Effect of photoperiod on the cultural morphology of Rhizoctonia solani isolates of maize from Yogyakarta and Central Java, Indonesia
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Abstract. Budiarti SW, Lukman R, Sumardiyono C, Wibowo A, Priyatmojo A. 2019. Effect of photoperiod on the cultural morphology of Rhizoctonia solani isolates of maize from Yogyakarta and Central Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 20: 2028-2038. Banded leaf and sheath blight (BLSB) caused by Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn is a significant constraint of maize production in Indonesia, especially within the last several years. R. solani is an important soil-borne necrotrophic fungal pathogen which is known to be sensitive to different environmental conditions. The differential response of fungi to light and dark is important to study, especially of those causing disease to crop plant as it helps to reveal the factors regulating the pathogenicity of the fungus. This study aims to determine the effect of light duration on the mycelial development and sclerotia formation of R. solani isolates obtained from different locations in Yogyakarta Special Region and Central Java, Indonesia. Ten isolates of R. solani collected from different geographic regions in Yogyakarta Special Region, and Central Java from maize (nine isolates) and rice (one isolate) were exposed to three different light conditions: 12 h alternating light/dark, continuous darkness, and continuous light. Cultural morphology and sclerotial characteristics were recorded for each isolate. All isolates revealed great diversity in terms of cultural and morphological characteristics after exposure to three different light conditions. Under complete darkness, the mycelial growth phase was extended, and a fluffy mass of mycelia was produced. All isolates showed abundant growth under the 12 h alternating light/dark condition than under the continuous dark and continuous light conditions. Sclerotia were initiated earlier under the 12 h alternating light/dark condition than under other conditions. The 12 h alternating light/dark condition also induced number and heavier weight of sclerotia compared with those produced under the continuous light and continuous dark conditions. The modifications in light condition exert a significant impact on some R. solani isolates.
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References
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Ali R, Khan H, Ahmad F, Ahmad N. 2013. Colony colour and texture of different isolates of Fusarium solani, the cause of root rot disease of okra. Asian J Agric Biol 1: 190-193.
Bintang AS, Wibowo A, Priyatmojo A, Subandiyah S. 2017. Morphological and molecular characterization of Rhizoctonia solani isolates from two different rice varieties. J Perlindungan Tanaman Indonesia 21: 72-79. [Indonesian]
Canessa P, Schumacher J, Hevia MA, Tudzynski P, Larrondo LF. 2013. Assessing the effects of light on differentiation and virulence of the plant pathogen Botrytis cinerea: characterization of the White Collar Complex. PLoS ONE 8: e84223.
Chauhan P, Gupta D. 2017. Impact of varying light duration on radial growth of Pink Oyster Mushroom. Int J Curr Microbiol App Sci 6: 368-371.
Dai TT, Xu Z, Zhou X, Li B, Mao SF. 2017. The inhibitory effect of the plant alkaloid camptothecin on the rice sheath blight pathogen Rhizoctonia solani. Int J Agric Biol 19: 558?562.
Debbarma M, Dutta P. 2015. Cultural and morphological variability in Rhizoctonia solani isolates of different hosts of Assam. Indian J Appl Res 5: 878-883.
Degli IF, Russo VE. 1984. Isolation of new white collar mutants of Neurospora crassa and studies on their behaviour in the blue light-induced formation of photoperithecia. J Bacteriol 159: 757-761.
Ferreira ICPV, Sales NLP, de Araujo AV. 2015. Effect of temperature and photoperiod on the development of fusariosis in pineapples. Afr J Agric Res. 10: 76-83.
Gao J, Chen Z, Luo M, Peng H, Lin H, Qin C, Yuan G, Shen Y, Ding H, Zhao M, Pan G, Zhang Z. 2014. Genome expression profile analysis of the maize sheath in response to inoculation to R. solani. Mol Biol Rep 41: 2471-2483. DOI:10.1007/s11033-014-3103-z.
Hatakeyama R, Tomo YN, Yujiro H, Katsuhiko K. 2007. Light represses conidiation in koji mold Aspergillus oryzae. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 71: 1844-1849.
Hooda KS, Khokhar MK, Parmar H, Gogoi R, Joshi D, Sharma SS, Yadav OP. 2015. Banded leaf and sheath blight of maize: historical perspectives, current status, and future directions. Proc Natl Acad Sci India Sect B Biol Sci 84: 1041-1052.
