Chemical composition and antibacterial activity of essential oils of Thymelaea hirsuta from Algeria
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Abstract. Souhila B, Takia L, Messaoud R, Pierre C, Gilles F. 2019. Chemical composition and antibacterial activity of essential oils of Thymelaea hirsuta from Algeria. Biodiversitas 20: 2868-2876. The objectives of this study were to determine the chemical composition and to evaluate the antibacterial activity of Thymelaea hirsuta (L.) Endl., essential oils from seven sampling locations in M'sila region (Algeria). Extraction of essential oils was carried out by the hydro-distillation; the analysis of chemical composition of essential oil was carried out by GC-MS. Antimicrobial activity was performed by disc diffusion method at the essential oil concentration of non-diluted and diluted (1:2, 1:4 and 1:8 v:v of DMSO) against eight species of bacteria. The results showed that the average yields of essential oils were 0.3 ± 0.12%. A total of 45 components were identified, averaging 98.2 ± 1.85% of the total oils. The main components were nonanal-n (10.39 ± 3.21%), hexadecanoic acid (9.77 ± 2.81%), nonanoic acid (9.13 ± 6.49%), triacontane (7.2 ± 3.34%), isopropyl tetradecanoate (6.16 ± 1.99%) and tridecane (4.87 ± 3.1%). Based on the UPGMA cluster analysis, there were two clades of T. hirsuta. T. hirusta has a chemical polymorphism with different chemotypes marked in nature. There were four chemotypes identified in the essential oil of T. hirsuta in the region of M'sila. The essential oil of T. hirsuta has antibacterial activity against eight tested bacteria on the concentration-dependentt manner.
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References
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Akrout A, Alarcon Gonzalez L, El Jani H, Campra Madrid P. 2011. Antioxidant and antitumor activities of Artemisia campestris and Thymelaea hirsuta from southern Tunisia. Food and Chemical Toxicology 49(2): 342–347. doi:10.1016/j.fct.2010.11.003
Amari O-N, Bouzouina M, Berkani A, Lotmani B. 2014. Phytochemical screening and antioxidant capacity of the aerial parts of Thymelaea hirsuta L. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Disease 4(2): 104-109. http:// doi.org/10.1016/S2222-1808 (14)60324-8
Azza Z, Marnissi F, Naya A, Benjelloun N, Zamyati S, Amrani M, Oudghiri M. 2012. Toxicological evaluation of Thymelaea hirsuta and protective effect against CCl4-induced hepatic injury in rats. International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences 6(1): 379-393. http:// dx.doi.org/10.4314/ijbcs.v6i1.33
Azza Z and Oudghiri M. 2015. In vivo anti-inflammatory and antiarthritic activities of aqueous extracts from Thymelaea hirsuta.Pharmacognosy Research 7(2): 213-216.
doi: 10.4103/0974-8490.150510
BenChobba I, Felhi S, Chaaibia M, Ben Mansour R, Békir A, Drira N, Gharsallah N, Kadri A. 2014. Phytochemical composition and biological assays of the aerial parts of Thymelaea hirsuta essential oil from Tunisia. The third international symposium on Biology of rare and endemic plant species. Antalya. Turkey (19-23 April): 1-73. http://www.iseo2014.org/location.html
Bnouham M, Benalla W, Bellahcen S, Hakkou Z, Ziyyat A, Mekhfi H, Aziz M, Legssyer A. 2012. Antidiabetic and antihypertensive effect of a polyphenol?rich fraction of Thymelaea hirsute L. in a model of neonatal streptozotocin?diabetic and NG?nitro?l?arginine methyl ester?hypertensive rats. Journal of Diabetes 4(3): 307-313. doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-0407.2012.00202.x
Bnouham M, Merhfour FZ, Legssyer A, Mekhfi H, Maâllem S, Ziyyat A. 2007. Antihyperglycemic activity of Arbutus unedo, Ammoides pusilla and Thymelaea hirsuta 62(8): 630-632. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17867561
