The potential of cellulose-degrading fungi at various peat maturities in Teluk Bakung Peat Area, Kubu Raya District, Indonesia
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Abstract. Khotimah S, Suharjono, Ardyati T, Nuraini Y. 2021. The potential of cellulose-degrading fungi at various peat maturities in Teluk Bakung Peat Area, Kubu Raya District, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 22: 1981-1990. Fungi play important roles in degrading cellulose in the maturation process of peat. This study aimed to evaluate the potential of cellulose-degrading fungi at various peat maturities in the forest. Peat soil samples were collected from Teluk Bakung Village, Kubu Raya District, West Kalimantan using a random sampling method. Peat soil samples were obtained at six sampling sites in forests and palm oil plantations. The fungi were cultured by the pour plate method on 1% CMC media. The cellulose-degrading fungi were determined based on a clear zone formation around the colony in CMC agar media. The cellulolytic fungal population in the fibric, hemic, and sapric peats of the secondary forest were 3.2 × 103, 4.6 × 103, and 5.6 × 103 CFU/g, respectively, whereas at fibric, hemic, and sapric of the shrubs were 5.6 x 104, 3.9 × 105 and 4.7 × 104 CFU/g, respectively. Among the 25 cellulolytic fungal isolates, 5 isolates (HS1.5, HS3.4.1, HB2.2, SS2.4.1, and SB2.5.1) showed high average clear zone diameter (21-28 mm). The HS3.4.1 and HS1.5 isolates had cellulase enzyme activity of 132.16 and 127.3 U/mL, respectively. These isolates can grow and degrade cellulose at 30°C to 35°C and pH of 2, 3, 4, and 5. The HS3.4.1 and HS1.5 isolate were closely related to Penicillium citrinum based on the phylogenetic tree analysis.
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References
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Anda M, Siswanto AB & Subandiono RE. 2008. Properties of organic acid an acid sulfate soils and water of a reclaimed tidal backswamp in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia. Geoderma 149(1-2): 54—65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2008.11.021
Arenas-Castro H, Muñoz-Gomez SA, Uribe-Acosta M, Castaño-Castaño L & Lizarazo-Medina, P.X. 2016. Richness, cellulolytic activity, and fungicide susceptibility of fungi from a bird biological collection. Acta Biologica Colombiana 21(1): 167—173. https://doi.org/10.15446/abc.v21n1.49240
Atekan A, Nuraini Y, Handayanto E & Syekhfani S. 2014. The potential of phosphate solubilizing bacteria isolated from sugarcane wastes for solubilizing phosphate. Journal of Degraded and Mining Lands Management 1(4): 175—182. https://doi.org/10.15243/jdmlm.2014.014.175
Bahrami A, Emadolin I, Atashi MR & Bork HR. 2010. Land-use change and soil degradation: A case study, North of Iran. Agriculture and Biology Journal of North America 1(4): 600—605.
Baldani JI, Reis VM, Videira SS, Boddey LH & Baldani VLD. 2014. The Art of isolating nitrogen-fixing bacteria from non –leguminous plant using N-free semi-solid media: a practical guide for microbiologist. Plant and Soil 384(1-2): 413-431. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-014-2186-6
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Behera BC, Parida S, Dutta SK & Thatoi HN. 2014. Isolation and identification of cellulose degrading bacteria from mangrove soil of Mahanadi river delta and their cellulase production ability. American Journal of Microbiological Research 2(1): 41—46. https://doi.org/10.12691/ajmr-2-1-6
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Fernandez RD, Bulacio N, Alvarez A, Pajot H & Aragon R. 2017. Fungal decomposers of leaf litter from an invaded and native mountain forest of NW Argentina. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 110(9): 1207–1218. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10482-017-0893-8
Houbraken JAMP, Frisvad JC & Samson RA. 2010. Taxonomy of Penicillium citrinum and related species. Fungal Diversity 44(1): 117–133. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13225-010-0047-z
Kjoller A & Struwe S. 1982. Microfungi in ecosystems: Fungal occurrence and activity in litter and soil. Oikos 39(3): 391—422. https://doi.org/10.2307/3544690
Kolli R, Asi E, Tonutare T, Astover A, Szajdak L & Tamm I. 2016. Fabric and properties of mineral soils underlying a shallow peat mantle in Estonia. Quaternary International 418: 84—93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2015.08.045
Kornillowicz-Kowalska T, Iglik H & Wojdylo B. 2003. Correlation between the abundance of cellulolitic fungi and selected soil properties. Acta Mycologica 38(1-2): 161—172. https://doi.org/10.5586/am.2003.017
Kunitake E & Kobayashi T. 2017. Conservation and diversity of the regulators of cellulolytic enzyme genes in Ascomycete fungi. Current Genetics 63(6): 951–958. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00294-017-0695-6
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Mahishi PK, Tiwari KL & Jadhav SK. 2014. Physiochemical and microbial studies of paper mill effluent, Raipur (Chhattisgarh), India. Banat’s Journal of Biotechnology V(9): 57—62. https://doi.org/10.7904/2068-4738-v(09)-57
Muthukumarasamy R, Kang UG, Park KD, Jeon WT, Park CY, Cho YS, Kwon SW, Song J, Roh DH & Revathi G. 2006. Enumeration, isolation, and identification of diazotrophs from Korean wetland rice varieties grown with long-term application of N and compost and short-term inoculation effect on rice plants. Journal of Applied Microbiology 102(4): 981–991. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2672.2006.03157.x
Nurulita Y, Adetutu EM, Kadali KK, Shahsavari E, Zul D, Taha M & Ball AS. 2016. Assessment of the influence of oil palm and rubber plantations in tropical peat swamp soils using microbial diversity and activity analysis. Journal of Agricultural Chemistry and Environment 5(2): 53—65. https://doi.org/10.4236/jacen.2016.52006
Osono T. 2005. Colonization and succession of fungi during decomposition of Swida controversa leaf litter. Mycologia 97(3): 589–597.