Hu W, Pan X, Abbas HMK, Li F, Dong W. 2017. Metabolites contributing to Rhizoctonia solani AG-1-IA maturation and sclerotial differentiation revealed by UPLC-QTOF-MS metabolomics. PLoS ONE 12: 1-16. DOI:1371/journal.pone.0177464
Izhar T, Chakraborty M. 2013. Genetic analysis of banded leaf and sheath blight resistance (Rhizoctonia solani) in maize. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 1: 1-5.
Jacobson ES. 2000. Pathogenic roles for fungal melanins. Clin Microbiol Rev 13: 708-717.
Lin HJ, Tan DF, Zhang ZM, Lan H, Gao SB, Rong TZ, Pan GT. 2008. Analysis of digenic epistatic and QTL × environment interactions for resistance to banded leaf and sheath blight in maize (Zea mays). Int J Agri Biol 10: 605-611.
Lal M, Kandhari J. 2009. Cultural and morphological variability in Rhizoctonia solani isolates causing sheath blight of rice. J Mycol Pl Pathol 39: 77-81.
Lal M, Singh V, Kandhari J, Sharma P, Kumar V, Murti S. 2014. Diversity analysis of Rhizoctonia solani causing sheath blight of rice in India. Afr J Biotechnol 13: 4594-4605.
Madhavi M, Reddy PN, Reddy RR, Reddy SS. 2015. Morphological and molecular variability of Rhizoctonia solani isolates causing banded leaf and sheath blight in maize. Int J of Bio-resource and Stress Management. 6:375-385.
Masoodi L, Anwar A, Ahmed S, Sofi TA. 2013. Cultural, morphological and pathogenic variability in Colletotrichum capsici causing die-back and fruit rot of chili. Asian J Plant Pathol 7: 29-41.
Maurya S, Udar PS, Rashmi S, Amitabh S, Harikesh BS. 2010. Role of air and light in sclerotial development and basidiospore formation in Sclerotium rolfsii. J of Pl Prot Res 50: 206-209. DOI:10.2478/v10045-010-0035-z.
Miller RM, Liberta AE. 1977. The effects of light and tyrosine during sclerotia development in Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc. Can J Microbiol 23: 278-287.
Mishra PK, Gogoi R, Singh PK, Rai SN, Singode A, Kumar A, Manjunatha C. 2014a. Morpho-cultural and pathogenic variability in Rhizoctonia solani isolates from rice, maize and green gram. Indian Phytopath 67: 147-154.
Mishra PK, Gogoi R, Singh PK, Rai SN, Kumar A. 2014b. Effect of photo period on morpho-cultural characteristics of Rhizoctonia solani f. sp. sasakii of maize. Annals of Biology 30: 733-737.
Moromizato Z, Amano T, Tamori M. 1983. The effect of light on sclerotial formation of Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn (AG-1, IA). Ann Phytopath Soc Japan 49: 495-500.
Muthukumar A and Venkatesh A. 2013. Effect of light and aeration on the growth of Sclerotium rolfsii in vitro. Afr J Biotechnol. 12: 6843-6846.
Nuraini FR, Setyaningsih R, Susilowati A. 2017. Screening and characterization of endophytic fungi as antagonistic agents toward Fusarium oxysporum on eggplant (Solanum melongena). Biodiversitas 18: 1377-1384.
Priyatmojo A, Escopalao VE, Tangonan NG, Pascual CB, Suga H, Kageyama K, Hyakumachi M. 2001. Characterization of a new subgroup of Rhizoctonia solani anastomosis group 1 (AG-1-ID), causal agent of a necrotic leaf spot on coffee. Phytopathology 91: 1054-1061.
Rajput LS, Harlapur SI. 2016. Cultural and morphological variability in Rhizoctonia solani causing banded leaf and sheath blight of maize. Indian J Plant Prot 44: 165-167.
Rangel DEN, Fernandes EKK, Braga GUL, Roberts DW. 2011. Visible light during mycelial growth and conidiation of Metarhizium robertsii produces conidia with increased stress tolerance. FEMS Microbiol Lett 315: 81-86.
Ritchie F, Bain RA, McQuilken MP. 2009. Effects of nutrient status, temperature, and pH on mycelial growth, sclerotial production and germination of Rhizoctonia solani from potato. J Plant Pathol 91: 589-596.
Satyakala K, Alladi A, Thakur KD. 2017. Effect of physiological parameters on growth of Aspergillus niger and Trichoderma harzianum. Int J Pure App Biosci 5: 1808-1812.
