Influence of physicochemical environmental factors on morphometric characteristics of macroalgae from Ambon Island, Indonesia
##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.sidebar##
Issue
Section
Articles
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.main##
SINTJE LILINE
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4973-9490
DOMINGGUS RUMAHLATU
http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4466-5528
SITI ZUBAIDAH
http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0718-6392
SRIYANTI SALMANU
http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2713-598X
Kristin Sangur
♥
Abstract
Abstract. Liline S, Rumahlatu D, Zubaidah S, Salmanu S, Sangur K. 2024. Influence of physicochemical environmental factors on morphometric characteristics of macroalgae from Ambon Island, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 25: 1436-1453. Macroalgae are an essential part of the marine biodiversity of Ambon Island, requiring thorough investigation for conservation and cultivation purposes. Therefore, this study aimed to identify macroalgae and analyze the relationship of environmental physicochemical factors to morphometric characteristics of macroalgae from the coastal waters of Ambon Island, Maluku Province, between June and July 2023. Sampling was performed at four locations, i.e., Hutumuri, Alang, Aer Low, and Suli Villages, followed by laboratory morphometric identification and measurements. The results showed significant variations in the physicochemical environmental factors of the four locations, featuring temperatures ranging from 25.00-30.05°C, pH of 7.00-8.34, salinity of 31.00-32.00, and dissolved oxygen (DO) of 6.00-15.27. Furthermore, the substrate in each location differed, presenting sequentially as sandy coral, coral, sandy coral, and mud sand. 11, 10, 6, and 25 species were found in Hutumuri, Alang, Aer Low, and Suli, respectively. Each species, with distinct morphological characteristics and morphometric sizes, was distributed across the Chlorophyta, Ochrophyta, and Rhodofhyta classes. These observations provided crucial insights into the intricate relationship between environmental factors and morphometric characteristics, including full length, thallus width, and length, as well as holdfast length and width of both same-species and different macroalgae populations in Ambon Island.
##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.details##
References
AbouGabal AA, Khaled AA, Aboul-Ela HM, Aly HM, Diab MH, Shalaby OK. 2022. Marine Macroalgal Biodiversity, Spatial Study for the Egyptian Mediterranean Sea, Alexandria Coast. Thalassas: An International Journal of Marine Sciences 38(1): 639–646. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41208-021-00370-9
Afreen AB, Rasool F, Fatima M. 2023. Bioactive properties of brown seaweed, Sargassum wightii and its nutritional, therapeutic potential and health benefits: A review. Journal of Environmental Biology 4(4): 146–158. https://doi.org/10.22438/jeb/44/2/MRN-5081
AlgaBase. 2023. Listing the World’s Algae. https://www.algaebase.org/
Alves JDP, Junior APB, Henry-Silva GG. 2021. Salinity tolerance of macroalgae gracilaria birdiae. Ciencia Rural 51(1): 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1590/0103-8478cr20190958
Arias A, Feijoo G, & Moreira MT. 2022. Macroalgae biorefineries as a sustainable resource in the extraction of value-added compounds. Algal Research 102954. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.algal.2022.102954
Arsianti A, Bahtiar A, Wangsaputra VK, Azizah NN, Fachri W, Nadapdap LD, Fajrin AM, Tanimoto H, Kakiuchi K. 2020. Phytochemical composition and evaluation of marine algal Sargassum polycystum for antioxidant activity and in vitro cytotoxicity on hela cells. Pharmacognosy Journal 12(1): 88–94. https://doi.org/10.5530/pj.2020.12.14
Barbot YN, Al-Ghaili H, Benz R. 2016. A review on the valorization of macroalgal wastes for biomethane production. Marine Drugs 16(6): 66–117. https://doi.org/10.3390/md14060120
Belton GS, Draisma SGA, van Reine WFPH, Huisman JM, Gurgel CFDA. 2019. A taxonomic reassessment of Caulerpa (Chlorophyta, Caulerpaceae) in southern Australia, based on tufA and rbcL sequence data. Phycologia 58(3): 234–253. https://doi.org/10.1080/00318884.2018.1542851
Carreira-Flores D, Rubal M, Moreira J, Guerrero-Mesenguer L, Gomes PT, Veiga P. 2023. Recent changes on the abundance and distribution of non-indigenous macroalgae along the southwest coast of the Bay of Biscay. Aquatic Botany 189, 103685. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquabot.2023.103685
Costa Jr OS, Attrill MJ, Pedrini AG, De-Paula JC. 2001. Benthic macroalgal distribution in coastal and offshore reefs at Porto Seguro Bay, Brazilian Discovery Coast. International Society for Reef Studies, Indonesia 23–27.