Boudjelal A, Henchiri C, Sari M, Sarri D, Hendel N, Benkhaled A and Ruberto G. 2013. Herbalists and wild medicinal plants in M'Sila (North Algeria): An ethnopharmacology survey. Journal Ethnopharmacol 148(2): 395-402. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2013.03.082
Bouzouina M, Amari N-O, Berkani A, Lotmani B, Hanafi M and Lazizi A. 2016. Total phenolics contents, flavonoids contents, and fatty acids compositions in Thymelaea hirsuta L. aerial parts, grown in Western Algeria. Advances in Environmental Biology 10(1): 16–22. http://www.aensiweb.com/AEB/
Deramchia N, Belhakem M. 2017. Antimicrobial activity of phenolic extracts and essential oil from Thymelaea hirsuta. South Asian Journal of Experimental Biology 7(1): 35-41. http://sajeb.org/index.php/sajeb/article/view/20374
Djeridane A, Yousfi M, Nadjemi B, Boutassouna D, Stocker P, Vidal N. 2006. Antioxidant activity of some Algerian medicinal plants extracts containing phenolic compound. Food Chem 97(4): 654-660. . doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2005.04.028
El Amrani F, Rhallab A, Alaoui T, El Badaoui K, Chakir S. 2009. Hypoglycemic effect of Thymelaea hirsuta in normal and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. J. Med Plants Res 3(9): 625-629. http://www.academicjournals.org/JMPR
Felhi S, Chaaibia M, Bakari S, Ben Mansour R, Békir A, Gharsallah N and Kadri A. 2017. Anti-microbial screening and cytotoxic activity of aerial part of Thymelaea hirsuta L essential oil growing in south-west Tunisia. Pak. J. Pharm. Sci. 30(1): 87-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28603117.
Galicia-Herbada D. 2006. Origin and diversification of Thymelaea (Thymelaeaceae): inferences from a phylogenetic study based on ITS (rDNA) sequences. Plant Systematics and Evolution 257(3-4): 159-187. doi : 10.1007/s00606-005-0371-z
Kadi K, Hamli S, Zeraib A, Yahia A. 2017. Effet antibactérien des extraits de Thymelaea hirsuta L. Revue des Régions Arides n°43– Numéro spécial – Actes du 5ème Meeting International sur l’Aridoculture et les Cultures Oasiennes : Biotechnologie végétale en zones arides et oasiennes Zarzis (Tunisie) 43(3): 409-419. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Azzeddine_Zeraib/publication/32192018
Kadri A, Zarai Z, Ben Chobba I, Gharsallah N, Damak M and Békir A. 2011. Chemical composition and in vitro antioxidant activities of Thymelaea hirsuta L essential oil from Tunisia. African Journal of Biotechnology 10(15): 2930-2935. doi: 10.5897/AJB11.028
Kawano M, Matsuyama K, Miyamae Y, Shinmoto H, Kchouk M E, Morio T, Shigemori H, Isoda H. 2007. Antimelanogenesis effect of Tunisian herb Thymelaea hirsuta extract on B16 murine melanoma cells. Experimental Dermatology 16(12): 977-984. doi : 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2007.00618.x
Le Floc’H E. 1983. Contribution à une étude ethnobotanique de la flore tunisienne. Publ. sci. tunisiennes. Programme flore et végétation tunisienne, Vol. 1, 402p. http://www.ethnopharmacologia.org/bibliotheque-ethnopharmacologie/
Masada Y. 1979. Analysis of essential oils by Gas Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry. J. Wiley & Sons, Inc. New York. http://lib.ugent.be/catalog/rug01:000086174
NIST, 2002. Mass Spectral Search Program for the NIST/EPA/NIH .Mass Spectral Library, vers. 2.0. Fiveash data, USA. https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/documents/srd/Ver20Man.pdf
Ponce A G, Fritz R, Del Valle C-E and Rora S I. 2003. Antimicrobial activity of essentiel oils on the native microfora of organic Swiss chard. Lebensmittel-Wissenschaft und Technologie 36(7): 679-684. doi : 10.1016/S0023-6438(03)00088-4