Shahjahan AKM, Fabellar N, Mew TW. 1987. Relationship between growth rate, sclerotia production, and virulence of isolates of Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn. IRRN 12: 28-29.
Sharma RC, Srinivas P, Basta BK. 2002. Banded leaf and sheath blight of maize - its epidemiology and management. In: N.P. Raj Bhandari, J.K. Ransom, K. Adhikari and A.F.E. Palmer (eds.); Proceedings of a Maize Symposium, pp: 108-112, Kathmandu (Nepal), 2-5 December 2001.
Shrestha B, Lee W, Han S, Sung J. 2006. Observations on some of the mycelial growth and pigmentation characteristics of Cordyceps militaris isolates. Mycobiology 34: 83-91.
Singh V, Kumar S, Lal M, Hooda KS. 2014. Cultural and morphological variability among Rhizoctonia solani isolates from trans-gangetic plains of India. Res on Crops 15: 644-650.
Singh V, Amaradasa BS, Karjagi CG, Lakshman DK, Hooda KS, Kumar A. 2018. Morphological and molecular variability among Indian isolates of Rhizoctonia solani causing banded leaf and sheath blight in maize. Eur J Plant Pathol 152: 45-60.
Soenartiningsih, Akil M, Andayani NN. 2015. Soil borne fungus (Rhizoctonia solani) the pathogen of sheath blight disease of maize and sorghum and its control measures. Iptek Tanaman Pangan 10: 85-92. [Indonesian]
Sudjono, M.S., 1995. Effectiveness of antagonists against sheath blight and ear rot caused by Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn. In: Prosiding Kongres Nasional XII dan Seminar Ilmiah Perhimpunan Fitopatologi Indonesia. Yogyakarta, 6-8 September 1993. [Indonesian]
Sumner DR. 1996. Sclerotia formation by Rhizoctonia species and their survival. In: Sneh B, Jabaji-Hare S, Neate S, Dijst G (eds) Rhizoctonia Species: Taxonomy, Molecular Biology, Ecology, Pathology and Disease Control. Kluwer Academic Press, The Netherlands.
Sunder B, Kataria HR, Satyavir, Sheoran OP. 2003. Characterization of Rhizoctonia solani associated with root/collar rots and blights. Indian Phytopath 56: 27-33.
Wahab MZA, Sijam K, Ismail R, Hashim M, Hata E, Zulperi D. 2015. Phenotypic characterization and molecular identification of Malaysian Pseudomonas fuscovaginae isolated from rice plants. Asian J Plant Pathol 9: 112-123.
Widodo, Hidayat SH. 2018. Identification of Colletotrichum species associated with chili anthracnose in Indonesia by morphological characteristics and species-specific primers. Asian J Plant Pathol 12: 7-15.
Zhou S, Liu Y, Zhang M, Li B, Chen X, Liang W. 2016. Comparison of the virulence and cognate virulence factors of multinucleate, binucleate and uninucleate Rhizoctonia isolates, causing sheath blight on maize plants. Eur J Plant Pathol 145: 501-506.
Ali R, Khan H, Ahmad F, Ahmad N. 2013. Colony colour and texture of different isolates of Fusarium solani, the cause of root rot disease of okra. Asian J Agric Biol 1: 190-193.
Bintang AS, Wibowo A, Priyatmojo A, Subandiyah S. 2017. Morphological and molecular characterization of Rhizoctonia solani isolates from two different rice varieties. J Perlindungan Tanaman Indonesia 21: 72-79. [Indonesian]
Canessa P, Schumacher J, Hevia MA, Tudzynski P, Larrondo LF. 2013. Assessing the effects of light on differentiation and virulence of the plant pathogen Botrytis cinerea: characterization of the White Collar Complex. PLoS ONE 8: e84223.
Chauhan P, Gupta D. 2017. Impact of varying light duration on radial growth of Pink Oyster Mushroom. Int J Curr Microbiol App Sci 6: 368-371.
Dai TT, Xu Z, Zhou X, Li B, Mao SF. 2017. The inhibitory effect of the plant alkaloid camptothecin on the rice sheath blight pathogen Rhizoctonia solani. Int J Agric Biol 19: 558?562.
Debbarma M, Dutta P. 2015. Cultural and morphological variability in Rhizoctonia solani isolates of different hosts of Assam. Indian J Appl Res 5: 878-883.