de Carvalho VF, de Fátima Oliveira-Carvalho M, Bandeira-Pedrosa ME, Pereira SMB. 2013. Benthic chlorophytes from a coastal island in the Oriental Northeast of Brazil. Brazilian Journal of Botany 36: 203–210. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40415-013-0028-z
de Maria César Ferreira S, Lolis LA, Noga PMB, de Jesus Affe HM, de Castro Nunes JM. 2022. A highly diverse phytobenthic community along a short coastal reef gradient in northeastern Brazil. Universitas Scientiarum 27(1): 34–56. https://doi.org/10.11144/JAVERIANA.SC271.AHDP
Díaz-Tapia P, Ly M, Verbruggen H. 2020. Extensive cryptic diversity in the widely distributed Polysiphonia scopulorum (Rhodomelaceae, Rhodophyta): molecular species delimitation and morphometric analyses. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 152: 106909. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2020.106909
Duarte CM, Gattuso JP, Hancke K, Gundersen H, Filbee-Dexter K, Pedersen MF, Middelburg JJ, Burrows MT, Krumhansl KA, Wernberg T, Moore P, Pessarrodona A, Ørberg SB, Pinto IS, Assis J, Queirós AM, Smale DA, Bekkby T, Serrão EA, Krause-Jensen D. 2022. Global estimates of the extent and production of macroalgal forests. Global Ecology and Biogeography 31(7): 1422–1439. DOI: 10.1111/geb.13515
EL Boukhari MEM, Barakate M, Bouhia Y, Lyamlouli K. 2020. Trends in Seaweed Extract Based Biostimulants: Manufacturing Process and Beneficial Effect on Soil-Plant. Plants 9(23): 1–23. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9030359
Erlania, Radiarta IN. 2015. The use of seaweeds aquaculture for carbon sequestration: A strategy for climate change mitigation. Journal of Geodesy and Geomatics Engineering 2: 109–115. https://doi.org/10.17265/ 2332-8223/2015.06.006
Erniati, Erlangga, Andika Y, Muliani. 2023. Seaweed diversity and community structure on the west coast of Aceh, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 24(4): 2189–2200. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d240431
Estrada J, Bautista NS, Dionisio-Sese ML. 2020. Morphological variation of two common sea grapes (Caulerpa lentillifera and Caulerpa racemosa) from selected regions in the Philippines. Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity 21(5): 1823–183. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d210508
Fabricius KE, Crossman K, Jonker M, Mongin M, Thompson A. 2023. Macroalgal cover on coral reefs: Spatial and environmental predictors, and decadal trends in the Great Barrier Reef. PLoS ONE 18(1): 1–21. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0279699
Fitrihastuti AN, Auliadani NM, Mudrikah S, Wulandari TM, Sayidinar A, Khairunnisa AD, Angellya BF, Utami LW, U. L. (2023). Macroalgal Abundance in the Intertidal Zone of Nglolang Beach, Gunungkidul, Yogyakarta. Berkala Ilmiah Biologi, 14(2), 16–24. https://doi.org/10.22146/bib.v14i2.5175
Florez JZ, Camus C, Hengst MB, Buschmann AH. 2017. A functional perspective analysis of macroalgae and epiphytic bacterial community interaction. Frontiers in Microbiology 8: 1–16. DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02561
Fulton CJ, Abesamis RA, Berkström C, Depczynski M, Graham NAJ, Holmes TH, Kulbicki M, Noble MM, Radford BT, Tano S, Tinkler P, Wernberg T, Wilson SK. 2019. Form and function of tropical macroalgal reefs in the Anthropocene. Functional Ecology 33(6): 989–999. DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13282
Gakken. (1979). The seaweeds of Japan. Gakkan Illustrated Nature Encyclopedia. Tokyo.
