The potency of Sansevieria trifasciata and S. cylindrica leaves extracts as an antibacterial against Pseudomonas aeruginosa
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Abstract. Nugroho LH, Dewatisari WF, Retnaningrum E, Purwestri YA. 2021. The potency of Sansevieria trifasciata and S. cylindrica leaves extracts as an antibacterial against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Biodiversitas 22: 408-415. Sansevieria trifasciata and Sansevieria cylindrica are the major herbs in Indonesia, which contain several bioactive compounds as potential sources of antibacterial agents. This study aims to evaluate the antibacterial activity of S. trifasciata and S. cylindrica leaves extract and fraction against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and to identify its bioactive compounds. Crude ethanolic extract of S. trifasciata and S. cylindrica leaves were tested for their antimicrobial activity by disk diffusion method against P. aeruginosa. S. trifasciata showed strong antibacterial activity with an inhibition zone of 18.3 mm compared to S. cylindrica. Different concentrations of extract i.e. 4 mg/mL, 8 mg/mL, 16 mg/mL, 32 mg/mL, 64 mg/mL, 128 mg/mL and 256 mg/mL were tested for their minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC). The MIC results showed that the S. trifasciata extract was able to inhibit bacterial growth at a concentration of 32 mg/mL. Results of vacuum liquid chromatography (VLC) and thin-layer chromatography (TLC) revealed that only fraction 3 showed the highest antibacterial activity at 16 mg/mL. In TLC bioautography analysis, fraction 3 showed a clear zone at Rf 0.93. The phytochemical analysis showed that terpenoid, phenolic, triterpenoid, and flavonoid compounds were found in S. trifasciata extract that were associated with antibacterial activity.
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References
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Akindele AJ, Wani ZA, Sharma S, Mahajan G, Satti NK, Adeyemi OO, Mondhe DM, and Saxena AK. 2015. In Vitro and In Vivo Anticancer Activity of Root Extracts of Sansevieria liberica Gerome and Labroy (Agavaceae) Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 560404 : 1 - 11
Akter K, Barnes EC, Brophy JJ, Harrington D, Elders YC, Vemulpad SR, & Jamie JF. 2016. Phytochemical profile and antibacterial and antioxidant activities of medicinal plants used by Aboriginal people of New South Wales, Australia. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2016: 1-14.
Alam MB, Chowdhury NS, Mazumder MEH, & Haque ME. 2011. Antimicrobial and toxicity study of different fractions of Dillenia indica Linn. bark extract. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research 2: 860- 866.
Andhare RN, Raut MK, Naik SR. 2012. Evaluation of antiallergic and anti-anaphylactic activity of ethanolic extract of Sansevieria trifasciata leaves (EEST) in rodents. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 142(3) : 627–633.
Arung ET, Pasedan WF, Kusuma IW, Hendra M, Supriadi MB. 2017. Short communication: Selected medicinal plants in East and North Kalimantan (Indonesia) against Propionibacterium acnes. Biodiversitas 18 (1): 321-325
Berame J, Cuenca, Sheena M, Marycris L, and Manaban. 2017. Phytochemical screening and toxicity level of leaf and root parts extracts of snake plant (Sansevieria trifasciata) using Nauplii. European Journal of Business and Social Sciences (6)9: 01-11
Borokini TI and Ayodele AE. 2012. Phytochemical screening of Tacca leontopetaloides (L.) Kuntze collected from four geographical locations in Nigeria. International Journal of Modern Botany (2):97–102
Branen AL dan Davidson PM. 1993. Antimicrobial in Foods. Second edition. : Marcel Dekker, Inc. New York
Buyun L, Tkachenko H, Góralczyk A, Maryniuk M, and Osadowski Z. 2018. A Promising Alternative for Treatment of Bacterial Infections by Sansevieria cylindrica bojer ex hook leaf extract. Agrobiodiversity Kyiv, Ukraine : 82-93.
Balouiri M, Sadiki M, Saad, Koraichi I. 2016. Methods for in vitro evaluating antimicrobial activity : A review. Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis: 71-78.
