Short communication: The dissimilarity in plant species composition of savanna ecosystem along the elevation gradient on Flores Island, East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia
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Abstract. Sutomo, Darma IDP, Iryadi R. 2020. Short communication: The dissimilarity in plant species composition of savanna ecosystem along the elevation gradient on Flores Island, East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 21: 492-496. Savannas in Indonesia are located from west to the east across the archipelago. The objective of this research was to investigate the dissimilarity of floristic composition among savannas at different elevations in Flores. Sixteen sampling plots, each measuring 20 x 20 m were spread over the lowland, midland, and upland savannas. We analyzed the differences in plant community composition among the savannas using NMDS ordination and SIMPER analyses available in PRIMER V.6. As many as 41 species of plants were found in all of the sampling plots. The lowland savanna plant community consisted of Themeda arguens, Zoesya sp., Chromolaena odorata, Crotalaria sp., Adenanthera pavonina, Ocimum sp., Lantana camara in the groundcover layer, and Ziziphus jujube, and Borassus flabellifer at the tree layer. The midland savanna had almost similar composition, except the occurrence of Imperata cylindrica and Leucaena leucocephala, and the upland savanna plant species were Cyperus sp., Polygala paniculata, I. cylindrica, Melastoma malabathricum, C. odorata, Centella asiatica, Vaccinium sp., and Cymbopogon sp. The savannas in Flores were invaded by invasive exotic species, namely L. camara and C. Odorata which may pose serious threat to the existence of savannas.
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References
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Beatty, R., Russel-Smith, J., & Van der Werf, G. R. (2015). International Savanna Fire Management Initiative (pp. 182). Darwin: Institute for the advanced studies of sustainability.
Bond, W. J., & Wilgen, B. W. v. (1996). Fire and Plants (First ed.). London: Chapman & Hall.
Burrows, W. H., Carter, J. O., Scanlan, J. C., & Anderson, E. R. (1991). Management of Savannas for Livestock Production in North-East Australia: Contrast across the Tree-Grass Continuum. In P. A. Werner (Ed.), Savanna Ecology and Management (pp. 159-168). London: Blackwell Scientific Publication.
Clarke, K. R., & Gorley, R. N. (2005). PRIMER: Plymouth Routines In Multivariate Ecological Research (Version 6.0). Plymouth: PRIMER-E Ltd.
Frost, P. G. H., Menaut, J. C., Walker, B. H., Medina, E., & Solbrig, O. T. (1986). Responses of savannas to stress and disturbance. In R. J. Scholes & B. H. Walker (Eds.), An African Savanna: Synthesis of the Nylsvley Study (pp. 2-10). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Furley, P. (2004). Tropical savannas. Progress in Physical Geography, 28(4), 581–598.
Gunawan. (2010). Rancangan Teknis Rehabilitasi Kawasan Konservasi Taman Nasional Manupeu Tanah Daru (pp. 79). Sumba: Manupeu Tanah Daru National Park Ministry of Forestry.
Hakim, L., Leksono, A. S., Purwaningtyas, D., & Nakagoshi, N. (2005). Invasive plant species and the competitiveness of wildlife tourism destination: a case of Sadengan feeding area at Alas Purwo National Park. Journal of International Development and Cooperation, 12(1), 35-45.
Isango, J. A. (2007). Stand Structure and Tree Species Composition of Tanzania Miombo Woodlands: A Case Study from Miombo Woodlands of Community Based Forest Management in Iringa District. Paper presented at the Management of Indigenous Tree Species for Ecosystem Restoration and Wood Production in Semi-Arid Miombo Woodlands in Eastern Africa, Tanzania.
Monk, K. A., De Fretes, Y., Reksodihardjo-Lilley, & Gayatri. (2000). Ekologi Nusa Tenggara dan Maluku (Vol. V). Jakarta: Prenhallindo.
Pallewatta, N., Reaser, J. K., & Gutierrez, A. T. (2003). Invasive Alien Species in South-Southeast Asia: National Reports & Directory of Resources. Cape Town, South Africa.: Global Invasive Species Programme.
Pratiwi. (1989). Vegetation Analysis of the Lava Area from Eruption Product of Galunggung Mountain West Java Indonesia. Buletin Penelitian Hutan, 512, 23-32.
Rosleine, D., & Suzuki, E. (2013). Secondary sucession at abandoned grazing sites. Pangandaran Nature Reserve, West Java, Indonesia. Tropics= ????, 21(3), 91-103.
Setyawati, Titiek, Narulita, Sari, Bahri, I. P., Raharjo & G. T.( 2015.) A Guide Book of Invasive Plant Species in Indonesia. Research, Development and Innovation Agency. Bogor: Ministry of Environment and Forestry.
Sutomo. (2013). Ecological Succession on Volcanic Ecosystem of Mount Merapi Indonesia and Its Implication For Restoration. Bogor: SEAMEO-BIOTROP.
Sutomo. (2017). Ecology of Savanna Ecosystems in Indonesia. (PhD Research), Edith Cowan University, Australia.
Sutomo, Hobbs, R. J., & Cramer, V. A. (2011). Plant community establishment on the volcanic deposit following nuees ardentes of Mount Merapi : diversity and floristic variation. BIODIVERSITAS, 12(4), 86-91.
Verstappen, Herman Th. (2014). Garis Besar Geomorfologi Indonesia. Yogyakarta: Gadjah Mada University Press.
Werner, P. A. (1991). Savanna Ecology and Management: Australian Perspective and Intercontinental Comparisons. London: Blackwell Scientific Publication.
Whitten, T., Soeriaatmadja, R. E., & Afiff, S. A. (1996). The ecology of Indonesia series volume II: The ecology of Java and Bali (Vol. 2). Hongkong: Periplus.
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