Gani P, Sunar NM, Matias-peralta HM, Apandi N. 2019. An Overview of Environmental Factor’s Effect on the Growth of Microalgae. Journal of Applied Chemistry and Natural Resources 1(2): 1–5
Guo J, Qi M, Chen H, Zhou C, Ruan R, Yan X, Cheng P. 2022. Macroalgae-Derived Multifunctional Bioactive Substances: The Potential Applications for Food and Pharmaceuticals. In Foods 11(21): 1-16. DOI: 10.3390/foods11213455
Guo Z, Wang L, Jiang Z, Liang Z. 2022. Comparison studies of epiphytic microbial communities on four macroalgae and their rocky substrates. Marine Pollution Bulletin 176: 113435. DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.113435
Hadi S. 2004. Analisis regresi. Yogyakarta: Penerbit Andi Offest. [Indonesian]
Handayani S, Widhiono I, Widyartini DS. 2023. Macroalgae diversity in the Pari Island Cluster, Seribu Islands District, Jakarta, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 24(3): 1659–1667. DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d240339
Harah MZ, Sidik BJ, Natrah FMI, Emmclan LSH, Hazma WN, Nordiah B. 2014. Seaweed community of Merambong shoal, Sungai Pulai estuary, Johor. Malayan Nature Journal 66(1): 117-131.
Kase AGo, Rupidara ADN, Klila SR, Sabuna AC, Anakotta ARF, Meryanto Y, Emola IJ, Bessie, DM. 2019. Morphometric analysis, density and diversity of macroalga in Dara Mara marine waters, Anarae Village, Nuse Rote Ndao. Ecology, Environment and Conservation 25: S95-S99.
Kepel RC, Lumingas LJL, Watung PMM, Mantiri DMH. 2019. Community structure of seaweeds along the intertidal zone of Mantehage Island, North Sulawesi, Indonesia. AACL Bioflux 12(1):87-101.
Kepel RC, Mantiri DM, Sahami FM. 2020. Phylogeny and molecular identification of green macroalgae, Ulva prolifera (OF Müller, 1778) in Totok Bay, Maluku Sea, and Blongko waters, Sulawesi Sea, North Sulawesi, Indonesia. AACL Bioflux 13(4): 2196-2203.
Kim S, Choi SK, Van S, Kim ST, Kang YH, Park SR. 2022. Geographic Differentiation of Morphological Characteristics in the Brown Seaweed Sargassum thunbergii along the Korean Coast: A Response to Local Environmental Conditions. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 10(4), 549. DOI: 10.3390/jmse10040549
Kokabi M, Yousefzadi M, Razaghi M, Feghhi MA. 2016. Zonation patterns, composition and diversity of macroalgal communities in the eastern coasts of Qeshm Island, Persian Gulf, Iran. Marine Biodiversity Records 9(1): 1-11. DOI: 10.1186/s41200-016-0096-4
Kongkittayapun N, Chirapart A. 2011. Morphometric and molecular analysis of Gracilaria salicornia and its adelphoparasite in Thailand. Science Asia 37: 6-16. DOI: 10.2306/scienceasia1513-1874.2011.37.006
Kumar MD, Kavitha S, Tyagi VK, Rajkumar M, Bhatia SK, Kumar G, Banu JR. 2022. Macroalgae-derived biohydrogen production: biorefinery and circular bioeconomy. Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery 12(3): 769–791. DOI: 10.1007/s13399-020-01187-x
Kustantinah, Hidayah N, Noviandi CT, Astuti A, Paradhipta DHV. 2022. Nutrients content of four tropical seaweed species from Kelapa Beach, Tuban, Indonesia and their potential as ruminant feed. Biodiversitas 23(12): 6191–6197. DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d231213