Calina D, Docea A, Rosu L, Zlatian O, Rosu A, Floriana, and Anghelina F. 2016. Antimicrob\ial resistance development following surgical site infections. Molecular Medicine Reports 15: 681-688.
Dewanjee S, Gangopadhya M, Bhattacharyaa N, Khanraa R, Tarun KD. 2014. Bioautography and its scope in the field of natural product chemistry. Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis :76-84
Dzen, S.M, dkk, 2003, Bakteriologi Medik. Bayu Media Publishing., Malang
Eve A, Aliero AA , Nalubiri D, Adeyemo R O, Akinola SA, Pius T, Nabaasa S, Nabukeera S, Alkali B, and Ntulume I. 2020. In Vitro Antibacterial Activity of Crude Extracts of Artocarpus heterophyllus Seeds against Selected Diarrhoea-Causing Superbug Bacteria. The Scientific World Journal 7:2-11
Febriyani E, Fallah S, Andrianto D and Lastini D. 2018. Identification of active compounds and anti-acne activity from extracts and fractions of surian (Toona sinensis) leaves planted in Sumedang, West Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 19 :1406-1412
Fitri L and Bustam BM. 2010. Screening of antimicrobial producing strains isolated from the soil of grassland rhizosphere in Pocut Meurah Intan Forest Park, Seulawah, Aceh Besar. Biodiversitas 11(3):129-132.
Frazier, W. C. and D. C. Westhoff. 1983. Food Microbiology. McGraw Hill Co., New York.
Harborne, J. B. 1998. Phytochemical Methods: A guide to modern techniques of plant analysis 3rd Edition. Chap-man and Hall., London
Hossain MA, Al-Hdhrami SS, Weli AM, Al-Riyami Q, and Al-Sabahi JN. 2014. Isolation, fractionation and identification of chemical constituents from the leaves crude extracts of Mentha piperita L grown in Sultanate of Oman. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine 4: 368-372
Hudzicki J. 2016. Kirby-Bauer Disk Diffusion Susceptibility Test Protocol. American Society for Microbiology. New York, USA.
Jones, K. E., Patel, N. G., Levy, M. A., Storeygard, A., Balk, D., and Gittleman, J. L. :990-993
Jork H, Funk W, Fishcer W and Wimmer H. 1994. TLC Reagents & Detection Methods – Physical & Chemical Detection Methods: Activation Reactions, Reagent Sequences, Reagents, II, Vol 1b. Wiley, New York, USA
Kanazawa AT, Ikaeda T, Endo. 1995. A Novel approach to made of action on cationic biocides : morfological effect antibacterial activity. Journal of Applied Microbiology 78(1):55-60
Kingsley, D., Chauhan, R., Sinha, P, and Abraham, J. 2013. Screening and Characterization of Antimicrobial Agents from Sanseveria roxburghiana and Sanseveria trifasiata. Asian Journal of Plant Sciences. 12 (5): 224-227
Kraatz M, Whitehead TR,Cotta MA,Berhow MA, and Rasmussen MA. 2014. Effects of chlorophyll-derived efflux pump inhibitor pheophorbide a and pyropheophorbide a on growth and macrolide antibiotic resistance of indicator and anaerobic swine manure bacteria. Hindawi International Journal of Antibiotics 14: 1-14.
Khalumba ML, Mbugua PK, Kung’u JB. 2005. Uses and conservation of some highland species of the genus Sansevieria Thunb. in Kenya. African Crop Science Conference Proceedings 7:527-532
Kristanti H and Sri Tunjung WA. 2013. Detection of alkaloid, flavonoid, and terpenoid compounds In bread (artocarpus communis forst.) Leaves and pulps. Proceeding The 3rd International Conference on Biological Science : 129-133
Lisichkov K, Kuvendziev S, Zekovic Z,and Marinkovski M. 2014. Influence of operating parameters on the supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of bioactive components from common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) viscera. Separation and Purification Technology 138 :191-197
Matic´ S, Stanic S, Mihailovic´ M & Bogojevic D. 2016. Cotinus coggygria Scop.: An overview of its chemical constituents, pharmacological and toxicological potential. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences 23: 452-461.