Quezel P et Santa S. 1962-1963. Nouvelle Flore de l’Algérie et des régions désertiques méridionales, Ed. CNRS, Paris, 2 Tomes, 1170. http://bibliotheques.mnhn.fr/medias/doc/exploitation/horizon/493163
Schmidt J and Stavisky N. 1983. Uses of Thymelaea hirsuta (Mitnan) with Emphasis on Hand Papermaking. Economic Botany 37(3): 310-321. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02858887
Sefidkon F, Abbas K, Jamzad Z and Ahmadi S. 2007. The effect of distillation methods and stage of plant growth on the essential oil content and composition of Satureja rechingeri jamzad. Food chemistry 100(3): 1054-1058. doi : 10.1016/j.foodchem.2005.11.016
Trigui M, Benhsouna A, Tonsi S, Jaoua S. 2013. Chemical composition and evaluation of antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of Tunisian Thymelaea hirsute with special reference to its mode of action. Industrial Crops and Products 41(1): 150-157. doi: 10.1016/j.indcrop.2012.04.011
Viljoen A M, Denirci B, Baser K H C, Potgieter C J and Edwards T J. 2006. Micro distillation and essential oil chemistry- a useful tool for detecting hybridisation in Plectranthus (lamiaceae). South African Journal of Botany 72(1): 99-104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2005.05.003
Yahyaoui M, Bouajila J, Camy S, Condoret J-S, Abderabba M. 2014. Comparison of chemical composition and yield of Thymelaea hirsuta volatile oils obtained by supercritical carbon dioxide extraction and hydrodistillation methods. A Quarterly Open Access Scientific Journal ISEO.Abstracts Nat. Vol. Essent. Oils, Special Issue. Publisher: Badebio Ltd. Turkey (7-10 September) 1: 267. http://www.iseo2014.org/location.html
Yahyaoui M, Bouajila J, Cazaux S, Abderrabba M. 2018b. The impact of regional locality on chemical composition, anti-oxidant and biological activities of Thymelaea hirsuta L. extracts.Journal.Phytomedecine 41(1): 13-23. doi: 10.1016/j.phymed.2018.01.010.
Yahyaoui M, Ghazouani N, Saoudi S, Sifaoui I, Chammem N, Abderrabba M. 2018a. Experimental design methodology application in the optimization of phytochemical compounds extraction and antioxidant activity of Thymelaea hirsuta Extracts. J. Mater. Environ. Sci. 9(5): 1551-1561 https://www.jmaterenvironsci.com/Document/vol9/vol9_N5/171-JMES-3751-Yahyaoui.pdf
Yahyaoui M, Ghazouani N, Sifaoui I and Abderrabba M. 2017. Comparison of the Effect of Various Extraction Methods on the Phytochemical Composition and Antioxidant Activity of Thymelaea hirsuta L. aerial parts in Tunisia. Biosciences Biotechnology Research Asia 14(3): 997-1007. DOI: 10.13005/bbra/2534
Ziyyat A, Legssyer A, Mekhfi H, Dassouli A, Serhrouchni M, Benjelloun W. 1997. Phytotherapy of hypertension and diabetes in oriental Morocco. J. Ethnopharmaco 58(1): 45-54. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9324004
Akrout A, Alarcon Gonzalez L, El Jani H, Campra Madrid P. 2011. Antioxidant and antitumor activities of Artemisia campestris and Thymelaea hirsuta from southern Tunisia. Food and Chemical Toxicology 49(2): 342–347. doi:10.1016/j.fct.2010.11.003
Amari O-N, Bouzouina M, Berkani A, Lotmani B. 2014. Phytochemical screening and antioxidant capacity of the aerial parts of Thymelaea hirsuta L. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Disease 4(2): 104-109. http:// doi.org/10.1016/S2222-1808 (14)60324-8
Azza Z, Marnissi F, Naya A, Benjelloun N, Zamyati S, Amrani M, Oudghiri M. 2012. Toxicological evaluation of Thymelaea hirsuta and protective effect against CCl4-induced hepatic injury in rats. International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences 6(1): 379-393. http:// dx.doi.org/10.4314/ijbcs.v6i1.33
Azza Z and Oudghiri M. 2015. In vivo anti-inflammatory and antiarthritic activities of aqueous extracts from Thymelaea hirsuta.Pharmacognosy Research 7(2): 213-216.