Lee WK, Lim YY, Ho CL. 2019. pH affects growth, physiology and agar properties of agarophyte Gracilaria changii (Rhodophyta) under low light intensity from Morib, Malaysia. Regional Studies in Marine Science 30, 100738. DOI: 10.1016/j.rsma.2019.100738
Lemesle S. Rusig AM, Mussio I. 2023. Local scale high frequency monitoring of seaweed strandings along an intertidal shore of the English Channel (Luc-sur-Mer, Normandy France)–Effect of biotic and abiotic factors. Aquatic Botany 186: 103616. DOI: 10.1016/j.aquabot.2023.103616
Limmon G.V, Haulussy Z, Loupatty SR, Manuputty GD. 2023. Corals diversity at waters of Southern Ambon Island, Maluku. AIP Conference Proceedings 2588(03000). DOI: 10.1063/5.0111963
Lin SM, Tseng LC, Ang PO, Bolton J, Liu LC. 2018. Long-term study on seasonal changes in floristic composition and structure of marine macroalgal communities along the coast of Northern Taiwan, southern East China Sea. Marine Biology 165(5): 1-17. DOI: 10.1007/s00227-018-3344-9
Litaay C. 2014. Sebaran dan keragaman komunitas makro algae di perairan Teluk Ambon. Jurnal Ilmu dan Tekonologi Kelautan Tropis 6(1): 131-142. DOI: 10.28930/jitkt.v6i1.8636. [Indonesian]
Litaay C, Arfah H, Rugebregt MJ, Opier RDA. 2021. Species diversity, density, phosphate concentration and the utilization of algae as a food material. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 777(1): 012004). DOI 10.1088/1755-1315/777/1/012004
Lumuindong F, Yapanto LM. 2023. Configuration of the phytoplankton community in the Banda Sea, Central Maluku. Advances in Water Science 32(2): 1-10.
Manikandan DB, Veeran S, Seenivasan S, Sridhar A, Arumugam M, Yangen Z, Ramasamy T. 2022. Exploration of marine red seaweed as a dietary fish meal replacement and its potentiality on growth, hematological, biochemical, and enzyme activity in freshwater fish Labeo rohita. Tropical Animal Health and Production 54(6): 395. DOI: 10.1007/s11250-022-03392-4
Meinita MDN, Akromah N, Andriyani N, Setijanto S, Harwanto D, Liu T. 2021. Molecular identification of Gracilaria species (Gracilariales, Rhodophyta) obtained from the South Coast of Java Island, Indonesia. Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity 22(7): 3046-3056. DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d220759
Melsasail K, Awan A, Papilaya PM, Rumahlatu D. 2018. The ecological structure of macroalgae community (Seagrass) on various zones in the coastal waters of Nusalaut Island, Central Maluku District, Indonesia. AACL Bioflux 11(4): 957–966.
Menaa F, Wijesinghe PAUI, Thiripuranathar G, Uzair B, Iqbal H, Khan BA, Menaa B. 2020. Ecological and industrial implications of dynamic seaweed-associated microbiota interactions. Marine drugs 18(12): 641. DOI: 10.3390/md18120641
Monteiro C, Li H, Diehl N, Collén J, Heinrich S, Bischof K, Bartsch I. 2021. Modulation of physiological performance by temperature and salinity in the sugar kelp Saccharina latissima. Phycological Research 69(1): 48-57. DOI: 10.1111/pre.12443
Mushlihah H, Amri K, Faizal A. 2021. Diversity and Distribution of Macroalgae To Environmental Conditions of Makassar City. Jurnal Ilmu Kelautan 7(1): 16–26.