Degli IF, Russo VE. 1984. Isolation of new white collar mutants of Neurospora crassa and studies on their behaviour in the blue light-induced formation of photoperithecia. J Bacteriol 159: 757-761.
Ferreira ICPV, Sales NLP, de Araujo AV. 2015. Effect of temperature and photoperiod on the development of fusariosis in pineapples. Afr J Agric Res. 10: 76-83.
Gao J, Chen Z, Luo M, Peng H, Lin H, Qin C, Yuan G, Shen Y, Ding H, Zhao M, Pan G, Zhang Z. 2014. Genome expression profile analysis of the maize sheath in response to inoculation to R. solani. Mol Biol Rep 41: 2471-2483. DOI:10.1007/s11033-014-3103-z.
Hatakeyama R, Tomo YN, Yujiro H, Katsuhiko K. 2007. Light represses conidiation in koji mold Aspergillus oryzae. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 71: 1844-1849.
Hooda KS, Khokhar MK, Parmar H, Gogoi R, Joshi D, Sharma SS, Yadav OP. 2015. Banded leaf and sheath blight of maize: historical perspectives, current status, and future directions. Proc Natl Acad Sci India Sect B Biol Sci 84: 1041-1052.
Hu W, Pan X, Abbas HMK, Li F, Dong W. 2017. Metabolites contributing to Rhizoctonia solani AG-1-IA maturation and sclerotial differentiation revealed by UPLC-QTOF-MS metabolomics. PLoS ONE 12: 1-16. DOI:1371/journal.pone.0177464
Izhar T, Chakraborty M. 2013. Genetic analysis of banded leaf and sheath blight resistance (Rhizoctonia solani) in maize. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 1: 1-5.
Jacobson ES. 2000. Pathogenic roles for fungal melanins. Clin Microbiol Rev 13: 708-717.
Lin HJ, Tan DF, Zhang ZM, Lan H, Gao SB, Rong TZ, Pan GT. 2008. Analysis of digenic epistatic and QTL × environment interactions for resistance to banded leaf and sheath blight in maize (Zea mays). Int J Agri Biol 10: 605-611.
Lal M, Kandhari J. 2009. Cultural and morphological variability in Rhizoctonia solani isolates causing sheath blight of rice. J Mycol Pl Pathol 39: 77-81.
Lal M, Singh V, Kandhari J, Sharma P, Kumar V, Murti S. 2014. Diversity analysis of Rhizoctonia solani causing sheath blight of rice in India. Afr J Biotechnol 13: 4594-4605.
Madhavi M, Reddy PN, Reddy RR, Reddy SS. 2015. Morphological and molecular variability of Rhizoctonia solani isolates causing banded leaf and sheath blight in maize. Int J of Bio-resource and Stress Management. 6:375-385.
Masoodi L, Anwar A, Ahmed S, Sofi TA. 2013. Cultural, morphological and pathogenic variability in Colletotrichum capsici causing die-back and fruit rot of chili. Asian J Plant Pathol 7: 29-41.
Maurya S, Udar PS, Rashmi S, Amitabh S, Harikesh BS. 2010. Role of air and light in sclerotial development and basidiospore formation in Sclerotium rolfsii. J of Pl Prot Res 50: 206-209. DOI:10.2478/v10045-010-0035-z.
Miller RM, Liberta AE. 1977. The effects of light and tyrosine during sclerotia development in Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc. Can J Microbiol 23: 278-287.
Mishra PK, Gogoi R, Singh PK, Rai SN, Singode A, Kumar A, Manjunatha C. 2014a. Morpho-cultural and pathogenic variability in Rhizoctonia solani isolates from rice, maize and green gram. Indian Phytopath 67: 147-154.
Mishra PK, Gogoi R, Singh PK, Rai SN, Kumar A. 2014b. Effect of photo period on morpho-cultural characteristics of Rhizoctonia solani f. sp. sasakii of maize. Annals of Biology 30: 733-737.
Moromizato Z, Amano T, Tamori M. 1983. The effect of light on sclerotial formation of Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn (AG-1, IA). Ann Phytopath Soc Japan 49: 495-500.
Muthukumar A and Venkatesh A. 2013. Effect of light and aeration on the growth of Sclerotium rolfsii in vitro. Afr J Biotechnol. 12: 6843-6846.