doi: 10.4103/0974-8490.150510
BenChobba I, Felhi S, Chaaibia M, Ben Mansour R, Békir A, Drira N, Gharsallah N, Kadri A. 2014. Phytochemical composition and biological assays of the aerial parts of Thymelaea hirsuta essential oil from Tunisia. The third international symposium on Biology of rare and endemic plant species. Antalya. Turkey (19-23 April): 1-73. http://www.iseo2014.org/location.html
Bnouham M, Benalla W, Bellahcen S, Hakkou Z, Ziyyat A, Mekhfi H, Aziz M, Legssyer A. 2012. Antidiabetic and antihypertensive effect of a polyphenol?rich fraction of Thymelaea hirsute L. in a model of neonatal streptozotocin?diabetic and NG?nitro?l?arginine methyl ester?hypertensive rats. Journal of Diabetes 4(3): 307-313. doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-0407.2012.00202.x
Bnouham M, Merhfour FZ, Legssyer A, Mekhfi H, Maâllem S, Ziyyat A. 2007. Antihyperglycemic activity of Arbutus unedo, Ammoides pusilla and Thymelaea hirsuta 62(8): 630-632. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17867561
Boudjelal A, Henchiri C, Sari M, Sarri D, Hendel N, Benkhaled A and Ruberto G. 2013. Herbalists and wild medicinal plants in M'Sila (North Algeria): An ethnopharmacology survey. Journal Ethnopharmacol 148(2): 395-402. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2013.03.082
Bouzouina M, Amari N-O, Berkani A, Lotmani B, Hanafi M and Lazizi A. 2016. Total phenolics contents, flavonoids contents, and fatty acids compositions in Thymelaea hirsuta L. aerial parts, grown in Western Algeria. Advances in Environmental Biology 10(1): 16–22. http://www.aensiweb.com/AEB/
Deramchia N, Belhakem M. 2017. Antimicrobial activity of phenolic extracts and essential oil from Thymelaea hirsuta. South Asian Journal of Experimental Biology 7(1): 35-41. http://sajeb.org/index.php/sajeb/article/view/20374
Djeridane A, Yousfi M, Nadjemi B, Boutassouna D, Stocker P, Vidal N. 2006. Antioxidant activity of some Algerian medicinal plants extracts containing phenolic compound. Food Chem 97(4): 654-660. . doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2005.04.028
El Amrani F, Rhallab A, Alaoui T, El Badaoui K, Chakir S. 2009. Hypoglycemic effect of Thymelaea hirsuta in normal and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. J. Med Plants Res 3(9): 625-629. http://www.academicjournals.org/JMPR
Felhi S, Chaaibia M, Bakari S, Ben Mansour R, Békir A, Gharsallah N and Kadri A. 2017. Anti-microbial screening and cytotoxic activity of aerial part of Thymelaea hirsuta L essential oil growing in south-west Tunisia. Pak. J. Pharm. Sci. 30(1): 87-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28603117.
Galicia-Herbada D. 2006. Origin and diversification of Thymelaea (Thymelaeaceae): inferences from a phylogenetic study based on ITS (rDNA) sequences. Plant Systematics and Evolution 257(3-4): 159-187. doi : 10.1007/s00606-005-0371-z
Kadi K, Hamli S, Zeraib A, Yahia A. 2017. Effet antibactérien des extraits de Thymelaea hirsuta L. Revue des Régions Arides n°43– Numéro spécial – Actes du 5ème Meeting International sur l’Aridoculture et les Cultures Oasiennes : Biotechnologie végétale en zones arides et oasiennes Zarzis (Tunisie) 43(3): 409-419. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Azzeddine_Zeraib/publication/32192018
Kadri A, Zarai Z, Ben Chobba I, Gharsallah N, Damak M and Békir A. 2011. Chemical composition and in vitro antioxidant activities of Thymelaea hirsuta L essential oil from Tunisia. African Journal of Biotechnology 10(15): 2930-2935. doi: 10.5897/AJB11.028
Kawano M, Matsuyama K, Miyamae Y, Shinmoto H, Kchouk M E, Morio T, Shigemori H, Isoda H. 2007. Antimelanogenesis effect of Tunisian herb Thymelaea hirsuta extract on B16 murine melanoma cells. Experimental Dermatology 16(12): 977-984. doi : 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2007.00618.x