Navarro-Barranco C, Muñoz-Gómez B, Saiz D, Ros M, Guerra-García JM, Altamirano M, Ostalé-Valriberas E, Moreira, J. 2019. Can invasive habitat-forming species play the same role as native ones? The case of the exotic marine macroalga Rugulopteryx okamurae in the Strait of Gibraltar. Biological Invasions 21(11): 3319-3334. DOI: 10.1007/s10530-019-02049-y
Neustupa J, Nemcova Y. 2020. Morphometric analysis of surface utricles in Halimeda tuna (Bryopsidales, Ulvophyceae) reveals variation in their size and symmetry within individual segments. Symmetry 12(8): 1271. DOI: 10.3390/sym12081271
Neustupa J, Nemcova Y. 2018. Morphological allometry constrains symmetric shape variation, but not asymmetry, of Halimeda tuna (Bryopsidales, Ulvophyceae) segments. PLoS ONE 13(10): e0206492. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0206492
Ortega A, Geraldi NR, Alam I, Kamau AA, Acinas SG, Logares R, Gasol JM, Massana R, Krause-Jensen D, Duarte CM. 2019. Important contribution of macroalgae to oceanic carbon sequestration. Nature Geoscience 12(9): 748–754. DOI: 10.1038/s41561-019-0421-8
Pattikawa JA. 2018. Community structure of reef fish in the southern waters of Ambon Island, eastern Indonesia. AACL Bioflux, 11(3): 919-924.
Pei P, Aslam M, Du H, Liang H, Wang H, Liu X, Chen W. 2021. Environmental factors shape the epiphytic bacterial communities of Gracilariopsis lemaneiformis. Scientific Reports 11(1): 1–15. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-87977-3
Pereira DT, Simioni C, Filipin EP, Bouvie F, Ramlov F, Maraschin M, Bouzon ZL, Schmidt ÉC. 2017. Effects of salinity on the physiology of the red macroalga, Acanthophora spicifera (Rhodophyta, Ceramiales). Acta Botanica Brasilica 31(4): 555-565. DOI: 10.1590/0102-33062017abb0059
Pereira SG, Pereira RN, Rocha CM, Teixeira JA. 2023. Electric fields as a promising technology for the recovery of valuable bio compounds from algae: Novel and sustainable approaches. Bioresource Technology Reports 22: 101420. DOI: 10.1016/j.biteb.2023.101420
Pise NM, Gaikwad DK, Jagtap TG. 2013. Oxidative stress and antioxidant indices of the marine red alga Porphyra vietnamensis. Acta Botanica Croatica, 72(2): 197-209. DOI:10.2478/v10184-012-0024-6
Raza’I TS, Amrifo V, Putra IP, Febrianto T, Ilhamdy AF. 2021. Natural Productivity, Morphometrics and Seasonal Distribution of Caulerva racemosa. E3S Web of Conferences 324: 03010. DOI: 10.1051/e3sconf/202132403010
Roleda MY, Hurd CL. 2019. Seaweed nutrient physiology: Application of concepts to aquaculture and bioremediation. Phycologia 58(5): 552-562. DOI: 10.1080/00318884.2019.1622920
Rouhani E, Safari R, Imanpour M, Hoseinifar S, Yazici M, El-Haroun E. 2022. Effect of Dietary Administration of Green Macroalgae (Ulva Intestinalis) on Mucosal and Systemic Immune Parameters, Antioxidant Defence, and Related Gene Expression in Zebrafish (Danio rerio). Aquaculture Nutrition 7693468. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/7693468
Rugebregt MJ, Arfah H, Pattipeilohy F. 2020. Correlation between macroalgae diversity and water quality in Southwest Maluku waters. Marine Research in Indonesia 45(1): 25–32. DOI: 10.14203/mri.v45i1.573
Sangil C, Martins GM, Hernández JC, Alves F, Neto AI, Ribeiro C, Leon-Cisneros K, Canning-Clode Joao, Rosas-Alquicira E, Mendoza JC, Titley I, Couto RP, Kaufmann M. 2018. Shallow subtidal macroalgae in the North-eastern Atlantic archipelagos (Macaronesian region): a spatial approach to community structure. European Journal of Phycology 53(1): 83-98. DOI: 10.1080/09670262.2017.1385098
Sangil C, Afonso-Carrillo J, Sansón M. 2021. Effect of substrate size and depth on macroalgal communities in unstable marine rocky bottoms. Aquatic Botany 173: 103411. DOI: 10.1016/j.aquabot.2021.103411
Santiañez WJE, Trono JrGC. 2013. Taxonomy of the Genus Sargassum (Fucales, Phaeophyceae) from Alabat Island, Quezon, Northeastern Philippines. Science Diliman 25(1): 29-50.