Wu M and Li X. 2016. Molecular Medical Microbiology (Second Edition). Academic Press, New York, USA.
Murugesan SD, Ramar T, Periasamy S, Sridhar A, Srinivasan S, and Ramasamy T. 2018. Combined effect of a natural ?avonoid rutin from Citrus sinensis and conventional antibiotic gentamicin on Pseudomonas aeruginosa bio?lm formation. Food Control: 90
Nur RM and Nugroho LH. 2018. Cytotoxic Activities of Fractions from Dioscorea bulbifera L. Chloroform and Methanol Extracts on T47D Breast Cancer Cells. Pharmacognosy Journal 10(1): 33-38
Prance GT. 1994. Ethnobotany and the Search for New Drugs. Ciba Foundation Symposium vol. 185. John Wiley and Sons, England.
Purwestri YA, Kartikasari N, Putri SG, Wilson W, and Sembiring L. 2016. Metabolic Profiling of Endophytic Bacteria from Purwoceng (Pimpinella pruatjan Molkend) Root and Antibacterial Activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. AIP Conference Proceedings 1744, 020063
Retnaningrum E, Wilopo W. 2018. Production and characterization of biosurfactant produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa B031 isolated from a hydrocarbon phytoremediation field. Biotropia 25: 130-139.
Said AA, Aboutabl,EA, El A, Sally A, and Raslan MA. 2015. Proximate analysis, phytochemical screening, and bioactivities evaluation of Cissus rotundifolia (Forssk.) Vahl. (Fam. Vitaceae) and Sansevieria cylindrica Bojer ex Hook. (Fam. Dracaenaceae) growing in Egypt. Egyptian Pharmaceutical Journal 14:180–186
Schwarz S, Silley P, Simjee S, Woodford N, Van Duijkeren E, Johnson AP, and Gaastra W. 2010. Editorial: Assessing the antimicrobial susceptibility of bacteria obtained from animals. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotheraphy 65: 601–604
Setyorini D, Firdaus WAK, and Oktiani BW. 2018. Comparison Of Inhibitory Activity Of Kelakai Leaves Extract With Ciprofloxacin Against Aggregatibacter Actinomycetemcomitans ATCC® 6514™. Dentino 4(2):199-204
Sharma PC, Jain A, Jain S. 2009. Fluoroquinolones antibacterials: a review on chemistry, microbiology and therapeutic prospects. Acta Poloniae Pharmaceutica 6(6):587 -604.
Sheela DJ, Jeeva S, Shamila IMR, Packia, Lekshmi NCJ, and Raja BJ. 2012. Antimicrobial activity and phytochemical analysis of Sansevieria roxburghiana leaf. Asian Journal of Plant Science & Research 1:41–44
Staples GW, Herbst DRA. 2005. Tropical Garden Flora: Plants cultivated in the Hawaiian Island and other tropical places. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu, Hawaii.
Sulistyani N, Narwanti I. 2015. TLC-Bioautography Profile of Ethyl Acetate Extract of 5 Bacteria Isolated from Ficus carica L Rhizosphere. International Journal of Public Health Science 4(2):81-87
Sulmartiwi L, Pujiastuti DY, Tjahjaningsih W and Jariyah. 2018. Potential of mangrove Avicennia rumphiana extract as an antioxidant agent using multilevel extraction. IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science : 137
Stachurska, X. 2019. Bactericidal and fungicidal activity of the wild thyme (thymus serpyllum) essential oil. Folia Pomeranae Universitatis Technologiae Stetinensis. Agricultura, Alimentaria, Piscaria et Zootechnica 350(51)3: 33–44
Takawira-Nyenya T, Newton LE, Wabuyele E, Stedje B. 2014. Ethnobotanical uses of Sansevieria Thunb. (Asparagaceae) in Coast Province of Kenya. Ethnobotany Research and Application 12(1): 51-69.
Tkachenko H, Buyun L, Osadowski Z, and Maryniuk M. 2017. The Antibacterial Activity of Certain Sansevieria Thunb. species against escherichia coli. Agrobiodiversity for Improving Nitrition, Health and Life Quality. Phytochemistry Letters 22: 39-43
Todar K. 2009. Pseudomonas aeruginosa. University of Wisconsin – Madison Department of Bacteriology, Wisconsin.
