Benthic foraminifera as ecological indicators in the Tunda Island Waters, Serang District, Banten Province, Indonesia
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Abstract. Nurruhwati I, Ardiansyah F, Yuniarti, Yuliadi LPS, Partasasmita R. 2020. Benthic foraminifera as ecological indicators in the Tunda Island Waters Serang District, Banten Province, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 21: 3142-3148. Coral reef communities all across Southeast Asia are experiencing intense pressures from extensive tourism and massive coastal development. A prediction regarding coral reefs’ capacity to recover is a necessity since it is constantly exposed to damaging events such as mass bleaching and increased erosion. Tunda Island (which is highly rich in biodiversity and include coral reefs, mangrove forests, seagrass, and algae meadows) was sampled at 10 different sites in August 2019. Coral reefs are highly influenced by ecological factors such as temperature variability, salinity, DO, and pH. The assessments were conducted using the FORAM Index (FI) to accurately predict the capacity of coral reefs to recover based on relative abundances of symbiont-bearing larger benthic foraminifera in reef sediments. The FI values ranged from 3.7 to 7.9 with a median of 4.7 and the average of 5 indicates that the water quality should support the recovery of reefs by reef-building corals and symbiont-bearing larger benthic foraminifers. The lowest FI value sampled was recorded from a site with extensive human activities (FI=3.4), while the highest one was recorded from a site with minimal to none human activities (FI=7.9), which indicates that the deterioration of water quality is caused by wastes from tourism activities near the coastal area.
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References
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Schueth DJ, Frank TD. 2008. Reef foraminifera as bioindicators of coral reef health: low isles reef, northen great barrier reef, Australia. J Foraminiferal Res, 38:11-22.
Afifah AQ. 2016. Benthic Foraminifera as Bioindicator of Coral Reef Environment Based on Foram Index in Tegal Island Waters, Pesawaran Regency, Lampung Province. [Scription]. Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science. UNPAD. Jatinangor. [Indonesian]
Natsir S. 2010. Kelimpahan foraminifera resen pada sedimen permukaan di Teluk Ambon. J Ilmu Teknologi Kelautan Tropis, 2(1) :9-18 [Indonesian]
Toruan L. 2011. Estimation of the quality of coral reef ecosystems in the Thousand Islands by using benthic foraminifera as a bioindicator. [Thesis]. Institut Pertanian Bogor. [Indonesian]
Reid C, Marshall J, Logan D, Kleine D. 2009. Coral reefs and climate change, The Guide for Education and Awareness. Coral Watch, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
Hallock P. 1974. Sediment production and population biology of the benthic foraminifer Amphistegina madagascariensis. Limnol. Oceanogr.19(1): 802-809
Rositasari R. 2011. Characteristics of the foraminifera community in the waters of Jakarta Bay. J Ilmu Teknologi Kelautan Tropis, 3(2):100-111. [Indonesian]
Gitaputri K, Kasmara H, Erawan TS, Natsir SM. 2015. Bentonic foraminifera as a bio-indicator of the condition of coral reef waters based on the Foram index in the Natuna Islands cluster, Riau Islands Province. J Ilmu Teknologi Kelautan Tropis, 5(1): 26-35 [Indonesian]
Rifai MA. 2004. Kamus biologi. Balai Pustaka. Jakarta.
Westmacott, Susie, Teleki K, Wells S, West J. 2000. Management of bleached and severely damaged coral reefs. IUCN.
Hidayani S, Sariah. 2017. Resilience of coral reefs in an ecological perspective as an instrument of conservation. J Biologi Tropis, 17 (2): 15-27. [Indonesian]
Dahuri R. 1998. Integrated management of coastal and ocean areas. IPB, Bogor.
Ruswahyuni, Purnomo PW. 2009. The condition of coral reefs in the Thousand Islands in relation to the gradation of water quality. J Ilmiah Perikanan dan Ilmu Kelautan. 1:39-101. [Indonesian]
Hermansyah C. Utomo, Siddik J, Kusumo S, Lathifa A, Azizah H, Permana DD. 2017. The Condition of Coral Reefs in Tunda Island Waters, Serang Regency, Banten Province. Proceedings of the 2017 National Seminar of Aquatic Ecosystems of Lada Bay and Tunda Island. July 20th 2017, KP3B DKP Banten, Loka PSPL Serang, Banten. [Indonesian]
Hidayat JW, Soeprobowati TR. 1999. Foraminifera as a bioindicator of water pollution. [Research Report] Diponegoro University. Semarang. [Indonesian]
Hallock P, Lidz BH, Cockey-Burkhard EM, Donnel KB. 2003. Foraminifera as bioindicators in coral reef assessment and monitoring: the FORAM Index. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 81(1):221–238.
Lee JJ, Anderson OR. 2006. Symbiosis in foraminifera. Biology of Foraminifera, Academic Press, New York.
Banten Department of Environment and Forestry. 2017. Final report on the carrying capacity and carrying capacity of Tunda Island. Banten. [Indonesian]
Manuputy AEW, Djuwariah. 2009. Methode Guide; Point Itercept Transect (PIT) for Community. COREMAP II-LIPI. Jakarta.
Albani, R. D. 1979. Recent shallow water foraminifera from New South Wales. AMS Handbook No. 3. The Australian Marine Association, Australia.
Barker RW. 1960. Taxonomic notes. Society of economic paleontologist and mineralogist. Special Publication No. 9. Tulsa. Oklahoma, USA.
Loeblich AR, Tappan H. 1992. Present status of foraminiferal classification, in studies in benthic foraminifera. Y. Takayanagi and T. Saito (eds.). Proceedings of the fourth international symposium on benthic 61oraminifera, Sendai, 1990 (Benthos '90). Tokai University Press, Tokyo, Japan.
Miala I. 2015. The relationship between sea urchins, macroalgae and coral reefs in the waters of the Pucung Island region. [Skripsi] Universitas Maritim Raja Ali Haji. [Indonesian]
Sugiyono, 2013. Quantitative, qualitative and R&D research methodology. ALFABETA, Bandung. [Indonesian]
Atkinson MJ, Carlson B, Crow GL. 1995. Coral growth in high nutrient, low pH seawater: a case Study of corals cultured at the Waikiki Aquarium, Honolulu, Hawai in Coral Reefs. Coral Reefs 14(4): 215–223.
Nugraini, Pancawati D. 2014. Physical chemical characteristics of bivalve habitat waters in the Wiso Jepara river. Jurnal 3 (4): 141-146. [Indonesian]
Sutarna IN, 1986. Coral reefs as a marine tourism park. Lonawarta, LON-LIPI, Ambon.
Boltovsky E, Wright R. 1976. Recent Foraminifera. The Hague. Price Dutch Guilder.
Suharsono. 1991. Crown-of-thorns starfish (Acanthaster planci). Marine Biology Research and Development Center. Research and Development Center for Oceanology-LIPI. Jakarta. [Indonesian]
Renema W. 2002. Larger foraminifera as marine environmental indicators. Nationaal Natuurhis-torisch Mu-seum. California University. Scripta Geologica.
Schueth DJ, Frank TD. 2008. Reef foraminifera as bioindicators of coral reef health: low isles reef, northen great barrier reef, Australia. J Foraminiferal Res, 38:11-22.
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