Serisawa Y, Akino H, Matsuyama K, Ohno M, Tanaka J, Yokohama Y. 2002. Morphometric study of Ecklonia cava (Laminariales, Phaeophyta) sporophytes in two localities with different temperature conditions. Phycological Research 50(3): 193-199. DOI: 10.1046/j.1440-1835.2002.00273.x
Sissini MN, Koerich G, de Barros-Barreto MB, Coutinho LM, Gomes FP, Oliveira W, Costa IO, Nunes JMDC, Henriques MC, Vieira-Pinto T, Torrano-Silva BN, Oliveira MC, Le Gall L, Horta PA. 2022. Diversity, distribution, and environmental drivers of coralline red algae: the major reef builders in the Southwestern Atlantic. Coral Reefs 41(3): 711-725. DOI: 10.1007/s00338-021-02171-1
Sheikhzadeh N, Ahmadifar E, Soltan, M, Tayefi-Nasrabadi H, Mousavi S, Naiel MA. 2022. Brown Seaweed (Padina australis) Extract can Promote Performance, Innate Immune Responses, Digestive Enzyme Activities, Intestinal Gene Expression and Resistance against Aeromonas hydrophila in Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio). Animals 12(23): 3389. DOI: 10.3390/ani12233389
Sofiana MSJ, Nurrahman YA, Warsidah, Minsas S, Yuliono A, Safitri I, Helena S, Risko. 2022. Community Structure Of Macroalgae In Lemukutan Island. Jurnal Ilmu Kelautan 8(1): 1–8.
Sompong U, Mingkaew J, Amornlerdpison D, Mengumphan K. 2020. Sea grape (Caulerpa lentillifera) cultivation in artificial seawater closed system. Maejo International Journal of Energy and Environmental Communication 2(1): 17-22. DOI: 10.54279/mijeec.v2i1.244947
Srimariana ES, Kawaroe M, Lestari DF, Setyaningsih WA, Nugraha AH. 2020. Biodiversity of macroalgae in Pari Island. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 429(1), 0–5. DOI: 10.1088/1755-1315/429/1/012018
Steigleder KM, Copertino MS, Lanari M, Camargo MFM. 2019. Latitudinal gradient in intertidal seaweed composition off the coast of southern Brazil and Uruguay. Aquatic Botany 156: 47–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquabot.2019.04.003
Sumandiarsa IK, Bengen DG, Santoso J, Januar HI. 2021. The relationship between seasonal and environmental variations with morphometric characteristics of Sargassum polycystum (C. Agardh. 1824) from Tidung, Sebesi and Bintan Islands waters, Indonesia. Polish Journal of Natural Sciences 36(1): 37–57. https://doi.org/10.31648/pjns.7305
Takolander A, Cabeza M, Leskinen E. 2017. Climate change can cause complex responses in Baltic Sea macroalgae: A systematic review. Journal of Sea research 123: 16-29. DOI: 10.1016/j.seares.2017.03.007
Taniguchi N, Sakuno Y, Sun H, Song S, Shimabukuro H, Hori M. 2022. Analysis of Floating Macroalgae Distribution around Japan Using Global Change Observation Mission-Climate/Second-Generation Global Imager Data. Water 14(20): 1-15. DOI: 10.3390/w14203236
Titlyanov EA, Titlyanova TV, Tokeshi M, Li X. 2019. Inventory and historical changes in the marine flora of Tomioka Peninsula (Amakusa Island), Japan. Diversity 11(9): 158. DOI: 10.3390/d11090158
Tiwari BK, Troy DJ. 2015. Chapter 1—Seaweed sustainability – food and nonfood applications. In: Tiwari, B.K., Troy, D.J. (Eds.), Seaweed Sustainability. Academic Press 1-6. DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-12-418697-2.00001-5