Osono T, Ishii Y, Takeda H, Seramethakun T, Khamyong S, To-Anun C, Hirose D, Tokumasu S & Kakishima M. 2009. Fungal succession and lignin decomposition on Shorea obtusa leaves in a tropical seasonal forest in northern Thailand. Fungal Diversity 36: 101—119.
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Samson RA & Frisvad JC. 2004. Penicillium subgenus Penicillium: New taxonomic schemes and mycotoxins and other extrolites. Studies in Mycology 49(49): 1–260.
Saragih SD. 2009. Types of fungi at some level of peat maturity. Thesis. University of North Sumatra, Medan.
Schropfer SB, Bottene MK, Blanchin L, Robinson LC, de Lima V, Jahno VD, da Silva Barud H Robeiro SJL. 2015. Biodegradation evaluation of bacterial cellulose, vegetable cellulose and poly (3-hydroxybutyrate) in soil. Polimeros 25(2): 154—160
Sumawinata B, Djajakirana G & Handayani L. 2015. Assessment of physical, chemical and biological properties of peat soils. IPN Toolbox, Jakarta.
Syrchin SO, Kharkevych OS, Pavlychenko AK, Yurieva OM, Nakonechna LT, Nekleva YS & Kurchenko IM. 2015. Extracellular cellulolytic complexes production by microscopic fungi. Biotechnologia Acta 8(5): 78—85. https://doi.org/10.15407/biotech8.05.078
Tonks AJ, Aplin P, Beriro DJ, Cooper H, Evers S, Vane CH & Sjogersten S. 2017. Impacts of conversion of tropical peat swamp forest to oil palm plantation on peat organic chemistry, physical properties and carbon stock. Geoderma 289(1): 36—45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2016.11.018
Voriskova J & Baldrian P. 2013. Fungal community on decomposing leaf litter undergoes rapid successional changes. The ISME Journal 7(3): 477—486. https://doi.org/10.1038/ismej.2012.116
Wahyunto W. 2015. Peatlands in Indonesia. Term/definition, classification, extent, distribution, updating of spatial data on peatlands. IPN Toolbox, Jakarta.
Wahyunto W, Supriatna W & Agus F. 2010. Land use change and recommendation for sustainable development of peatland for agriculture: Case study at Kubu raya and Pontianak Districts, West Kalimantan, Indonesia. Indonesian Journal of Agricultural Science 11(1): 32—40. https://doi.org/10.21082/ijas.v11n1.2010.32-40
Wilson DB. 2011. Microbial diversity of cellulose hydrolysis. Current Opinion in Microbiology 14(3): 259–263. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mib.2011.04.004
Yin LJ, Lin HH & Xiao ZR. 2010. Purification and characterization of a cellulose from Bacillus subtilis YJI. Journal of Marine Science and Technology 18(3): 466—471
Zhang P, Tian X, He X, Song F, Ren L & Jiang P. 2008. Effect of litter quality on its decomposition in broadleaf and coniferous forest. European Journal of Soil Biology 44(4): 392–399. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejsobi.2008.04.005
Zhang Z, Liu JL, Lan JY, Duan CJ, Ma QS & Feng JX. 2014. Predominance of Trichoderma and Penicillium in cellulolytic aerobic filamentous fungi from subtropical and tropical forests in China, and their use in finding highly efficient ?-glucosidase. Biotechnology for Biofuels 7(1): 107. https://doi.org/10.1186/1754-6834-7-107
Agus F, Hairiah K & Mulyani A. 2011. Pengukuran Cadangan Karbon Tanah Gambut [Peat Soil Carbon Reserve Measurement]. Balai Besar Penelitian dan Pengembangan Sumberdaya Lahan Pertanian, Bogor.
