Short communication: Savanna-forest boundary on Mount Rinjani, Lombok Island, West Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia
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Abstract. Sutomo, van Etten E, Iryadi R. 2021. Short communication: Savanna-forest boundary on Mount Rinjani, Lombok Island, West Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 22: 726-731. Seasonally dry tropical forests tend to be bordered by or are mixed with savanna ecosystems. This research investigates the location and nature of forest-savanna boundary on Mt. Rinjani and hypothesizes on potential causes of such boundary formation. The field survey locations were based on MODIS burnt area data. We made 30 plots (50 x 50 m) established along transects to obtain vegetation and environment data across boundaries. For data analysis, we use community correspondence index (CCI), vegetation composition using Importance Value Index (IVI), and Analysis of Similarity (ANOSIM) to detect differences in floristic and environmental characteristics across boundaries. Species composition in the transition zone (based on highest IVI results) comprises Ficus septica, Macaranga tanarius, Lindera sp., Engelhardia spicata, Saurauria sp., Rytidosperma penicillatum, and Athyrium sp. The Non-Metric Multi-Dimensional Scaling (NMDS) based on environmental data showed clear separation between savanna and forest, although boundaries were floristically similar to forest. Micro- and macro-environmental factors, as well as, fire disturbances, are also important features of the forest-savanna boundary on Mt. Rinjani. We present evidence of boundary dynamics in the form of forest advance on the Mt. Rinjani south-west slope.
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References
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Gardner, T.A., 2006. Tree-grass coexistence in the Brazilian cerrado: demographic consequences of environmental instability. Journal of Biogeography, 33(3), pp.448–463.
Hennenberg, K.J. et al., 2005. Border and ecotone detection by vegetation composition along forest-savanna transects in Ivory Coast. Journal of Vegetation Science,, 16(3), pp.301–310.
Hoffmann, W.A. et al., 2012. Ecological thresholds at the savanna-forest boundary: How plant traits, resources and fire govern the distribution of tropical biomes. Ecology Letters, 15(7), pp.759–768.
Kent, M., 2011. Vegetation description and data analysis: a practical approach 2nd ed., New York: John Wiley & Sons.
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de L. Dantas, V., Batalha, M.A. & Pausas, J.G., 2013. Fire drives functional thresholds on the savanna–forest transition. Ecology, 94(11), pp.2454–2463. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1139/cjb-2014-0173.
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Mews, H.A. et al., 2014. Does size matter? Conservation implications of differing woody population sizes with equivalent occurrence and diversity of species for threatened savanna habitats. Biodiversity and conservation, 23(5), pp.1119–1131.
Murphy, B.P. & Bowman, D.M., 2012. What controls the distribution of tropical forest and savanna? Ecology letters, 15(7), pp.748–758.
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Pérez?García, E.A. & Meave, J.A., 2006. Coexistence and divergence of tropical dry forests and savannas in southern Mexico. Journal of Biogeography, 33(3), pp.438–447.
Porensky, L.M. et al., 2013. Herbivory and drought interact to enhance spatial patterning and diversity in a savanna understory. Oecologia, 173(2), pp.591–602.
Rotter, M.C. & Rebertus, A.J., 2015. Plant community development of Isle Royale’s moose-spruce savannas. Botany, 93(2), pp.75–90.
Russell-Smith, J., Edwards, A.C. & Price, O.F., 2012. Simplifying the savanna: the trajectory of fire-sensitive vegetation mosaics in northern Australia. Journal of Biogeography, 39(7), pp.1303–1317.
van Steenis, C.G.G.J., Hamzah, A. & Toha, M., 2006. Mountain Flora of Java 2Nd Ed. 2nd ed., Leiden, Boston: Brill Academic Publishers.
Tobe, H. et al., 2010. Plant diversity on Lombok Island, Indonesia: an approach at identification using DNA barcodes. Acta Phytotaxonomica et Geobotanica, 61(2), pp.93–108.
Torello-Raventos, M. et al., 2013. On the delineation of tropical vegetation types with an emphasis on forest/savanna transitions. Plant Ecology & Diversity, 6(1), pp.101–137. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/17550874.2012.762812.
Wardani, W. et al., 2012. Endemic Plants of Mt. Rinjani: an Outlook To the Conservation Strategy. Floribunda, 4(5), pp.107–112.
WWF, 2012. Tropical and Subtropical Dry Broadleaf Forest Ecoregions, World Wildlife Fund WWF Global.
Barbour, M.G., Burk, J.H. & Pitts, W.D., 1980. Terrestrial plant ecology, California: The Benjamin Cummings Publishing Company Inc.