Umanzor S, Li Y, Bailey D, Augyte S, Huang M, Marty?Rivera M, Yarish C, Lindell S. 2021. Comparative analysis of morphometric traits of farmed sugar kelp and skinny kelp, Saccharina spp., strains from the Northwest Atlantic. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society 52(5): 1059-1068. DOI: 10.1111/jwas.12783
Van Der Molen J, Ruardij P, Mooney K, Kerrison P, O’Connor NE, Gorman E, Timmermans K, Wright S, Kelly M, Hughes AD, Capuzzo E. 2018. Modelling potential production of macroalgae farms in UK and Dutch coastal waters. Biogeosciences 15(4): 1123–1147. DOI: 10.5194/bg-15-1123-2018
Veeragurunathan V, Mandal SK, Vizhi JM, Grace PG, Gurumoorthy U. 2022. Studies on seaweeds diversity along the intertidal zone of islands of Gulf of Mannar Marine Biosphere Reserve, India for policy and management recommendation: Studies on seaweeds diversity along the intertidal zone of islands of Gulf of Mannar Marine Biosphere Reserve, India for policy and management recommendation. Journal of Coastal Conservation 26(4): 28. DOI:10.1007/s11852-022-00878-z
Verbruggen H, De Clerck O, Coppejans E. 2005. Deviant segments hamper a morphometric approach towards Halimeda taxonomy. Cryptogamie, Algologie 26(3): 259–274.
Wahl M, Barboza FR, Buchholz B, Dobretsov S, Guy?Haim T, Rilov G, Schuett R, Wolf F, Vajedsamiei J, Yazdanpanah M, Pansch C. 2021. Pulsed pressure: Fluctuating impacts of multifactorial environmental change on a temperate macroalgal community. Limnology and Oceanography 66(12): 4210-4226. DOI: 10.1002/lno.11954
Wernberg T, de Bettignies T, Joy BA, Finnegan PM. 2016. Physiological responses of habitat?forming seaweeds to increasing temperatures. Limnology and Oceanography 61(6): 2180-2190. DOI: 10.1002/lno.10362
Widyartini DS, Insan AI, Hidayah HA. 2023. Diversity and distribution of phaeophyta macroalgae in Pedalen Coastal Waters, Kebumen. Jurnal Ilmu Pertanian Indonesia 28(1): 65-71. DOI: 10.18343/jipi.28.1.65
Wirawan IGP, Dewi NKES, Sasadara MMV, Sunyamurthi IGNA, Jawi IM, Wijaya IN, Darmawati IAP, Suada IK, Krisnandika AAK. 2022. Phytochemical analysis and molecular identification of green macroalgae Caulerpa spp. from Bali, Indonesia. Molecules 27(15): 4879. DOI: 10.3390/molecules27154879
Yap-Dejeto LG, Fabillo M, Sison-Mangus M. 2022. Biodiversity of Sargassum (Fucales, Sargassaceae) from Eastern Samar (Philippines) inferred from nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequence data. Applied Phycology 3(1): 422-434. DOI: 10.1080/26388081.2022.2119164
Yñiguez AT, McManus JW, Collado-Vides L. 2010. Capturing the dynamics in benthic structures: environmental effects on morphology in the macroalgal genera Halimeda and Dictyota. Marine Ecology Progress Series 411: 17-32. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3354/meps08643
Zulpikar F, Handayani T. 2021. Life form, diversity, and spatial distribution of macroalgae in Komodo National Park waters, East Nusa Tenggara. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 944(1): 012026. DOI: 10.1088/1755-1315/944/1/012026