Aleandri MP, Chilosi G, Muganu M, Vettraino A, Marinari S, Paolocci M, Luccioli E & Vannini A. 2015. On farm production of compost from nursery green residues and its use to reduce peat for the production of olive pot plants. Scientia Horticulturae 193: 301—307. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2015.06.048
Anda M, Siswanto AB & Subandiono RE. 2008. Properties of organic acid an acid sulfate soils and water of a reclaimed tidal backswamp in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia. Geoderma 149(1-2): 54—65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2008.11.021
Arenas-Castro H, Muñoz-Gomez SA, Uribe-Acosta M, Castaño-Castaño L & Lizarazo-Medina, P.X. 2016. Richness, cellulolytic activity, and fungicide susceptibility of fungi from a bird biological collection. Acta Biologica Colombiana 21(1): 167—173. https://doi.org/10.15446/abc.v21n1.49240
Atekan A, Nuraini Y, Handayanto E & Syekhfani S. 2014. The potential of phosphate solubilizing bacteria isolated from sugarcane wastes for solubilizing phosphate. Journal of Degraded and Mining Lands Management 1(4): 175—182. https://doi.org/10.15243/jdmlm.2014.014.175
Bahrami A, Emadolin I, Atashi MR & Bork HR. 2010. Land-use change and soil degradation: A case study, North of Iran. Agriculture and Biology Journal of North America 1(4): 600—605.
Baldani JI, Reis VM, Videira SS, Boddey LH & Baldani VLD. 2014. The Art of isolating nitrogen-fixing bacteria from non –leguminous plant using N-free semi-solid media: a practical guide for microbiologist. Plant and Soil 384(1-2): 413-431. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-014-2186-6
Baldrian P, Vor?skova J, Dobiasova P, Merhautova V, Lisa L & Valaskova V. 2011. Production of extracellular enzymes and degradation of biopolymers by saprotrophic microfungi from the upper layers of forest soil. Plant and Soil 338(1-2): 111—125. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-010-0324-3
Behera BC, Parida S, Dutta SK & Thatoi HN. 2014. Isolation and identification of cellulose degrading bacteria from mangrove soil of Mahanadi river delta and their cellulase production ability. American Journal of Microbiological Research 2(1): 41—46. https://doi.org/10.12691/ajmr-2-1-6
Doolotkeldieva, T.D. & Bobusheva. S.T. 2011. Screening of wild-type fungal isolates for cellulolytic activity. Microbiology Insights, 4: MBI.26418 https://doi.org/10.4137/mbi.s6418
Elliott DR, Caporn SJM, Nwaishi F, Nilsson RH & Sen R. 2015. Bacterial and fungal communities in degraded ombrotrophic peatland undergoing natural and managed re-vegetation. PLoS ONE 10(5): eo124726. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0124726
Fernandez RD, Bulacio N, Alvarez A, Pajot H & Aragon R. 2017. Fungal decomposers of leaf litter from an invaded and native mountain forest of NW Argentina. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 110(9): 1207–1218. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10482-017-0893-8
Houbraken JAMP, Frisvad JC & Samson RA. 2010. Taxonomy of Penicillium citrinum and related species. Fungal Diversity 44(1): 117–133. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13225-010-0047-z
Kjoller A & Struwe S. 1982. Microfungi in ecosystems: Fungal occurrence and activity in litter and soil. Oikos 39(3): 391—422. https://doi.org/10.2307/3544690
Kolli R, Asi E, Tonutare T, Astover A, Szajdak L & Tamm I. 2016. Fabric and properties of mineral soils underlying a shallow peat mantle in Estonia. Quaternary International 418: 84—93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2015.08.045
Kornillowicz-Kowalska T, Iglik H & Wojdylo B. 2003. Correlation between the abundance of cellulolitic fungi and selected soil properties. Acta Mycologica 38(1-2): 161—172. https://doi.org/10.5586/am.2003.017
Kunitake E & Kobayashi T. 2017. Conservation and diversity of the regulators of cellulolytic enzyme genes in Ascomycete fungi. Current Genetics 63(6): 951–958. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00294-017-0695-6
Lynd LR, Weimer PJ, van Zyl WH, Pretorius IS. 2002. Microbial cellulose utilization: Fundamentals and biotechnology. Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews 66(4): 506–577. https://doi.org/10.1128/mmbr.66.4.739.2002
Mahishi PK, Tiwari KL & Jadhav SK. 2014. Physiochemical and microbial studies of paper mill effluent, Raipur (Chhattisgarh), India. Banat’s Journal of Biotechnology V(9): 57—62. https://doi.org/10.7904/2068-4738-v(09)-57
Muthukumarasamy R, Kang UG, Park KD, Jeon WT, Park CY, Cho YS, Kwon SW, Song J, Roh DH & Revathi G. 2006. Enumeration, isolation, and identification of diazotrophs from Korean wetland rice varieties grown with long-term application of N and compost and short-term inoculation effect on rice plants. Journal of Applied Microbiology 102(4): 981–991. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2672.2006.03157.x
Nurulita Y, Adetutu EM, Kadali KK, Shahsavari E, Zul D, Taha M & Ball AS. 2016. Assessment of the influence of oil palm and rubber plantations in tropical peat swamp soils using microbial diversity and activity analysis. Journal of Agricultural Chemistry and Environment 5(2): 53—65. https://doi.org/10.4236/jacen.2016.52006
Osono T. 2005. Colonization and succession of fungi during decomposition of Swida controversa leaf litter. Mycologia 97(3): 589–597.