Le Floc’H E. 1983. Contribution à une étude ethnobotanique de la flore tunisienne. Publ. sci. tunisiennes. Programme flore et végétation tunisienne, Vol. 1, 402p. http://www.ethnopharmacologia.org/bibliotheque-ethnopharmacologie/
Masada Y. 1979. Analysis of essential oils by Gas Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry. J. Wiley & Sons, Inc. New York. http://lib.ugent.be/catalog/rug01:000086174
NIST, 2002. Mass Spectral Search Program for the NIST/EPA/NIH .Mass Spectral Library, vers. 2.0. Fiveash data, USA. https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/documents/srd/Ver20Man.pdf
Ponce A G, Fritz R, Del Valle C-E and Rora S I. 2003. Antimicrobial activity of essentiel oils on the native microfora of organic Swiss chard. Lebensmittel-Wissenschaft und Technologie 36(7): 679-684. doi : 10.1016/S0023-6438(03)00088-4
Quezel P et Santa S. 1962-1963. Nouvelle Flore de l’Algérie et des régions désertiques méridionales, Ed. CNRS, Paris, 2 Tomes, 1170. http://bibliotheques.mnhn.fr/medias/doc/exploitation/horizon/493163
Schmidt J and Stavisky N. 1983. Uses of Thymelaea hirsuta (Mitnan) with Emphasis on Hand Papermaking. Economic Botany 37(3): 310-321. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02858887
Sefidkon F, Abbas K, Jamzad Z and Ahmadi S. 2007. The effect of distillation methods and stage of plant growth on the essential oil content and composition of Satureja rechingeri jamzad. Food chemistry 100(3): 1054-1058. doi : 10.1016/j.foodchem.2005.11.016
Trigui M, Benhsouna A, Tonsi S, Jaoua S. 2013. Chemical composition and evaluation of antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of Tunisian Thymelaea hirsute with special reference to its mode of action. Industrial Crops and Products 41(1): 150-157. doi: 10.1016/j.indcrop.2012.04.011
Viljoen A M, Denirci B, Baser K H C, Potgieter C J and Edwards T J. 2006. Micro distillation and essential oil chemistry- a useful tool for detecting hybridisation in Plectranthus (lamiaceae). South African Journal of Botany 72(1): 99-104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2005.05.003
Yahyaoui M, Bouajila J, Camy S, Condoret J-S, Abderabba M. 2014. Comparison of chemical composition and yield of Thymelaea hirsuta volatile oils obtained by supercritical carbon dioxide extraction and hydrodistillation methods. A Quarterly Open Access Scientific Journal ISEO.Abstracts Nat. Vol. Essent. Oils, Special Issue. Publisher: Badebio Ltd. Turkey (7-10 September) 1: 267. http://www.iseo2014.org/location.html
Yahyaoui M, Bouajila J, Cazaux S, Abderrabba M. 2018b. The impact of regional locality on chemical composition, anti-oxidant and biological activities of Thymelaea hirsuta L. extracts.Journal.Phytomedecine 41(1): 13-23. doi: 10.1016/j.phymed.2018.01.010.
Yahyaoui M, Ghazouani N, Saoudi S, Sifaoui I, Chammem N, Abderrabba M. 2018a. Experimental design methodology application in the optimization of phytochemical compounds extraction and antioxidant activity of Thymelaea hirsuta Extracts. J. Mater. Environ. Sci. 9(5): 1551-1561 https://www.jmaterenvironsci.com/Document/vol9/vol9_N5/171-JMES-3751-Yahyaoui.pdf
Yahyaoui M, Ghazouani N, Sifaoui I and Abderrabba M. 2017. Comparison of the Effect of Various Extraction Methods on the Phytochemical Composition and Antioxidant Activity of Thymelaea hirsuta L. aerial parts in Tunisia. Biosciences Biotechnology Research Asia 14(3): 997-1007. DOI: 10.13005/bbra/2534
Ziyyat A, Legssyer A, Mekhfi H, Dassouli A, Serhrouchni M, Benjelloun W. 1997. Phytotherapy of hypertension and diabetes in oriental Morocco. J. Ethnopharmaco 58(1): 45-54. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9324004
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