Cook, W.M. et al., 2005. Secondary succession in an experimentally fragmented landscape: Community patterns across space and time. Ecology, 86(5), pp.1267–1279.
Gardner, T.A., 2006. Tree-grass coexistence in the Brazilian cerrado: demographic consequences of environmental instability. Journal of Biogeography, 33(3), pp.448–463.
Hennenberg, K.J. et al., 2005. Border and ecotone detection by vegetation composition along forest-savanna transects in Ivory Coast. Journal of Vegetation Science,, 16(3), pp.301–310.
Hoffmann, W.A. et al., 2012. Ecological thresholds at the savanna-forest boundary: How plant traits, resources and fire govern the distribution of tropical biomes. Ecology Letters, 15(7), pp.759–768.
Kent, M., 2011. Vegetation description and data analysis: a practical approach 2nd ed., New York: John Wiley & Sons.
Klink, C.A., 2014. Policy Intervention in the Cerrado Savannas of Brazil Changes in Land Use and Effects on Conservation. Ecology and Conservation of the Maned Wolf: Multidisciplinary Perspectives, pp.293–308.
Kurniawan, S. et al., 2012. Buku panduan pengenalan jenis pohon di sepanjang jalur pendakian Taman Nasional Gunung Rinjani, Lombok: Kementerian Kehutanan Dirjen PHKA, Balai Taman Nasional Gunung Rinjani.
de L. Dantas, V., Batalha, M.A. & Pausas, J.G., 2013. Fire drives functional thresholds on the savanna–forest transition. Ecology, 94(11), pp.2454–2463. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1139/cjb-2014-0173.
Mahakam, I. et al., 2019. Pemanfaatan Kawasan Hutan Dengan Tujuan Khusus (KHDTK) Senaru. Transformasi: Jurnal Pengabdian Masyarakat, 15(1), pp.53–60. Available at: https://journal.uinmataram.ac.id/index.php/transformasi/article/view/861/638.
Mansur, M., 2016. Struktur dan Komposisi Jenis - Jenis Pohon di Taman Nasional Gunung Rinjani bagian Selatan , Lombok , Nusa Tenggara Barat ( Structure and Composition Tree Species in Southern of Rinjani Mountain National. Biologi Indonesia, 12(1), pp.87–98. Available at: http://e-journal.biologi.lipi.go.id/index.php/jurnal_biologi_indonesia/article/download/2320/2507.
Mews, H.A. et al., 2014. Does size matter? Conservation implications of differing woody population sizes with equivalent occurrence and diversity of species for threatened savanna habitats. Biodiversity and conservation, 23(5), pp.1119–1131.
Murphy, B.P. & Bowman, D.M., 2012. What controls the distribution of tropical forest and savanna? Ecology letters, 15(7), pp.748–758.
Pennington, R.T., Lehmann, C.E.R. & Rowland, L.M., 2018. Tropical savannas and dry forests. Current Biology, 28(9), pp.R541–R545. Available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2018.03.014.
Pérez?García, E.A. & Meave, J.A., 2006. Coexistence and divergence of tropical dry forests and savannas in southern Mexico. Journal of Biogeography, 33(3), pp.438–447.
Porensky, L.M. et al., 2013. Herbivory and drought interact to enhance spatial patterning and diversity in a savanna understory. Oecologia, 173(2), pp.591–602.
Rotter, M.C. & Rebertus, A.J., 2015. Plant community development of Isle Royale’s moose-spruce savannas. Botany, 93(2), pp.75–90.
Russell-Smith, J., Edwards, A.C. & Price, O.F., 2012. Simplifying the savanna: the trajectory of fire-sensitive vegetation mosaics in northern Australia. Journal of Biogeography, 39(7), pp.1303–1317.
van Steenis, C.G.G.J., Hamzah, A. & Toha, M., 2006. Mountain Flora of Java 2Nd Ed. 2nd ed., Leiden, Boston: Brill Academic Publishers.
Tobe, H. et al., 2010. Plant diversity on Lombok Island, Indonesia: an approach at identification using DNA barcodes. Acta Phytotaxonomica et Geobotanica, 61(2), pp.93–108.
Torello-Raventos, M. et al., 2013. On the delineation of tropical vegetation types with an emphasis on forest/savanna transitions. Plant Ecology & Diversity, 6(1), pp.101–137. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/17550874.2012.762812.
Wardani, W. et al., 2012. Endemic Plants of Mt. Rinjani: an Outlook To the Conservation Strategy. Floribunda, 4(5), pp.107–112.
WWF, 2012. Tropical and Subtropical Dry Broadleaf Forest Ecoregions, World Wildlife Fund WWF Global.
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