J. P. 2013. Common Forestry Practices. Introduction to Forestry and Natural Resources, 255–285. doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-386901-2.00011-7. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-386901-2.00011-7
Hao, H.; Qin, J.; Sun, Z.; Guo, Z.; Wang, J. 2021. Erosion-reducing effects of plant roots during concentrated flow under contrasting textured soils. Catena, 203, 105378. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2021.105378
Hilger, T. et al. 2013. Soil Conservation on Sloping Land: Technical Options and Adoption Constraints. In: Fröhlich, H.L., Schreinemachers, P., Stahr, K., Clemens, G. (eds) Sustainable Land Use and Rural Development in Southeast Asia: Innovations and Policies for Mountainous Areas. Springer Environmental Science and Engineering. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-33377-4_7
Hou, G.; Bi, H.; Huo, Y.; Wei, X.; Zhu, Y.; Wang, X.; Liao, W. 2020. Determining the optimal vegetation coverage for controlling soil erosion in Cynodon dactylon grassland in North China. J. Clean. Prod., 244, 118771. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.118771
Kang, B.T. dan R.C. Gutteridge. 2002. Forage Tree Legumes in Alley Cropping Systems (Online), (http://www.fao.org/WAICENT/FAOINFO/AGRICULT/AGP/AGPC/doc/publicat/Gutt-sheet/x55556e0q.htm, diakses 23 November).
Karlen, D.L.; Peterson, G.A.; Westfall, D.G. 2014. Soil and water conservation: Our history and future challenges. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J, 78, 1493–1499. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2014.03.0110
Karlen, D.L.; Rice, C.W. Soil Degradation. 2015 Will Humankind Ever Learn? Sustainability 7, 12490–12501. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.3390/su70912490
Li, J.; Li, L.; Wang, Z.; Zhang, C.; Wang, Y.; Wang, W.; Zhang, G.; Huang, J.; Li, H.; Lv, X.; et al. 2021.The contributions of the roots, stems, and leaves of three grass species to water erosion reduction on spoil heaps. J. Hydrol. 603, 127003.
Liu, J.; Gao, G.; Wang, S.; Jiao, L.; Wu, X.; Fu, B. 2018. The effects of vegetation on runoff and soil loss: Multidimensional structure analysis and scale characteristics. J. Geogr. Sci. 28, 59–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.118771
Liu, J.; Zhou, Z.; Liu, J.E.; Su, X. 2022. Effects of root density on soil detachment capacity by overland flow during one growing season. J. Soils Sediments, 22, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-021-03064-0
Lou, Y., Gao, Z., Li, Y., Sun, G., Wu, T., Cen, Y., & Su, B. 2022. Effects of Distributions of Grass Strips on Soil Erosion in Spoil Tips. Water, 14(6), 913. MDPI AG. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14060913
Montgomery, D. 2007. Soil erosion and agricultural stability. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 104, 13268–13272. Retrieved from DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0611508104
Morgan, R.P.C. 2005. Soil Erosion and Conservation, 3rd ed.; Blackwell: Oxford, U.K.
Oldeman, L.R. 1997. Soil degradation: A threat to food security? In Proceedings of the International Conference on Time Ecology: Time for Soil Culture—Temporal Perspectives on Sustainable Use of Soil, Tutzing, Germany.
Panagos, P., Standardi, G., Borrelli, P., Lugato, E., Montanarella, L., & Bosello, F. 2018. Cost of agricultural productivity loss due to soil erosion in the European Union: From direct cost evaluation approaches to the use of macroeconomic models. Land Degradation & Development, 29, 471 - 484. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1002/ldr.2879
Pimentel, D., & Burgess, M. 2013. Soil Erosion Threatens Food Production. Agriculture, 3(3), 443–463. MDPI AG. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture3030443
Safford Hugh D., Vallejo V. Ramón. 2019. Chapter 12 - Ecosystem management and ecological restoration in the Anthropocene: integrating global change, soils, and disturbance in boreal and Mediterranean forests. Elsevier (36), P 259-308. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-63998-1.00012-4.