Nuraini FR, Setyaningsih R, Susilowati A. 2017. Screening and characterization of endophytic fungi as antagonistic agents toward Fusarium oxysporum on eggplant (Solanum melongena). Biodiversitas 18: 1377-1384.
Priyatmojo A, Escopalao VE, Tangonan NG, Pascual CB, Suga H, Kageyama K, Hyakumachi M. 2001. Characterization of a new subgroup of Rhizoctonia solani anastomosis group 1 (AG-1-ID), causal agent of a necrotic leaf spot on coffee. Phytopathology 91: 1054-1061.
Rajput LS, Harlapur SI. 2016. Cultural and morphological variability in Rhizoctonia solani causing banded leaf and sheath blight of maize. Indian J Plant Prot 44: 165-167.
Rangel DEN, Fernandes EKK, Braga GUL, Roberts DW. 2011. Visible light during mycelial growth and conidiation of Metarhizium robertsii produces conidia with increased stress tolerance. FEMS Microbiol Lett 315: 81-86.
Ritchie F, Bain RA, McQuilken MP. 2009. Effects of nutrient status, temperature, and pH on mycelial growth, sclerotial production and germination of Rhizoctonia solani from potato. J Plant Pathol 91: 589-596.
Satyakala K, Alladi A, Thakur KD. 2017. Effect of physiological parameters on growth of Aspergillus niger and Trichoderma harzianum. Int J Pure App Biosci 5: 1808-1812.
Shahjahan AKM, Fabellar N, Mew TW. 1987. Relationship between growth rate, sclerotia production, and virulence of isolates of Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn. IRRN 12: 28-29.
Sharma RC, Srinivas P, Basta BK. 2002. Banded leaf and sheath blight of maize - its epidemiology and management. In: N.P. Raj Bhandari, J.K. Ransom, K. Adhikari and A.F.E. Palmer (eds.); Proceedings of a Maize Symposium, pp: 108-112, Kathmandu (Nepal), 2-5 December 2001.
Shrestha B, Lee W, Han S, Sung J. 2006. Observations on some of the mycelial growth and pigmentation characteristics of Cordyceps militaris isolates. Mycobiology 34: 83-91.
Singh V, Kumar S, Lal M, Hooda KS. 2014. Cultural and morphological variability among Rhizoctonia solani isolates from trans-gangetic plains of India. Res on Crops 15: 644-650.
Singh V, Amaradasa BS, Karjagi CG, Lakshman DK, Hooda KS, Kumar A. 2018. Morphological and molecular variability among Indian isolates of Rhizoctonia solani causing banded leaf and sheath blight in maize. Eur J Plant Pathol 152: 45-60.
Soenartiningsih, Akil M, Andayani NN. 2015. Soil borne fungus (Rhizoctonia solani) the pathogen of sheath blight disease of maize and sorghum and its control measures. Iptek Tanaman Pangan 10: 85-92. [Indonesian]
Sudjono, M.S., 1995. Effectiveness of antagonists against sheath blight and ear rot caused by Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn. In: Prosiding Kongres Nasional XII dan Seminar Ilmiah Perhimpunan Fitopatologi Indonesia. Yogyakarta, 6-8 September 1993. [Indonesian]
Sumner DR. 1996. Sclerotia formation by Rhizoctonia species and their survival. In: Sneh B, Jabaji-Hare S, Neate S, Dijst G (eds) Rhizoctonia Species: Taxonomy, Molecular Biology, Ecology, Pathology and Disease Control. Kluwer Academic Press, The Netherlands.
Sunder B, Kataria HR, Satyavir, Sheoran OP. 2003. Characterization of Rhizoctonia solani associated with root/collar rots and blights. Indian Phytopath 56: 27-33.
Wahab MZA, Sijam K, Ismail R, Hashim M, Hata E, Zulperi D. 2015. Phenotypic characterization and molecular identification of Malaysian Pseudomonas fuscovaginae isolated from rice plants. Asian J Plant Pathol 9: 112-123.
Widodo, Hidayat SH. 2018. Identification of Colletotrichum species associated with chili anthracnose in Indonesia by morphological characteristics and species-specific primers. Asian J Plant Pathol 12: 7-15.
Zhou S, Liu Y, Zhang M, Li B, Chen X, Liang W. 2016. Comparison of the virulence and cognate virulence factors of multinucleate, binucleate and uninucleate Rhizoctonia isolates, causing sheath blight on maize plants. Eur J Plant Pathol 145: 501-506.
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