Umoh UT, Edet VN, Uyoh VE. 2020. Comparative Analysis of the Phytochemical Contents of Dry and Fresh Leaves of Sansevieria trifasciata Prain. Asian Journal of Research in Botany 3(1): 41-47
Virganita J, Wahyuni DSC, and Nugraheni ER. 2009. Antibacterial activity of bioactive compounds from radish (Raphanus sativus) leaves against Escherichia coli and its chemical compounds. Biodiversitas 7 (2): 94-98.
Yang L, Wen K, Ruan X, Zhao YX, Wei F and Wang Q. 2018. Response of Plant Secondary Metabolites to Environmental Factors. Molecules 23(762) : 1-26
Akindele AJ, Wani ZA, Sharma S, Mahajan G, Satti NK, Adeyemi OO, Mondhe DM, and Saxena AK. 2015. In Vitro and In Vivo Anticancer Activity of Root Extracts of Sansevieria liberica Gerome and Labroy (Agavaceae) Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 560404 : 1 - 11
Akter K, Barnes EC, Brophy JJ, Harrington D, Elders YC, Vemulpad SR, & Jamie JF. 2016. Phytochemical profile and antibacterial and antioxidant activities of medicinal plants used by Aboriginal people of New South Wales, Australia. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2016: 1-14.
Alam MB, Chowdhury NS, Mazumder MEH, & Haque ME. 2011. Antimicrobial and toxicity study of different fractions of Dillenia indica Linn. bark extract. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research 2: 860- 866.
Andhare RN, Raut MK, Naik SR. 2012. Evaluation of antiallergic and anti-anaphylactic activity of ethanolic extract of Sansevieria trifasciata leaves (EEST) in rodents. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 142(3) : 627–633.
Arung ET, Pasedan WF, Kusuma IW, Hendra M, Supriadi MB. 2017. Short communication: Selected medicinal plants in East and North Kalimantan (Indonesia) against Propionibacterium acnes. Biodiversitas 18 (1): 321-325
Berame J, Cuenca, Sheena M, Marycris L, and Manaban. 2017. Phytochemical screening and toxicity level of leaf and root parts extracts of snake plant (Sansevieria trifasciata) using Nauplii. European Journal of Business and Social Sciences (6)9: 01-11
Borokini TI and Ayodele AE. 2012. Phytochemical screening of Tacca leontopetaloides (L.) Kuntze collected from four geographical locations in Nigeria. International Journal of Modern Botany (2):97–102
Branen AL dan Davidson PM. 1993. Antimicrobial in Foods. Second edition. : Marcel Dekker, Inc. New York
Buyun L, Tkachenko H, Góralczyk A, Maryniuk M, and Osadowski Z. 2018. A Promising Alternative for Treatment of Bacterial Infections by Sansevieria cylindrica bojer ex hook leaf extract. Agrobiodiversity Kyiv, Ukraine : 82-93.
Balouiri M, Sadiki M, Saad, Koraichi I. 2016. Methods for in vitro evaluating antimicrobial activity : A review. Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis: 71-78.
Calina D, Docea A, Rosu L, Zlatian O, Rosu A, Floriana, and Anghelina F. 2016. Antimicrob\ial resistance development following surgical site infections. Molecular Medicine Reports 15: 681-688.
Dewanjee S, Gangopadhya M, Bhattacharyaa N, Khanraa R, Tarun KD. 2014. Bioautography and its scope in the field of natural product chemistry. Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis :76-84
Dzen, S.M, dkk, 2003, Bakteriologi Medik. Bayu Media Publishing., Malang
Eve A, Aliero AA , Nalubiri D, Adeyemo R O, Akinola SA, Pius T, Nabaasa S, Nabukeera S, Alkali B, and Ntulume I. 2020. In Vitro Antibacterial Activity of Crude Extracts of Artocarpus heterophyllus Seeds against Selected Diarrhoea-Causing Superbug Bacteria. The Scientific World Journal 7:2-11
Febriyani E, Fallah S, Andrianto D and Lastini D. 2018. Identification of active compounds and anti-acne activity from extracts and fractions of surian (Toona sinensis) leaves planted in Sumedang, West Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 19 :1406-1412
Fitri L and Bustam BM. 2010. Screening of antimicrobial producing strains isolated from the soil of grassland rhizosphere in Pocut Meurah Intan Forest Park, Seulawah, Aceh Besar. Biodiversitas 11(3):129-132.