Osono T, Ishii Y, Takeda H, Seramethakun T, Khamyong S, To-Anun C, Hirose D, Tokumasu S & Kakishima M. 2009. Fungal succession and lignin decomposition on Shorea obtusa leaves in a tropical seasonal forest in northern Thailand. Fungal Diversity 36: 101—119.
Ritung S, Wahyunto W, Nugroho K, Sukarman S, Hikmatullah H, Suparto & Tafakresnanto C. 2011. Peta Lahan Gambut Indonesia Skala 1:250.000 [Map of Indonesian Peatlands Scale 1: 250,000]. BBSDLP, Bogor, Indonesia.
Samson RA & Frisvad JC. 2004. Penicillium subgenus Penicillium: New taxonomic schemes and mycotoxins and other extrolites. Studies in Mycology 49(49): 1–260.
Saragih SD. 2009. Types of fungi at some level of peat maturity. Thesis. University of North Sumatra, Medan.
Schropfer SB, Bottene MK, Blanchin L, Robinson LC, de Lima V, Jahno VD, da Silva Barud H Robeiro SJL. 2015. Biodegradation evaluation of bacterial cellulose, vegetable cellulose and poly (3-hydroxybutyrate) in soil. Polimeros 25(2): 154—160
Sumawinata B, Djajakirana G & Handayani L. 2015. Assessment of physical, chemical and biological properties of peat soils. IPN Toolbox, Jakarta.
Syrchin SO, Kharkevych OS, Pavlychenko AK, Yurieva OM, Nakonechna LT, Nekleva YS & Kurchenko IM. 2015. Extracellular cellulolytic complexes production by microscopic fungi. Biotechnologia Acta 8(5): 78—85. https://doi.org/10.15407/biotech8.05.078
Tonks AJ, Aplin P, Beriro DJ, Cooper H, Evers S, Vane CH & Sjogersten S. 2017. Impacts of conversion of tropical peat swamp forest to oil palm plantation on peat organic chemistry, physical properties and carbon stock. Geoderma 289(1): 36—45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2016.11.018
Voriskova J & Baldrian P. 2013. Fungal community on decomposing leaf litter undergoes rapid successional changes. The ISME Journal 7(3): 477—486. https://doi.org/10.1038/ismej.2012.116
Wahyunto W. 2015. Peatlands in Indonesia. Term/definition, classification, extent, distribution, updating of spatial data on peatlands. IPN Toolbox, Jakarta.
Wahyunto W, Supriatna W & Agus F. 2010. Land use change and recommendation for sustainable development of peatland for agriculture: Case study at Kubu raya and Pontianak Districts, West Kalimantan, Indonesia. Indonesian Journal of Agricultural Science 11(1): 32—40. https://doi.org/10.21082/ijas.v11n1.2010.32-40
Wilson DB. 2011. Microbial diversity of cellulose hydrolysis. Current Opinion in Microbiology 14(3): 259–263. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mib.2011.04.004
Yin LJ, Lin HH & Xiao ZR. 2010. Purification and characterization of a cellulose from Bacillus subtilis YJI. Journal of Marine Science and Technology 18(3): 466—471
Zhang P, Tian X, He X, Song F, Ren L & Jiang P. 2008. Effect of litter quality on its decomposition in broadleaf and coniferous forest. European Journal of Soil Biology 44(4): 392–399. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejsobi.2008.04.005
Zhang Z, Liu JL, Lan JY, Duan CJ, Ma QS & Feng JX. 2014. Predominance of Trichoderma and Penicillium in cellulolytic aerobic filamentous fungi from subtropical and tropical forests in China, and their use in finding highly efficient ?-glucosidase. Biotechnology for Biofuels 7(1): 107. https://doi.org/10.1186/1754-6834-7-107
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