Sitorus Santun R.P. and Pravitasari Andrea Emma. 2017. Land Degradation and Landslide in Indonesia. Sumatra Journal of Disaster, Geography and Geography Education, . Retrieved from http://sjdgge.ppj.unp.ac.id
Smith, D.J.; Wynn-Thompson, T.M.; Williams, M.A.; Seiler, J.R. 2021. Do roots bind soil? Comparing the physical and biological role of plant roots in fluvial streambank erosion: A mini-JET study. Geomorphology, 375, 107523.
Teague R and Kreuter U. 2020. Managing Grazing to Restore Soil Health, Ecosystem Function, and Ecosystem Services. Front. Sustain. Food Syst. 4:534187. doi: 10.3389/fsufs.2020.534187
Thompson, L. M. 1957. Soil and Soil Fertility. McGraw-Hill Book company Inc. New York.
Troeh, F.R.; Hobbs, J.A.; Donahue, R.L. 1991. Soil and Water Conservation; Prentice Hall: Englewood Cliffs, NJ, USA.
Uchida, E., Cunin, O., Suda, C., Ueno, A., & Nakagawa, T. 2007. Consideration on the construction process and the sandstone quarries during the Angkor period based on the magnetic susceptibility. Journal of Archaeological Science, 34, 924-935. Retrieved from DOI:10.1016/J.JAS.2006.09.015
van Ramshorst, J.G.V.; Siebicke, L.; Baumeister, M.; Moyano, F.E.; Knohl, A.; Markwitz, C. 2022. Reducing Wind Erosion through Agroforestry: A Case Study Using Large Eddy Simulations. Sustainability, 14, 13372. https://doi.org/10.3390/ su142013372
Xu, Qx., Wu, P., Dai, Jf. et al. 2018. The effects of rainfall regimes and terracing on runoff and erosion in the Three Gorges area, China. Environ Sci Pollut Res 25, 9474–9484. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-1198-9
Xu, Y., Yang, B., Tang, Q. et al. 2011. Analysis of comprehensive benefits of transforming slope farmland to terraces on the Loess Plateau: A case study of the Yangou Watershed in Northern Shaanxi Province, China. J. Mt. Sci. 8, 448–457. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1007/s11629-011-1058-2.
Zhang, X.; Li, P.; Li, Z.B.; Yu, G.Q.; Li, C. 2018. Effects of precipitation and different distributions of grass strips on runoff and sediment in the loess convex hillslope. Catena, 162, 130–140. Retrieved from
Zhu, P.; Zhang, G.; Wang, H.; Yang, H.; Zhang, B.; Wang, L. 2021. Effectiveness of distinct plant communities in controlling runoff and soil erosion on steep gully slopes on the Loess Plateau of China. J. Hydrol, 602, 126714. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2021.126714
Most read articles by the same author(s)
- ABDUL RAHIM SALEH, SIKSTUS GUSLI, AMBO ALA, RISMA NESWATI, SRI SUDEWI, Tree density impact on growth, roots length density, and yield in agroforestry based cocoa , Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity: Vol. 23 No. 1 (2022)
- RUSNADI PADJUNG, MUH FARID, YUNUS MUSA, MUHAMMAD FUAD ANSHORI, AMIN NUR, ANDI MASNENONG, Drought-adapted maize line based on morphophysiological selection index , Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity: Vol. 22 No. 9 (2021)
- HERAWATI, MUHAMMAD RIADI, YUNUS MUSA, ROY EFENDI, MUHAMMAD AZRAI, Evaluation of the growth and tolerance of maize lines under aluminum stress , Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity: Vol. 24 No. 3 (2023)
- NASARUDDIN, LAODE SABARUDDIN, KANGKUSO ANALUDDIN, LA BACO SUDIA, Taxonomic and functional diversity of aquatic macroinvertebrate from natural forest as reference for streams health indicators in Lasolo Watershed, Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia , Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity: Vol. 24 No. 10 (2023)
- MARWAN YANI KAMSURYA, AMBO ALA, YUNUS MUSA, RAFIUDDIN, Short Communication: Correlation of flowering phenology and heat unit of forest cloves (Syzygium obtusifolium) at different elevations in Maluku Province, Indonesia , Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity: Vol. 23 No. 11 (2022)