Frazier, W. C. and D. C. Westhoff. 1983. Food Microbiology. McGraw Hill Co., New York.
Harborne, J. B. 1998. Phytochemical Methods: A guide to modern techniques of plant analysis 3rd Edition. Chap-man and Hall., London
Hossain MA, Al-Hdhrami SS, Weli AM, Al-Riyami Q, and Al-Sabahi JN. 2014. Isolation, fractionation and identification of chemical constituents from the leaves crude extracts of Mentha piperita L grown in Sultanate of Oman. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine 4: 368-372
Hudzicki J. 2016. Kirby-Bauer Disk Diffusion Susceptibility Test Protocol. American Society for Microbiology. New York, USA.
Jones, K. E., Patel, N. G., Levy, M. A., Storeygard, A., Balk, D., and Gittleman, J. L. :990-993
Jork H, Funk W, Fishcer W and Wimmer H. 1994. TLC Reagents & Detection Methods – Physical & Chemical Detection Methods: Activation Reactions, Reagent Sequences, Reagents, II, Vol 1b. Wiley, New York, USA
Kanazawa AT, Ikaeda T, Endo. 1995. A Novel approach to made of action on cationic biocides : morfological effect antibacterial activity. Journal of Applied Microbiology 78(1):55-60
Kingsley, D., Chauhan, R., Sinha, P, and Abraham, J. 2013. Screening and Characterization of Antimicrobial Agents from Sanseveria roxburghiana and Sanseveria trifasiata. Asian Journal of Plant Sciences. 12 (5): 224-227
Kraatz M, Whitehead TR,Cotta MA,Berhow MA, and Rasmussen MA. 2014. Effects of chlorophyll-derived efflux pump inhibitor pheophorbide a and pyropheophorbide a on growth and macrolide antibiotic resistance of indicator and anaerobic swine manure bacteria. Hindawi International Journal of Antibiotics 14: 1-14.
Khalumba ML, Mbugua PK, Kung’u JB. 2005. Uses and conservation of some highland species of the genus Sansevieria Thunb. in Kenya. African Crop Science Conference Proceedings 7:527-532
Kristanti H and Sri Tunjung WA. 2013. Detection of alkaloid, flavonoid, and terpenoid compounds In bread (artocarpus communis forst.) Leaves and pulps. Proceeding The 3rd International Conference on Biological Science : 129-133
Lisichkov K, Kuvendziev S, Zekovic Z,and Marinkovski M. 2014. Influence of operating parameters on the supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of bioactive components from common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) viscera. Separation and Purification Technology 138 :191-197
Matic´ S, Stanic S, Mihailovic´ M & Bogojevic D. 2016. Cotinus coggygria Scop.: An overview of its chemical constituents, pharmacological and toxicological potential. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences 23: 452-461.
Wu M and Li X. 2016. Molecular Medical Microbiology (Second Edition). Academic Press, New York, USA.
Murugesan SD, Ramar T, Periasamy S, Sridhar A, Srinivasan S, and Ramasamy T. 2018. Combined effect of a natural ?avonoid rutin from Citrus sinensis and conventional antibiotic gentamicin on Pseudomonas aeruginosa bio?lm formation. Food Control: 90
Nur RM and Nugroho LH. 2018. Cytotoxic Activities of Fractions from Dioscorea bulbifera L. Chloroform and Methanol Extracts on T47D Breast Cancer Cells. Pharmacognosy Journal 10(1): 33-38
Prance GT. 1994. Ethnobotany and the Search for New Drugs. Ciba Foundation Symposium vol. 185. John Wiley and Sons, England.
Purwestri YA, Kartikasari N, Putri SG, Wilson W, and Sembiring L. 2016. Metabolic Profiling of Endophytic Bacteria from Purwoceng (Pimpinella pruatjan Molkend) Root and Antibacterial Activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. AIP Conference Proceedings 1744, 020063
Retnaningrum E, Wilopo W. 2018. Production and characterization of biosurfactant produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa B031 isolated from a hydrocarbon phytoremediation field. Biotropia 25: 130-139.
Said AA, Aboutabl,EA, El A, Sally A, and Raslan MA. 2015. Proximate analysis, phytochemical screening, and bioactivities evaluation of Cissus rotundifolia (Forssk.) Vahl. (Fam. Vitaceae) and Sansevieria cylindrica Bojer ex Hook. (Fam. Dracaenaceae) growing in Egypt. Egyptian Pharmaceutical Journal 14:180–186
Schwarz S, Silley P, Simjee S, Woodford N, Van Duijkeren E, Johnson AP, and Gaastra W. 2010. Editorial: Assessing the antimicrobial susceptibility of bacteria obtained from animals. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotheraphy 65: 601–604
Setyorini D, Firdaus WAK, and Oktiani BW. 2018. Comparison Of Inhibitory Activity Of Kelakai Leaves Extract With Ciprofloxacin Against Aggregatibacter Actinomycetemcomitans ATCC® 6514™. Dentino 4(2):199-204
Sharma PC, Jain A, Jain S. 2009. Fluoroquinolones antibacterials: a review on chemistry, microbiology and therapeutic prospects. Acta Poloniae Pharmaceutica 6(6):587 -604.
Sheela DJ, Jeeva S, Shamila IMR, Packia, Lekshmi NCJ, and Raja BJ. 2012. Antimicrobial activity and phytochemical analysis of Sansevieria roxburghiana leaf. Asian Journal of Plant Science & Research 1:41–44
Staples GW, Herbst DRA. 2005. Tropical Garden Flora: Plants cultivated in the Hawaiian Island and other tropical places. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu, Hawaii.
Sulistyani N, Narwanti I. 2015. TLC-Bioautography Profile of Ethyl Acetate Extract of 5 Bacteria Isolated from Ficus carica L Rhizosphere. International Journal of Public Health Science 4(2):81-87
Sulmartiwi L, Pujiastuti DY, Tjahjaningsih W and Jariyah. 2018. Potential of mangrove Avicennia rumphiana extract as an antioxidant agent using multilevel extraction. IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science : 137
Stachurska, X. 2019. Bactericidal and fungicidal activity of the wild thyme (thymus serpyllum) essential oil. Folia Pomeranae Universitatis Technologiae Stetinensis. Agricultura, Alimentaria, Piscaria et Zootechnica 350(51)3: 33–44
Takawira-Nyenya T, Newton LE, Wabuyele E, Stedje B. 2014. Ethnobotanical uses of Sansevieria Thunb. (Asparagaceae) in Coast Province of Kenya. Ethnobotany Research and Application 12(1): 51-69.
Tkachenko H, Buyun L, Osadowski Z, and Maryniuk M. 2017. The Antibacterial Activity of Certain Sansevieria Thunb. species against escherichia coli. Agrobiodiversity for Improving Nitrition, Health and Life Quality. Phytochemistry Letters 22: 39-43
Todar K. 2009. Pseudomonas aeruginosa. University of Wisconsin – Madison Department of Bacteriology, Wisconsin.
Umoh UT, Edet VN, Uyoh VE. 2020. Comparative Analysis of the Phytochemical Contents of Dry and Fresh Leaves of Sansevieria trifasciata Prain. Asian Journal of Research in Botany 3(1): 41-47
Virganita J, Wahyuni DSC, and Nugraheni ER. 2009. Antibacterial activity of bioactive compounds from radish (Raphanus sativus) leaves against Escherichia coli and its chemical compounds. Biodiversitas 7 (2): 94-98.
Yang L, Wen K, Ruan X, Zhao YX, Wei F and Wang Q. 2018. Response of Plant Secondary Metabolites to Environmental Factors. Molecules 23(762) : 1-26
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